Note: Front Cover -- Molecular Biology -- Copyright Page -- Preface -- Introduction -- Table of Contents -- Chapter 1. Basic Genetics -- Chapter 2. Cells and Organisms -- Chapter 3. DNA, RNA and Protein -- Chapter 4. Genes, Genomes and DNA -- Chapter 5. Cell Division and DNA Replication -- Chapter 6. Transcription of Genes -- Chapter 7. Protein Structure and Function -- Chapter 8. Protein Synthesis -- Chapter 9. Regulation of Transcription in Prokaryotes -- Chapter 10. Regulation of Transcription in Eukaryotes -- Chapter 11. Regulation at the RNA Level -- Chapter 12. Processing of RNA -- Chapter 13. Mutations -- Chapter 14. Recombination and Repair -- Chapter 15. Mobile DNA -- Chapter 16. Plasmids -- Chapter 17. Viruses -- Chapter 18. Bacterial Genetics -- Chapter 19. Diversity of Lower Eukaryotes -- Chapter 20. Molecular Evolution -- Chapter 21. Nucleic Acids: Isolation, Purification, Detection, and Hybridization -- Chapter 22. Recombinant DNA Technology -- Chapter 23. The Polymerase Chain Reaction -- Chapter 24. Genomics and DNA Sequencing -- Chapter 25. Analysis of Gene Expression -- Chapter 26. Proteomics: The Global Analysis of Proteins -- Glossary -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Front Cover -- Molecular biology: Academic Cell Update -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Preface -- Introduction -- Table of Contents -- Chapter One Basic Genetics -- Gregor Mendel Was the Father of Classical Genetics -- Genes Determine Each Step in Biochemical Pathways -- Mutants Result from Alterations in Genes -- Phenotypes and Genotypes -- Chromosomes Are Long, Thin Molecules ThatCarry Genes -- Different Organisms may Have Different Numbers of Chromosomes -- Dominant and Recessive Alleles -- Partial Dominance, Co-Dominance, Penetrance and Modifier Genes -- Genes from Both Parents Are Mixed by Sexual Reproduction -- Sex Determination and Sex-Linked Characteristics -- Neighboring Genes Are Linked during Inheritance -- Recombination during Meiosis Ensures Genetic Diversity -- Escherichia coli is a Model for Bacterial Genetics -- Chapter Two Cells and Organisms -- What Is Life? -- Living Creatures Are Made of Cells -- Essential Properties of a Living Cell -- Prokaryotic Cells Lack a Nucleus -- Eubacteria and Archaebacteria Are Genetically Distinct -- Bacteria Were Used for Fundamental Studies of Cell Function -- Escherichia coli (E. coli) Is a Model Bacterium -- Where Are Bacteria Found in Nature? -- Some Bacteria Cause Infectious Disease, but Most Are Beneficial -- Eukaryotic Cells Are Sub-Divided into Compartments -- The Diversity of Eukaryotes -- Eukaryotes Possess Two Basic Cell Lineages -- Organisms Are Classified -- Some Widely Studied Organisms Serve as Models -- Yeast Is a Widely Studied Single-Celled Eukaryote -- A Roundworm and a Fly Are Model Multicellular Animals -- Zebrafish are used to Study Vertebrate Development -- Mouse and Man -- Arabidopsis Serves as a Model for Plants -- Haploidy, Diploidy and the Eukaryote Cell Cycle -- Viruses Are Not Living Cells -- Bacterial Viruses Infect Bacteria. , Human Viral Diseases Are Common -- A Variety of Subcellular Genetic Entities Exist -- Chapter Three DNA, RNA and Protein -- Nucleic Acid Molecules Carry Genetic Information -- Chemical Structure of Nucleic Acids -- DNA and RNA Each Have Four Bases -- Nucleosides Are Bases Plus Sugars -- Nucleotides Are Nucleosides Plus Phosphate -- Double Stranded DNA Forms a Double Helix -- Base Pairs are Held Together by Hydrogen Bonds -- Complementary Strands Reveal the Secret of Heredity -- Constituents of Chromosomes -- The Central Dogma Outlines the Flow ofGenetic Information -- Ribosomes Read the Genetic Code -- The Genetic Code Dictates the Amino Acid Sequence of Proteins -- Various Classes of RNA Have Different Functions -- Proteins, Made of Amino Acids, Carry Out Many Cell Functions -- The Structure of Proteins Has Four Levels of Organization -- Proteins Vary in Their Biological Roles -- Chapter Four Genes, Genomes and DNA -- History of DNA as the Genetic Material -- How Much Genetic Information Is Necessary to Maintain Life? -- Non-Coding DNA -- Coding DNA May Be Present within Non-coding DNA -- Repeated Sequences Are a Feature of DNA i n Higher Organisms -- Satellite DNA Is Non-coding DNA in the Form of Tandem Repeats -- Minisatellites and VNTRs -- Origin of Selfish DNA and Junk DNA -- Palindromes, Inverted Repeats and Stem and Loop Structures -- Multiple A-Tracts Cause DNA to Bend -- Supercoiling is Necessary for Packaging of Bacterial DNA -- Topoisomerases and DNA Gyrase -- Catenated and Knotted DNA Must Be Corrected -- Local Supercoiling -- Supercoiling Affects DNA Structure -- Alternative Helical Structures of DNA Occur -- Histones Package DNA in Eukaryotes -- Further Levels of DNA Packaging in Eukaryotes -- Melting Separates DNA Strands -- Cooling Anneals Them -- Chapter Five Cell Division and DNAReplication. , Cell Division and Reproduction Are Not Always Identical -- DNA Replication Is a Two-Stage Process Occurring at the Replication Fork -- Supercoiling Causes Problems for Replication -- Strand Separation Precedes DNA Synthesis -- Properties of DNA Polymerase -- Polymerization of Nucleotides -- Supplying the Precursors for DNA Synthesis -- DNA Polymerase Elongates DNA Strands -- The Complete Replication Fork Is Complex -- Discontinuous Synthesis of DNA Requires a Primosome -- Completing the Lagging Strand -- Chromosome Replication Initiates at oriC -- DNA Methylation and Attachment to the Membrane Control Initiation of Replication -- Chromosome Replication Terminates at terC -- Disentangling the Daughter Chromosomes -- Cell Division in Bacteria Occurs after Replication of Chromosomes -- How Long Does It Take for Bacteria to Replicate? -- The Concept of the Replicon -- Replicating Linear DNA in Eukaryotes -- Eukaryotic Chromosomes Have Multiple Origins -- Synthesis of Eukaryotic DNA -- Cell Division in Higher Organisms -- Chapter Six Transcription of Genes -- Genes are Expressed by Making RNA -- Short Segments of the Chromosome Are Turned into Messages -- Terminology: Cistrons, Coding Sequences and Open Reading Frames -- How Is the Beginning of a Gene Recognized? -- Manufacturing the Message -- RNA Polymerase Knows Where to Stop -- How Does the Cell Know Which Genes to Turn On? -- What Activates the Activator? -- Negative Regulation Results from the Action ofRepressors -- Many Regulator Proteins Bind Small Molecules and Change Shape -- Transcription in Eukaryotes Is More Complex -- Transcription of rRNA and tRNA in Eukaryotes -- Transcription of Protein-Encoding Genes in Eukaryotes -- Upstream Elements Increase the Efficiency of RNA Polymerase II Binding -- Enhancers Control Transcription at a Distance -- Chapter Seven Protein Structure and Function. , Proteins Are Formed from Amino Acids -- Formation of Polypeptide Chains -- Twenty Amino Acids Form Biological Polypeptides -- Amino Acids Show Asymmetry around the Alpha-carbon -- The Structure of Proteins Reflects Four Levels of Organization -- The Secondary Structure of Proteins Relies on Hydrogen Bonds -- The Tertiary Structure of Proteins -- A Variety of Forces Maintain the 3-D Structure of Proteins -- Cysteine Forms Disulfide Bonds -- Multiple Folding Domains in Larger Proteins -- Quaternary Structure of Proteins -- Higher Level Assemblies and Self-Assembly -- Cofactors and Metal Ions Are Often Associated with Proteins -- Nucleoproteins, Lipoproteins and Glycoproteins Are Conjugated Proteins -- Proteins Serve Numerous Cellular Functions -- Protein Machines -- Enzymes Catalyze Metabolic Reactions -- Enzymes Have Varying Specificities -- Lock and Key and Induced Fit Models Describe Substrate Binding -- Enzymes Are Named and Classified According to the Substrate -- Enzymes Act by Lowering the Energy of Activation -- The Rate of Enzyme Reactions -- Substrate Analogs and Enzyme Inhibitors Act at the Active Site -- Enzymes May Be Directly Regulated -- Allosteric Enzymes Are Affected by Signal Molecules -- Enzymes May Be Controlled by Chemical Modification -- Binding of Proteins to DNA Occurs in Several Different Ways -- Denaturation of Proteins -- Chapter Eight Protein Synthesis -- Protein Synthesis Follows a Plan -- Proteins Are Gene Products -- Decoding the Genetic Code -- Transfer RNA Forms a Flat Cloverleaf Shape and a Folded "L" Shape -- Modified Bases Are Present in Transfer RNA -- Some tRNA Molecules Read More Than One Codon -- Charging the tRNA with the Amino Acid -- The Ribosome: The Cell's Decoding Machine -- Three Possible Reading Frames Exist -- The Start Codon Is Chosen -- The Initiation Complexes Must Be Assembled. , The tRNA Occupies Three Sites During Elongation of the Polypeptide -- Termination of Protein Synthesis Requires Release Factors -- Several Ribosomes Usually Read the Same Message at Once -- Bacterial Messenger RNA Can Code for Several Proteins -- Transcription and Translation Are Coupled in Bacteria -- Some Ribosomes Become Stalled and Are Rescued -- Differences between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Protein Synthesis -- Initiation of Protein Synthesis in Eukaryotes -- Protein Synthesis Is Halted When Resources Are Scarce -- A Signal Sequence Marks a Protein for Export from the Cell -- Molecular Chaperones Oversee Protein Folding -- Protein Synthesis Occurs in Mitochondria and Chloroplasts -- Proteins Are Imported into Mitochondria and Chloroplasts by Translocases -- Mistranslation Usually Results in Mistakesin Protein Synthesis -- The Genetic Code Is Not "Universal" -- Unusual Amino Acids are Made in Proteins by Post-Translational Modifications -- Selenocysteine: The 21st Amino Acid -- Pyrrolysine: The 22nd Amino Acid -- Many Antibiotics Work by Inhibiting Protein Synthesis -- Degradation of Proteins -- Chapter Nine Regulation of Transcriptionin Prokaryotes -- Gene Regulation Ensures a Physiological Response -- Regulation at the Level of Transcription Involves Several Steps -- Alternative Sigma Factors in Prokaryotes Recognize Different Sets of Genes -- Heat Shock Sigma Factors in Prokaryotes Are Regulated by Temperature -- Cascades of Alternative Sigma Factors Occur in Bacillus Spore Formation -- Anti-sigma Factors Inactivate Sigma -- Anti-anti-sigma Factors Free It to Act -- Activators and Repressors Participate in Positive and Negative Regulation -- The Operon Model of Gene Regulation -- Some Proteins May Act as Both Repressors and Activators -- Nature of the Signal Molecule -- Activators and Repressors May Be Covalently Modified. , Two-Component Regulatory Systems.

Note: Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface to the second edition -- References -- Preface to the third edition -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- Major subdivisions -- Common terms -- Ventricular system -- References -- Chapter 2 Gross anatomy of the brain -- Introduction -- Brainstem -- Medulla -- Pons -- Midbrain -- Cerebellum -- Cerebrum -- Vasculature -- Electroencephalogram -- Meninges -- Sexual dimorphism and aging -- References -- Chapter 3 Histology -- Introduction -- The neuron -- Neuron cell membrane -- Dendrites -- Axon -- Synapse -- Receptors and receptor mechanisms -- Neurotransmitter removal -- Neurotransmitters -- Acetylcholine -- Glutamate -- gamma-Aminobutyric acid -- Glycine -- Norepinephrine -- Dopamine -- Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) -- Histamine -- Adenosine -- Neuroactive peptide neurotransmitters -- Excitotoxicity -- Neuroglia -- Oligodendroglial cell -- Astrocyte -- Microglia -- Other proteins -- Cadherins -- Cytokines -- Select bibliography -- References -- Chapter 4 Occipital and parietal lobes -- Occipital lobe -- Functional anatomy -- Prary visual cortex (BA 17 -- V1 -- striate cortex) -- Secondary and tertiary visual cortex (BA 18 and BA 19) -- Parallel visual pathways -- Behavioral considerations -- Schizophrenia -- Hallucinations -- Visual agnosia -- Blindsight -- Anxiety disorder -- Charles Bonnet syndrome -- Other behavioral considerations -- Parietal lobe -- Functional anatomy -- Primary somatosensory cortex (SI) -- Secondary somatosensory cortex (SII) and the parietal operculum -- Superior parietal lobule -- Precuneus -- Consciousness -- Body movements in space -- Episodic memory retrieval -- Self-awareness -- Intraparietal sulcus -- Lateral intraparietal area (parietal saccade region) -- Medial intraparietal area (parietal reach region). , Anterior intraparietal area (parietal reach and grasp region) -- Ventral intraparietal area (navigation in space) -- Posterior intraparietal area (three-dimensional analysis) -- Inferior parietal lobule -- Behavioral considerations -- Schizophrenia -- Attention -- Spatial neglect -- Optic ataxia -- Apraxia -- Gerstmann syndrome -- Balint syndrome -- Other considerations -- Select bibliography -- References -- Chapter 5 Temporal lobe: Neocortical structures -- Functional anatomy -- Auditory areas -- Heschl's gyrus (primary auditory area -- BA 41) -- Auditory association area (BA 42) -- Planum temporale -- Superior temporal gyrus and superior temporal sulcus -- Temporal association areas -- Fusiform gyrus and fusiform face area -- Temporal pole and theory-of-mind -- Temporoparietal junction and the social brain -- Insula -- Anterior insula -- Posterior insula -- Behavioral considerations -- Schizophrenia -- Depression -- Reduplicative paramnesia -- Seizures -- Receptive aphasia -- Autoscopic phenomena -- Autism -- Dyslexia -- Prosopagnosia -- Stuttering -- Other behavioral considerations -- Select bibliography -- References -- Chapter 6 Frontal lobe -- Introduction -- Subdivisions of the frontal lobe -- Motor cortex -- Primary motor cortex -- Premotor cortex -- Mirror neurons -- Supplementary motor area and supplementary motor complex -- Frontal eye field -- Saccade eye movements -- Saccade eye movements -- Broca's speech area -- Prefrontal cortex -- Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex -- Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex -- Orbitofrontal cortex -- Medial prefrontal cortex, default brain network, and the social brain -- Dorsomedial prefrontal cortex -- Ventromedial prefrontal cortex -- Prefrontal networks -- Behavioral considerations -- Other behavioral considerations -- Schizophrenia -- Depression -- Bipolar disorder -- Obsessive-compulsive disorder. , Posttraumatic stress disorder -- Borderline personality disorder -- Autism spectrum disorders -- Frontotemporal dementia -- Seizures -- Miscellaneous conditions -- Select bibliography -- References -- Chapter 7 Basal ganglia -- Introduction -- Dorsal striatopallidum and associated nuclei -- Neostriatum (dorsal striatum) -- Dorsal pallidum (paleostriatum) -- Subthalamic nucleus (subthalamus) -- Substantia nigra -- Connections of the dorsal striatopallidal system (skeletomotor circuit) -- Parallel circuits -- Skeletomotor circuit -- Direct pathway -- Indirect pathway -- Oculomotor circuit -- Association circuit -- Ventral striatopallidum and -- Ventral striatum (limbic striatum) -- Nucleus accumbens -- Ventral pallidum -- Basal nucleus (of Meynert) -- Ventral tegmental area -- Pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus -- Connections of the ventral striatopallidal system (limbic circuit) -- Deep brain stimulation -- Behavioral considerations -- Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) -- Tourette syndrome -- Hyperkinetic movement disorders -- Hypokinetic movement disorders -- Huntington disease -- Other behavioral considerations -- Select bibliography -- References -- Chapter 8 Diencephalon: Hypothalamus and epithalamus -- Hypothalamus -- Anatomy and behavioral considerations -- Preoptic hypothalamic area -- Periventricular hypothalamic zone -- Medial hypothalamic zone -- Supraoptic region -- Tuberal region -- Lateral hypothalamic zone and medial forebrain bundle -- Connections of the hypothalamus -- Inputs -- Outputs -- Other behavioral considerations -- Epithalamus -- Pineal (epiphysis) -- Habenula -- Lateral habenular nucleus -- Medial habenular nucleus -- Select bibliography -- References -- Chapter 9 Diencephalon: Thalamus -- Introduction -- Anatomy and behavioral considerations -- Thalamic nuclei -- Anterior thalamic nuclei -- Midline and medial nuclei. , Ventral thalamic nuclei -- Lateral thalamic nuclei -- Medial and lateral geniculate bodies -- Reticular nucleus -- Intralaminar nuclei -- Limbic thalamus -- Other behavioral considerations -- Select bibliography -- References -- Chapter 10 Brainstem -- Introduction -- Anatomy and behavioral considerations -- Reticular formation -- Parabrachial nucleus -- Raphe nuclei -- Periaqueductal gray -- Locus ceruleus and lateral tegmental nucleus -- Inferior olive -- Select bibliography -- References -- Chapter 11 Limbic system: Temporal lobe -- Anatomy -- Hippocampal formation -- Amygdala -- Lateral (basolateral) nuclei -- Medial nuclei -- Central nucleus -- Uncus -- Functional and behavioral considerations -- Neurogenesis -- Schizophrenia -- Depression/bipolar disorder -- Posttraumatic stress disorder -- Borderline personality disorder -- Autism -- Panic disorder -- Select bibliography -- References -- Chapter 12 Limbic system: Cingulate cortex -- Introduction -- Anatomy and behavioral considerations -- Anterior cingulate cortex -- Pregenual anterior cingulate cortex -- Subgenual anterior cingulate cortex -- Midcingulate cortex -- Posterior cingulate cortex -- Retrosplenial cortex (RSC) -- Cingulum -- Nociception (pain) -- Social interactions -- Connections of the cingulate cortex -- Behavioral disorders and neurosurgery -- Schizophrenia -- Depression and bipolar disorder -- Obsessive-compulsive disorder -- Posttraumatic stress disorder -- Akinetic mutism -- Tourette syndrome -- Cingulate cortex seizures -- Select bibliography -- References -- Chapter 13 Limbic system: Overview -- Introduction -- Anatomy -- Olfactory structures -- Hippocampal formation and related structures -- Parahippocampal gyrus -- Hippocampal formation -- Septal nuclei and nucleus accumbens -- Amygdala -- Behavioral considerations -- Hippocampal formation and related structures. , Septal nuclei and nucleus accumbens -- Amygdala and related structures -- Other behavioral considerations -- Kluver-Bucy syndrome -- Temporal lobe epilepsy -- Other behavioral considerations -- Select bibliography -- References -- Chapter 14 Interhemispheric connections and laterality -- Introduction -- Interhemispheric communication -- Corpus callosum -- Anterior commissure -- Hippocampal commissure -- Supraoptic commissure -- Habenular commissure -- Posterior commissure -- Hemispheric specialization -- Left hemisphere -- Right hemisphere -- Lobular specializations -- Occipitoparietal lobe -- Temporal lobe -- Frontal lobe -- Subcortical regions -- Select bibliography -- References -- Index.

Note: Cover -- Copyright -- Acknowledgments -- Abstract and Benefits -- Table of Contents -- List of Tables -- List of Figures -- List of Acronyms -- Executive Summary -- 1.0 Introduction -- 1.1 EPA 2007 Letter to States: Nutrient Pollution and Numeric Water Quality Standards -- 1.2 Association of State and Interstate Water Pollution Control Administrators -- 1.3 Effluent Guidelines -- 1.4 NRDC Petition for Rulemaking on Secondary Treatment -- 1.5 National Association of Clean Water Agencies on the NRDC Petition -- 1.6 References -- 2.0 Receiving Water Quality Drivers -- 2.1 Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) Process -- 2.1.1 Nutrient TMDLs -- 2.1.2 Incomplete Water Quality Data -- 2.1.3 Schedule and Resource Limitations -- 2.1.4 Engagement and Communication with Key Stakeholders -- 2.2 Technology and Water Quality-Based Effluent Limitations -- 2.3 Use Attainability Analysis -- 2.4 Water Quality Variances -- 2.4.1 Example Nitrogen Variance -- 2.4.2 Example Phosphorus Variance -- 2.5 Narrative Nutrient Standards - Historical -- 2.6 Numeric Nutrient Standards Initiative - Emerging -- 2.7 EPA Ecoregion Reference Criteria -- 2.8 Nutrient Standards Based on Invertebrates and Related Water-Quality Parameters -- 2.9 EPA Science Advisory Board's Review of EPA Draft Guidance -- 2.10 State Numeric Nutrient Standards -- 2.10.1 Montana -- 2.10.2 Colorado -- 2.10.3 Wisconsin -- 2.11 Nutrient Innovation Task Group -- 2.12 Inspector General Report -- 2.13 Nutrient Related Legal Issues -- 2.13.1 Friends of the Wild Swan v. EPA -- 2.13.2 No Net Increase Policies and Regulations -- 2.13.3 Friends of Pinto Creek v the United States Environmental Protection Agency and Carlota Copper Company -- 2.13.4 Florida Wildlife Federation, Sierra Club, Conservancy of Southwest Florida, Environmental Confederation of Southwest Florida, and St. John's Riverkeeper v. EPA. , 2.13.5 EPA Proposed Water Quality Standards for Florida -- 2.14 Antidegradation Regulations -- 2.14.1 Antidegradation History -- 2.14.2 Application of Antidegradation by States -- 2.14.3 State by State -- 2.15 Adaptive Management -- 2.16 References -- 3.0 Nutrient Criteria Issues for Discharges -- 3.1 Dependency on Receiving Waters -- 3.2 Applicability of Ecoregion Criteria to "Real World" Receiving Waters -- 3.2.1 Challenges with Irrigation Diversions, Dewatering, Reservoirs and Impoundments, and Artificial Flow Regimes -- 3.3 Capabilities of Treatment Technology -- 3.3.1 Phosphorus Speciation -- 3.3.2 Nitrogen Speciation -- 3.3.3 Treatment Technologies -- 3.3.4 Ongoing Efforts and Additional Resources -- 3.4 Point Source v. Nonpoint Source Issues in Watershed Management -- 3.4.1 Nonpoint Source Pollution -- 3.4.2 USGS Scientific Investigations Report -- 3.5 Significant Costs of Nutrient Removal -- 3.6 Sustainability -- 3.6.1 EPA's Sustainability Goals -- 3.6.2 Sustainable Nutrient Management -- 3.7 References -- 4.0 Treatment Technology -- 4.1 Nutrient Species in Wastewater Treatment -- 4.1.1 Nitrogen Species -- 4.1.2 Phosphorus Species -- 4.2 Available Treatment Technologies and Capabilities -- 4.2.1 Nitrogen Removal Technologies -- 4.2.2 Phosphorus Removal Technologies -- 4.2.3 Technology Capabilities -- 4.3 Operational Performance -- 4.3.1 Technology Performance Statistics as Descriptor of Plant Performance -- 4.3.2 Performance of Facilities -- 4.4 Summary -- 4.5 References -- 5.0 Effluent Discharge Permitting -- 5.1 Nutrient Discharge Permit Structures -- 5.1.1 Typical Permit Writer's Guidance -- 5.2 Challenges in Discharge Permit Structures -- 5.2.1 Translation of TMDL Requirements to Effluent Discharge Permits -- 5.2.2 Appropriate Averaging Periods for Nutrient Limits -- 5.2.3 Maximum Day and Maximum Week Dilemmas. , 5.2.4 Effluent Mixing Zones -- 5.2.5 Permit Requirements Beyond the Capability of Treatment Technology -- 5.3 Water Quality Off-Sets and Trading -- 5.3.1 Background -- 5.3.2 Application -- 5.3.3 Water Quality and Market-Based Approaches -- 5.3.4 Novel NPDES Discharge Permits -- 5.3.5 Watershed-based Permitting -- 5.4 References -- 6.0 Reference Nutrient Discharge Permits -- 6.1 Clean Water Services of Washington County, Oregon - Durham Plant -- 6.2 City of Missoula, Montana, Wastewater Treatment Plant -- 6.3 LOTT Alliance Bud Inlet Plant, Olympia, Washington -- 6.4 Hampton Roads Sanitation District, Virginia -- 6.5 Stamford Water Pollution Control Authority - Connecticut -- 6.6 Village of Stamford, New York -- 6.7 Hillsborough County, Florida - River Oaks Advanced Treatment Plant -- 6.8 City of Las Vegas, Nevada -- 6.9 Alexandria Sanitation Authority, Virginia -- 6.10 Arapahoe County Water and Wastewater Authority, Colorado -- 6.11 Village of Walton, New York -- 6.12 Reno and Sparks, Nevada -- 6.13 Nutrient Discharge Permit Summary -- 6.14 References.

Note: Intro -- Front Cover -- The Historical Supernovae -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Dedication -- PREFACE -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- Chapter 1. New Stars - Novae and Supernovae -- Chapter 2. The Search for the Historical Records of Supernovae -- Chapter 3. A Classification of the Far-Eastern New Stars -- Chapter 4. The Search for the Remnants of Supernovae -- Chapter 5. The Guest Star within the Southern Gate -- Chapter 6. The Chin Dynasty Guest Stars -- Chapter 7. An Extensively observed New Star of Extreme Brightness -- Chapter 8. The Birth of the Crab Nebula -- Chapter 9. The Invader of the Guest Houses -- Chapter 10. The New Star of Tycho Brahe -- Chapter 11. The New Star of Johannes Kepler -- Chapter 12. Some thoughts on the Evolution of Supernova Remnants -- References -- Index.

Note: Front Cover -- Molecular Biology -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Preface to Second edition -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- UNIT 1 Basic Chemical and Biological Principles -- 1 Cells and Organisms -- 1. What Is Life? -- 2. Living Creatures Are Made of Cells -- 2.1. Essential Properties of a Living Cell -- 2.2. Prokaryotic Cells Lack a Nucleus -- 3. Eubacteria and Archaea Are Genetically Distinct -- 4. Eukaryotic Cells Are Subdivided into Compartments -- 5. The Diversity of Eukaryotes -- 6. Haploidy, Diploidy, and the Eukaryote Cell Cycle -- 7. Organisms Are Classified -- 8. Some Widely-Studied Organisms Serve as Models -- 8.1. Bacteria Are Used for Fundamental Studies of Cell Function -- 8.2. E. coli Is a Model Bacterium -- 8.3. Yeast Is a Widely-Studied Single-Celled Eukaryote -- 8.4. A Roundworm and a Fly Are Model Multicellular Animals -- 8.5. Zebrafish and Xenopus are used to Study Vertebrate Development -- 8.6. Mouse and Man -- 8.7. Arabidopsis Serves as a Model for Plants -- 9. Basic Characteristics of a Model Organism -- 10. Purifying DNA from Model Organisms -- 11. Viruses Are Not Living Cells -- 12. Bacterial Viruses Infect Bacteria -- 13. Human Viral Diseases Are Common -- 14. A Variety of Subcellular Genetic Entities Exist -- Key Concepts -- Review Questions -- Conceptual Questions -- 2 Basic Genetics -- 1. Gregor Mendel, The Father of Classical Genetics -- 2. Genes Determine Each Step in Biochemical Pathways -- 3. Mutants Result from Alterations in Genes -- 4. Phenotypes and Genotypes -- 5. Chromosomes Are Long, Thin Molecules That Carry Genes -- 5.1. Different Organisms May Have Different Numbers of Chromosomes -- 6. Dominant and Recessive Alleles -- 6.1. Partial Dominance, Co-Dominance, Penetrance, and Modifier Genes -- 7. Genes from Both Parents Are Mixed by Sexual Reproduction. , 7.1. Sex Determination and Sex-Linked Characteristics -- 8. Neighboring Genes Are Linked During Inheritance Unless the DNA Recombines -- 8.1. Recombination During Meiosis Ensures Genetic Diversity -- 9. Identifying Genes that Cause Human Diseases -- Key Concepts -- Review Questions -- Conceptual Questions -- 3 DNA, RNA, and Protein -- 1. History of DNA as the Genetic Material -- 2. Nucleic Acid Molecules Carry Genetic Information -- 3. Chemical Structure of Nucleic Acids -- 3.1. DNA and RNA Each Have Four Bases -- 3.2. Nucleosides Are Bases Plus Sugars -- Nucleotides Are Nucleosides Plus Phosphate -- 4. Double-Stranded DNA Forms a Double Helix -- 4.1. Base Pairs are Held Together by Hydrogen Bonds -- 4.2. Complementary Strands Reveal the Secret of Heredity -- 4.3. Melting Separates DNA Strands -- Cooling Anneals Them -- 5. Constituents of Chromosomes -- 6. The Central Dogma Outlines the Flow of Genetic Information -- 7. Ribosomes Read the Genetic Code -- 7.1. The Genetic Code Dictates the Amino Acid Sequence of Proteins -- 8. Various Classes of RNA Have Different Functions -- 9. Proteins Carry Out Many Cell Functions -- 9.1. The Structure of Proteins Has Four Levels of Organization -- 9.2. Proteins Vary in Their Biological Roles -- 9.3. Protein Structure is Elucidated by X-Ray Crystallography -- Key Concepts -- Review Questions -- Conceptual Questions -- 4 Genomes and DNA -- 1. Genome Organization -- 1.1. Genome Organization of Viruses and Prokaryotes -- 1.2. Genome Organization of Organelles -- 1.3. Genome Organization of Eukaryotes -- 2. Repeated Sequences Are a Feature of Eukaryotic DNA -- 2.1. Satellite DNA Is Non-Coding DNA in the Form of Tandem Repeats -- 2.2. Minisatellites and VNTRs -- 3. Palindromes, Inverted Repeats, and Stem and Loop Structures -- 4. Multiple A-Tracts Cause DNA to Bend. , 5. Supercoiling Is Necessary for Packaging of Bacterial DNA -- 5.1. Topoisomerases and DNA Gyrase -- 5.2. Catenated and Knotted DNA Must Be Corrected -- 5.3. Local Supercoiling -- 5.4. Supercoiling Affects DNA Structure -- 6. Separation of DNA Fragments by Electrophoresis -- 7. Alternative Helical Structures of DNA Occur -- 8. Packaging DNA in Eukaryotic Nuclei -- Key Concepts -- Review Questions -- Conceptual Questions -- 5 Manipulation of Nucleic Acids -- 1. Manipulating DNA -- 1.1. Restriction and Modification of DNA -- 1.2. Recognition of DNA by Restriction Endonucleases -- 1.3. Naming of Restriction Enzymes -- 1.4. Cutting of DNA by Restriction Enzymes -- 1.5. DNA Fragments Are Joined by DNA Ligase -- 1.6. Making a Restriction Map -- 1.7. Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs) -- 2. Chemical Synthesis of DNA -- 2.1. Chemical Synthesis of Complete Genes -- 2.2. Peptide Nucleic Acid -- 2.3. Other Nucleic Acid Mimics -- 3. Measuring the Concentration of DNA and RNA with Ultraviolet Light -- 4. Radioactive Labeling of Nucleic Acids -- 4.1. Detection of Radio-Labeled DNA -- 5. Fluorescence in the Detection of DNA and RNA -- 5.1. Chemical Tagging with Biotin or Digoxigenin -- 6. The Electron Microscope -- 7. Hybridization of DNA and RNA -- 7.1. Southern, Northern, and Western Blotting -- 7.2. Zoo Blotting -- 7.3. Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization (FISH) -- Key Concepts -- Review Questions -- Conceptual Questions -- UNIT 2 The Genome -- 6 Polymerase Chain Reaction -- 1. Fundamentals of the Polymerase Chain Reaction -- 1.1. Cycling Through PCR -- 1.2. PCR Primers -- 1.3. Adding Artificial Restriction Sites -- 1.4. Alternative Polymerases and PCR Modifications -- 2. Inverse PCR -- 3. Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) -- 4. Reverse Transcriptase PCR -- 5. Differential Display PCR -- 6. Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends (RACE). , 7. PCR in Genetic Engineering -- 8. Directed Mutagenesis -- 9. Engineering Deletions and Insertions by PCR -- 10. Real-Time Fluorescent PCR -- 11. Molecular Beacons and Scorpion Primers -- 12. Use of PCR in Medical Diagnosis -- 13. Environmental Analysis by PCR -- 14. Rescuing DNA from Extinct Life Forms by PCR -- Key Concepts -- Review Questions -- Conceptual Questions -- 7 Cloning Genes for Analysis -- 1. Properties of Cloning Vectors -- 1.1. Multicopy Plasmid Vectors -- 1.2. Inserting Genes into Vectors -- 1.3. TA Cloning of PCR Products -- 2. Detecting Insertions in Vectors -- 2.1. Reporter Genes -- 2.2. Blue/White Color Screening -- 3. Moving Genes Between Organisms: Shuttle Vectors -- 4. Bacteriophage Lambda Vectors -- 5. Cosmid Vectors -- 6. Yeast Artificial Chromosomes -- 7. Bacterial and P1 Artificial Chromosomes -- 8. Recombineering Increases the Speed of Gene Cloning -- 9. A DNA Library is a Collection of Genes from One Source -- 9.1. Screening a Library by Hybridization -- 9.2. Screening a Library by Immunological Procedures -- 10. Cloning Complementary DNA Avoids Introns -- 11. Chromosome Walking -- 12. Cloning by Subtractive Hybridization -- 13. Expression Vectors -- Key Concepts -- Review Questions -- Conceptual Questions -- 8 DNA Sequencing -- 1. DNA Sequencing-General Principles for Chain Termination Sequencing -- 1.1. The Chain Termination Method for Sequencing DNA -- 1.2. DNA Polymerases for Sequencing DNA -- 1.3. Producing Template DNA for Sequencing -- 2. Primer Walking Along a Strand of DNA -- 3. Automated Sequencing -- 4. Cycle Sequencing -- 5. The Emergence of DNA Chip Technology -- 5.1. The Oligonucleotide Array Detector -- 6. Pyrosequencing -- 7. Second-Generation Sequencing -- 8. Third-Generation Sequencing -- 9. Nanopore Detectors for DNA -- Key Concepts -- Review Questions -- Conceptual Questions -- 9 Genomics &. , Systems Biology -- 1. Large-Scale Mapping with Sequence Tags -- 1.1. Mapping of Sequence Tagged Sites -- 2. Assembling Small Genomes by Shotgun Sequencing -- 3. Race for the Human Genome -- 3.1. Assembling a Genome from Large Cloned Contigs -- 3.2. Assembling a Genome by Directed Shotgun Sequencing -- 4. Survey of the Human Genome -- 4.1. Sequence Polymorphisms: SSLPs and SNPs -- 4.2. Gene Identification by Exon Trapping -- 4.3. The Evolution of Junk DNA -- 5. Pharmacogenomics-Genetically-Individualized Drug Treatment -- 6. Personal Genomics and Comparative Genomics -- 7. Bioinformatics and Computer Analysis -- 8. Systems Biology -- 9. Metagenomics and Community Sampling -- 10. Epigenetics and Epigenomics -- Key Concepts -- Review Questions -- Conceptual Questions -- UNIT 3 The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology -- 10 Cell Division and DNA Replication -- 1. Cell Division and Reproduction Are Not Always Identical -- 2. DNA Replication Occurs at the Replication Fork -- 2.1. Supercoiling Causes Problems for Replication -- 2.2. Strand Separation Precedes DNA Synthesis -- 3. Properties of DNA Polymerase -- 4. Nucleotides Are the Precursors for DNA Synthesis -- 5. DNA Polymerase Elongates DNA Strands -- 6. The Complete Replication Fork Is Complex -- 7. Discontinuous Synthesis of the Lagging Strand -- 7.1. Completing the Lagging Strand -- 8. Chromosome Replication Initiates at oriC -- 8.1. DNA Methylation and Membrane Attachment Control Initiation of Replication -- 9. Chromosome Replication Terminates at terC -- 9.1. Disentangling the Daughter Chromosomes -- 10. Cell Division in Bacteria Occurs after Replication of Chromosomes -- 10.1. How Long Does It Take for Bacteria to Replicate? -- 11. The Concept of the Replicon -- 12. Replicating Linear DNA in Eukaryotes -- 12.1. Eukaryotic Chromosomes Have Multiple Origins -- 12.2. Synthesis of Eukaryotic DNA. , 12.3. Histones Are Remodeled and Replaced During Replication.

Note: Intro -- CONTENTS -- Preface and Acknowledgments -- Prologue: A Rapid Journey through Time and Space -- Chapter 1: Ingenious Visions -- Chapter 2: Serious Measurements -- Chapter 3: The Great Debate -- Chapter 4: Seeing Red -- Chapter 5: The Nature of Creation -- Chapter 6: Living with Inflation -- Glossary -- Bibliography -- Index -- About the Authors.

Note: Cover -- PREFACE -- ABBREVIATIONS OF SOCIETIES AND AGENCIES -- PART I Pathogenic organisms in foods -- COMMON FOOD-POISONING BACTERIA -- Infective food-poisoning bacteria -- Salmonellae -- Shigellae -- The enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EEC) -- Vibrio parahaemolyticus -- Enterotoxic food-borne pathogens -- Aerobic enterotoxic species: The staphylococci -- Anaerobic enterotoxic species: Clostridium botulinum -- Food-poisoning bacteria, specific cause uncertain -- Clostridium perfringens -- Bacillus cereus -- The enterococci -- INDICATOR ORGANISMS -- Aerobic mesophilic bacteria -- Enteric indicator organisms -- Escherichia coli and the coliforms (coli-aerogenes bacteria) -- Total Enterobacteriaceae as indicators -- The enterococci -- Other indicator organisms -- Streptococcus salivarius -- Staphylococci -- Clostridia -- THE IMPORTANCE OF DETECTION -- Contamination in factory-processed foods -- Interpretation of the relative importance of pathogens in foods -- Research needs -- REFERENCES -- PART II A selection of methods for the microbiological examination of foods -- PRINCIPLES AND PROBLEMS OF SELECTION -- Limitations of methods -- SAMPLING PROCEDURES -- The purpose of sampling plans -- Choice of a sampling plan -- Sampling of heterogeneous foods -- "Stratification" and homogeneity -- Sensitivity of the methods -- Selection of criteria -- Specificity of sampling procedures in relation to food type -- RECOMMENDED METHODS FOR MICROBIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION -- Preparation and dilution of the food homogenate -- Enumeration of mesophilic aerobes: The agar plate colony count -- Coliform bacteria -- Enumeration of coliforms: Determination of the most probable number (MPN) -- Determination of coliform organisms of faecal origin -- Identification tests for coliform organisms: The IMViC pattern -- Enterobacteriaceae -- Determination of most probable number. , Confirmation tests for Enterobacteriaceae -- Faecal streptococci (Lancefield group D streptococci) -- Enumeration of presumptive faecal streptococci -- Confirmation of faecal streptococci -- Identification of species -- Salmonellae -- Methods for isolation of salmonellae -- Procedures for identification of salmonellae -- Shigellae -- Enumeration of shigellae -- Vibrio parahaemolyticus -- Isolation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus -- Identification of Vibrio parahaemolyticus -- Staphylococci -- Enumeration of coagulase-positive staphylococci -- Testing for coagulase production -- Clostridium botulinum -- Screening test for detection of Clostridium botulinum toxin -- Direct cultural procedure for detection of Clostridium botulinum in suspect foods -- Isolation of causative organisms in implicated foods -- Clostridium perfringens -- Enumeration, isolation, and identification of Clostridium perfringens -- Bacillus cereus -- Enumeration and culture identification -- REFERENCES -- PART III Specifications for media, reagents, and ingredients -- SPECIFICATIONS FOR INGREDIENTS FOR MEDIA AND REAGENTS -- SPECIFICATIONS FOR MEDIA -- Media formulae and directions for preparation -- SPECIFICATIONS FOR DIAGNOSTIC REAGENTS -- REFERENCES -- APPENDICES -- I Agreed programme of the IAMS International Committee on Microbiological Specifications for Foods -- II Members of the IAMS International Committee on Microbiological Specifications for Foods -- III Subscribers to the sustaining fund of the IAMS International Committee on Microbiological Specifications for Foods -- IV Some recommendations on safety precautions in the microbiological laboratory -- V Some additional considerations in sampling.

Note: Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Preface -- References -- 1 Introduction -- Major subdivisions -- Common terms -- The ventricular system -- Clinical vignette -- References -- 2 Gross anatomy of the brain -- Brainstem -- Medulla -- Pons -- Midbrain -- Clinical vignette -- Cerebellum -- Cerebrum -- Vasculature -- Electroencephalogram -- Meninges -- References -- 3 Histology -- Anatomy and behavioral considerations -- The neuron -- Axon -- Dendrites -- Neuron cell membrane -- Synapse -- Receptors and receptor mechanisms -- Neurotransmitter removal -- Neurotransmitters -- Amino acid neurotransmitters -- Monoaminergic neurotransmitters -- Acetylcholine -- Biogenic amines (catecholamines) -- Dopamine -- Norepinephrine and epinephrine -- Serotonin -- Neuroactive peptide neurotransmitters -- Neuroglia -- Myelin -- Astrocytes -- Microglia -- Select bibliography -- References -- 4 Occipital and parietal lobes -- Occipital lobe -- Anatomy and behavioral considerations -- Primary visual cortex (BA 17) -- Secondary and tertiary visual cortex (BA 18 and 19) -- Parietal lobe -- Anatomy and behavioral considerations -- Primary somesthetic cortex -- Superior parietal lobule -- Inferior parietal lobule -- Other symptoms -- Select bibliography -- References -- 5 Temporal lobe - neocortical structures -- Anatomy and behavioral considerations -- Clinical vignette -- Clinical vignette -- Superior and middle temporal gyrus -- Auditory cortex -- Temporal association areas -- Clinical vignette -- Clinical vignette -- Inferior temporal and fusiform gyrus -- Clinical vignette -- Further behavioral considerations -- The insula -- Select bibliography -- References -- 6 Frontal lobe -- Anatomical subdivisions -- Motor cortex -- Primary motor cortex -- Premotor cortex -- Clinical vignette -- Supplementary motor area -- Clinical vignette. , Clinical vignette -- Frontal eye fields -- Broca's speech area -- Prefrontal cortex -- Orbital prefrontal cortex -- Clinical vignette -- Clinical vignette -- The ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPC) -- Clinical vignette -- Dorsomedial prefrontal cortex -- Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex -- Neurotransmitters in the prefrontal cortex -- Select bibliography -- References -- 7 Basal ganglia -- Anatomy and behavioral considerations -- Dorsal striatopallidum and associated nuclei -- Dorsal striatum (neostriatum) -- Huntington's disease -- Obsessive-compulsive disorder -- Tourette's syndrome -- Other -- Dorsal pallidum (paleostriatum) -- Subthalamic nucleus (subthalamus) -- Substantia nigra -- Connections of the dorsal striatopallidal system (skeletomotor circuit) -- Parallel circuits -- Skeletomotor circuit -- Direct pathway -- Indirect pathway -- Oculomotor circuit -- Association circuit -- Hyperkinetic movement disorders -- Hypokinetic movement disorders -- Ventral striatopallidum and associated nuclei -- Nucleus accumbens -- Basal nucleus (of Meynert) -- Ventral tegmental area -- Pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus -- Connections of the ventral striatopallidal system (limbic circuit) -- Further behavioral notes -- Select bibliography -- References -- 8 Diencephalon: hypothalamus and epithalamus -- Hypothalamus -- Anatomical and behavioral considerations -- Preoptic hypothalamic area -- The periventricular hypothalamic zone -- The medial hypothalamic zone -- Supraoptic region -- Tuberal region -- Clinical vignette -- Lateral hypothalamic zone and medial forebrain bundle -- Connections of the hypothalamus -- Incoming -- Clinical vignette -- Outgoing -- Further behavioral considerations -- Clinical vignette -- Epithalamus -- Pineal (epiphysis) -- Habenula -- Lateral habenular nucleus -- Medial habenular nucleus -- Select bibliography -- References. , 9 Diencephalon: thalamus -- Anatomy and behavioral considerations -- Thalamic nuclei -- Anterior thalamic nuclei -- Midline and medial nuclei -- Ventral thalamic nuclei -- Clinical vignette -- Lateral thalamic nuclei -- Medial and lateral geniculate bodies -- Reticular nucleus -- Intralaminar nuclei -- Limbic thalamus -- Further behavioral considerations -- Select bibliography -- References -- 10 Brainstem -- Anatomy and behavioral considerations -- Reticular formation -- Parabrachial nucleus -- Clinical vignette -- Raphe nuclei -- Clinical vignette -- Periaqueductal gray -- Locus ceruleus and lateral tegmental nucleus -- Select bibliography -- References -- 11 Limbic system: temporal lobe -- Hippocampal formation -- Clinical vignette -- Clinical vignette -- Clinical vignette -- Amygdala -- Lateral nuclei -- Medial nuclei -- Central nucleus -- Functional and behavioral considerations -- Clinical vignette -- Uncus -- Schizophrenia -- Panic disorder -- Select bibliography -- References -- 12 Limbic system: cingulate cortex -- Anatomy and behavioral considerations -- Anterior cingulate cortex -- Visceromotor control -- Skeletomotor control -- Nociception (pain) -- Social interactions -- Memory -- Clinical vignette -- Case 1 -- Case 2 -- Case 3 -- Posterior cingulate cortex -- Connections of the cingulate cortex -- Behavioral disorders and neurosurgery -- Akinetic mutism -- Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) -- Obsessive-compulsive disorder -- Schizophrenia -- Depression -- Cingulate cortex seizures -- Select bibliography -- References -- 13 Limbic system: overview -- Anatomy -- Olfactory structures -- The hippocampal formation and related structures -- The parahippocampal gyrus -- The hippocampal formation -- Case 1 -- Case 2 -- Amygdaloid nuclear complex -- Behavioral considerations -- Hippocampal formation and related structures. , Septal nuclei and nucleus accumbens -- Amygdala and related structures -- Further behavioral considerations -- Kluver-Bucy syndrome -- Temporal lobe epilepsy -- Other considerations -- Select bibliography -- References -- 14 Interhemispheric connections and laterality -- Interhemispheric communication -- Corpus callosum -- Anterior commissure -- Hippocampal commissure -- Supraoptic commissure -- Habenular commissure -- Posterior commissure -- Hemispheric specialization -- Left hemisphere -- Right hemisphere -- Lobular specializations -- Occipitoparietal lobe -- Temporal lobe -- Frontal lobe -- Subcortical regions -- Select bibliography -- References -- Index.

Note: Cover image -- Title page -- Table of Contents -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Preface to second edition -- Interactivities -- Acknowledgements -- Unit 1: Basic Chemical and Biological Principles -- Chapter 1. Cells and Organisms -- 1 What Is Life? -- 2 Living Creatures Are Made of Cells -- 3 Eubacteria and Archaea Are Genetically Distinct -- 4 Eukaryotic Cells Are Subdivided into Compartments -- 5 The Diversity of Eukaryotes -- 6 Haploidy, Diploidy, and the Eukaryote Cell Cycle -- 7 Organisms Are Classified -- 8 Some Widely-Studied Organisms Serve as Models -- 9 Basic Characteristics of a Model Organism -- 10 Purifying DNA from Model Organisms -- 11 Viruses Are Not Living Cells -- 12 Bacterial Viruses Infect Bacteria -- 13 Human Viral Diseases Are Common -- 14 A Variety of Subcellular Genetic Entities Exist -- Chapter 2. Basic Genetics -- 1 Gregor Mendel, The Father of Classical Genetics -- 2 Genes Determine Each Step in Biochemical Pathways -- 3 Mutants Result from Alterations in Genes -- 4 Phenotypes and Genotypes -- 5 Chromosomes Are Long, Thin Molecules That Carry Genes -- 6 Dominant and Recessive Alleles -- 7 Genes from Both Parents Are Mixed by Sexual Reproduction -- 8 Neighboring Genes Are Linked During Inheritance Unless the DNA Recombines -- 9 Identifying Genes that Cause Human Diseases -- Chapter 3. DNA, RNA, and Protein -- 1 History of DNA as the Genetic Material -- 2 Nucleic Acid Molecules Carry Genetic Information -- 3 Chemical Structure of Nucleic Acids -- 4 Double-Stranded DNA Forms a Double Helix -- 5 Constituents of Chromosomes -- 6 The Central Dogma Outlines the Flow of Genetic Information -- 7 Ribosomes Read the Genetic Code -- 8 Various Classes of RNA Have Different Functions -- 9 Proteins Carry Out Many Cell Functions -- Chapter 4. Genomes and DNA -- 1 Genome Organization -- 2 Repeated Sequences Are a Feature of Eukaryotic DNA. , 3 Palindromes, Inverted Repeats, and Stem and Loop Structures -- 4 Multiple A-Tracts Cause DNA to Bend -- 5 Supercoiling Is Necessary for Packaging of Bacterial DNA -- 6 Separation of DNA Fragments by Electrophoresis -- 7 Alternative Helical Structures of DNA Occur -- 8 Packaging DNA in Eukaryotic Nuclei -- Chapter 5. Manipulation of Nucleic Acids -- 1 Manipulating DNA -- 2 Chemical Synthesis of DNA -- 3 Measuring the Concentration of DNA and RNA with Ultraviolet Light -- 4 Radioactive Labeling of Nucleic Acids -- 5 Fluorescence in the Detection of DNA and RNA -- 6 The Electron Microscope -- 7 Hybridization of DNA and RNA -- Unit 2: The Genome -- Chapter 6. Polymerase Chain Reaction -- 1 Fundamentals of the Polymerase Chain Reaction -- 2 Inverse PCR -- 3 Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) -- 4 Reverse Transcriptase PCR -- 5 Differential Display PCR -- 6 Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends (RACE) -- 7 PCR in Genetic Engineering -- 8 Directed Mutagenesis -- 9 Engineering Deletions and Insertions by PCR -- 10 Real-Time Fluorescent PCR -- 11 Molecular Beacons and Scorpion Primers -- 12 Use of PCR in Medical Diagnosis -- 13 Environmental Analysis by PCR -- 14 Rescuing DNA from Extinct Life Forms by PCR -- Chapter 7. Cloning Genes for Analysis -- 1 Properties of Cloning Vectors -- 2 Detecting Insertions in Vectors -- 3 Moving Genes Between Organisms: Shuttle Vectors -- 4 Bacteriophage Lambda Vectors -- 5 Cosmid Vectors -- 6 Yeast Artificial Chromosomes -- 7 Bacterial and P1 Artificial Chromosomes -- 8 Recombineering Increases the Speed of Gene Cloning -- 9 A DNA Library is a Collection of Genes from One Source -- 10 Cloning Complementary DNA Avoids Introns -- 11 Chromosome Walking -- 12 Cloning by Subtractive Hybridization -- 13 Expression Vectors -- Chapter 8. DNA Sequencing -- 1 DNA Sequencing-General Principles for Chain Termination Sequencing. , 2 Primer Walking Along a Strand of DNA -- 3 Automated Sequencing -- 4 Cycle Sequencing -- 5 The Emergence of DNA Chip Technology -- 6 Pyrosequencing -- 7 Second-Generation Sequencing -- 8 Third-Generation Sequencing -- 9 Nanopore Detectors for DNA -- Chapter 9. Genomics & -- Systems Biology -- 1 Large-Scale Mapping with Sequence Tags -- 2 Assembling Small Genomes by Shotgun Sequencing -- 3 Race for the Human Genome -- 4 Survey of the Human Genome -- 5 Pharmacogenomics-Genetically-Individualized Drug Treatment -- 6 Personal Genomics and Comparative Genomics -- 7 Bioinformatics and Computer Analysis -- 8 Systems Biology -- 9 Metagenomics and Community Sampling -- 10 Epigenetics and Epigenomics -- Unit 3: The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology -- Chapter 10. Cell Division and DNA Replication -- 1 Cell Division and Reproduction Are Not Always Identical -- 2 DNA Replication Occurs at the Replication Fork -- 3 Properties of DNA Polymerase -- 4 Nucleotides Are the Precursors for DNA Synthesis -- 5 DNA Polymerase Elongates DNA Strands -- 6 The Complete Replication Fork Is Complex -- 7 Discontinuous Synthesis of the Lagging Strand -- 8 Chromosome Replication Initiates at oriC -- 9 Chromosome Replication Terminates at terC -- 10 Cell Division in Bacteria Occurs after Replication of Chromosomes -- 11 The Concept of the Replicon -- 12 Replicating Linear DNA in Eukaryotes -- 13 Cell Division in Higher Organisms -- Chapter 11. Transcription of Genes -- 1 Genes Are Expressed by Making RNA -- 2 How Is the Beginning of a Gene Recognized? -- 3 Manufacturing the Message -- 4 RNA Polymerase Knows Where to Stop -- 5 How Does the Cell Know Which Genes to Turn On? -- 6 Transcription in Eukaryotes Is More Complex -- Chapter 12. Processing of RNA -- 1 RNA Is Processed in Several Ways -- 2 Coding and Non-Coding RNA -- 3 Processing of Ribosomal and Transfer RNA. , 4 Eukaryotic Messenger RNA Contains a Cap and a Tail -- 5 Introns Are Removed from RNA by Splicing -- 6 Alternative Splicing Produces Multiple Forms of RNA -- 7 Inteins and Protein Splicing -- 8 Base Modification of rRNA Requires Guide RNA -- 9 RNA Editing Alters the Base Sequence -- 10 Transport of RNA out of the Nucleus -- 11 Degradation of mRNA -- Chapter 13. Protein Synthesis -- 1 Overview of Protein Synthesis -- 2 Proteins Are Chains of Amino Acids -- 3 Decoding the Genetic Information -- 4 The Ribosome: The Cell's Decoding Machine -- 5 Three Possible Reading Frames Exist -- 6 The tRNA Occupies Three Sites During Elongation of the Polypeptide -- 7 Bacterial mRNA Can Code for Several Proteins -- 8 Some Ribosomes Become Stalled and Are Rescued -- 9 Differences between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Protein Synthesis -- 10 Protein Synthesis Is Halted When Resources Are Scarce -- 11 A Signal Sequence Marks a Protein for Export from the Cell -- 12 Protein Synthesis Occurs in Mitochondria and Chloroplasts -- 13 Mistranslation Usually Results in Mistakes in Protein Synthesis -- 14 Many Antibiotics Work by Inhibiting Protein Synthesis -- 15 Post-Translational Modifications of Proteins -- 16 Selenocysteine and Pyrrolysine: Rare Amino Acids -- 17 Degradation of Proteins -- Chapter 14. Protein Structure and Function -- 1 The Structure of Proteins Reflects Four Levels of Organization -- 2 Determining Protein Structures -- 3 Nucleoproteins, Lipoproteins, and Glycoproteins Are Conjugated Proteins -- 4 Proteins Serve Numerous Cellular Functions -- 5 Protein (Nano)-Machines -- 6 Enzymes Catalyze Metabolic Reactions -- 7 Binding of Proteins to DNA Occurs in Several Different Ways -- 8 Denaturation of Proteins -- Chapter 15. Proteomics: The Global Analysis of Proteins -- 1 The Proteome -- 2 Antibodies Are Essential Proteomics Tools -- 3 Western Blotting of Proteins. , 4 Isolating Proteins with Chromatography -- 5 Mass Spectrometry for Protein Identification -- 6 Protein-Tagging Systems -- 7 Selection by Phage Display -- 8 Protein Interactions: The Yeast Two-Hybrid System -- 9 Protein Interaction by Co-Immunoprecipitation -- 10 Protein Arrays -- 11 Metabolomics -- Unit 4: Regulating Gene Expression -- Chapter 16. Regulation of Transcription in Prokaryotes -- 1 Gene Regulation Ensures a Physiological Response -- 2 Regulation at the Level of Transcription Involves Several Steps -- 3 Alternative Sigma Factors in Prokaryotes Recognize Different Sets of Genes -- 4 Activators and Repressors Participate in Positive and Negative Regulation -- 5 Two-Component Regulatory Systems -- 6 Specific versus Global Control -- 7 Accessory Factors and Nucleoid-Binding Proteins -- 8 Anti-Termination as a Control Mechanism -- Chapter 17. Regulation of Transcription in Eukaryotes -- 1 Transcriptional Regulation in Eukaryotes Is More Complex Than in Prokaryotes -- 2 Specific Transcription Factors Regulate Protein-Encoding Genes -- 3 Negative Regulation of Transcription Occurs in Eukaryotes -- 4 Heterochromatin Blocks Access to DNA in Eukaryotes -- 5 Methylation of Eukaryotic DNA Controls Gene Expression -- 6 X-Chromosome Inactivation Occurs in Female XX Animals -- Chapter 18. Regulation at the RNA Level -- 1 Regulation at the Level of mRNA -- 2 Basic Principles of RNA Interference (RNAi) -- 3 Long Non-coding Regulatory RNA -- 4 CRISPR: Anti-Viral Defense in Bacteria -- 5 Premature Termination Causes Attenuation of RNA Transcription -- 6 Riboswitches-RNA Acting Directly As a Control Mechanism -- Chapter 19. Analysis of Gene Expression -- 1 Monitoring Gene Expression -- 2 Reporter Genes for Monitoring Gene Expression -- 3 Deletion Analysis of the Upstream Region -- 4 DNA-Protein Complexes Can Be Isolated by Chromatin Immunoprecipitation. , 5 Location of the Start of Transcription by Primer Extension.