Note: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgement -- Contents -- Part I: General Description of Rhizobia -- Chapter 1: Symbiosis Between Rhizobia and Legumes -- 1.1 Rhizobia and Symbiosis of Rhizobia with Legumes -- 1.1.1 Rhizobia and Biological Nitrogen Fixation -- 1.1.2 Symbiosis Between Rhizobia and Legumes -- 1.1.2.1 Characteristics of the Symbiosis Between Rhizobia and Legumes -- 1.2 Importance of Research on Rhizobia -- 1.2.1 Economic and Ecological Importance -- 1.2.2 Value as Model for Interactions Among the Microbes, Plants and Environmental Factors -- 1.3 Concluding Remarks and Perspectives -- References -- Part II: Diversity and Evolution of Rhizobia -- Chapter 2: History of Rhizobial Taxonomy -- 2.1 Conception and Importance of Biodiversity -- 2.2 Bacterial Diversity and Taxonomy -- 2.3 History of Studies on Rhizobial Diversity and Taxonomy -- 2.3.1 Cross-Nodulation Groups and the Early Definition of Rhizobium Species -- 2.3.2 Rhizobial Classification by Numerical Taxonomy -- 2.3.3 DNA and Phylogenetic Analyses -- 2.3.4 Rhizobial Taxonomy in Genome Era -- References -- Chapter 3: Current Systematics of Rhizobia -- 3.1 Current Methodology for Studying Diversity and Taxonomy -- 3.1.1 General Strategy for Research on Rhizobial Diversity -- 3.1.2 Nodule Sampling and Rhizobial Isolation Strategy -- 3.1.2.1 Molecular Characterisation Strategy -- 3.2 Phylogeny and Systematics of Rhizobia -- 3.3 Alpha-Rhizobia -- 3.3.1 Family Rhizobiaceae Conn (1938) -- 3.3.1.1 Genus Agrobacterium (Smith and Townsend 1907) Conn (1942) -- 3.3.1.2 Genus Allorhizobium -- 3.3.1.3 Genus Ensifer (formerly Sinorhizobium) -- 3.3.1.4 Genus Neorhizobium Mousavi et al. (2014) -- 3.3.1.5 Genus Pararhizobium Mousavi et al. (2015) -- 3.3.1.6 Rhizobium (Frank 1889) -- 3.3.1.7 Genus Shinella An et al. (2006) -- 3.3.2 Rhizobia in Family Phyllobacteriaceae. , 3.3.2.1 Mesorhizobium Jarvis et al. (1997) -- 3.3.2.2 Genus Phyllobacterium (ex Knösel 1962) Knösel (1984) -- 3.3.3 Symbiotic Bacteria in Bradyrhizobiaceae -- 3.3.4 Rhizobia in Family Methylobacteriaceae -- 3.3.4.1 Rhizobia in Genus Methylobacterium Patt et al. (1976) -- 3.3.4.2 Rhizobia in Genus Microvirga Kanso and Patel (2003) -- 3.3.5 Rhizobia in Family Hyphomicrobiaceae -- 3.3.5.1 Azorhizobium Dreyfus et al. (1988) -- 3.3.5.2 Devosia Nakagawa et al. (1996) -- 3.3.6 Rhizobia in Family Brucellaceae -- 3.4 Beta-Rhizobia and Gamma-Rhizobia -- References -- Chapter 4: Genomics and Evolution of Rhizobia -- 4.1 The General Organisation of Rhizobial Genomes -- 4.1.1 Replicons: Chromosome, Chromid and Plasmid -- 4.1.1.1 Replicons -- 4.1.1.2 Chromosome, Chromid and Plasmid -- 4.1.2 Symbiosis Plasmid and Symbiosis Island -- 4.2 Evolution of Core and Accessory Genes -- 4.2.1 Characteristics of Core and Accessory Genes -- 4.2.2 Main Evolutionary Forces Shaping the Diversity of Core and Accessory Genes -- References -- Part III: Diversity and Evolution of Rhizobial Symbiosis Genes -- Chapter 5: Symbiosis Genes: Organisation and Diversity -- 5.1 The Organisation of Symbiosis-Related Genes in Rhizobial Genomes -- 5.1.1 Nodulation-Related Genes -- 5.1.2 Nitrogen-Fixing-Related Genes in Rhizobia -- 5.1.3 Symbiosis-Related Functions: Exopolysaccharides, Secretion Systems and Others -- 5.2 Phylogenetic Diversity of Symbiosis Gene nodC -- 5.2.1 Phylogenetic Diversity of the Nodulation Gene nodC -- 5.2.1.1 Specific Legumes and Rhizobia Bearing Highly Distinct nodC Genes -- 5.2.1.2 Promiscuous Legumes and Highly Diverse nodC-Gene-Bearing Rhizobia -- Soybean and Its Rhizobia -- Sophora and Its Rhizobia -- Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and Its Rhizobia -- Other Promiscuous Legumes -- 5.3 Concluding Remarks and Perspectives -- References. , Chapter 6: Evolution of Symbiosis Genes: Vertical and Horizontal Gene Transfer -- 6.1 The Origin and Transfer of Symbiosis Genes -- 6.2 Integration of Symbiosis Genes with Genomic Backgrounds -- References -- Chapter 7: Diversity of Interactions Between Rhizobia and Legumes -- 7.1 Rhizobia with Broad Host Ranges -- 7.2 Rhizobia Associated with Symbiotically Specific Plants -- 7.2.1 Mesorhizobia and Chickpea -- 7.2.2 Sinorhizobium/Ensifer and Alfalfa -- 7.2.3 Mesorhizobium amorphae and Amorpha fruticosa -- 7.3 Rhizobia Associated with Promiscuous Plants -- 7.3.1 Various Rhizobia and Soybean (Glycine max) -- 7.3.2 Various Rhizobia and Sophora -- 7.3.3 Rhizobia and Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) -- 7.3.4 Bradyrhizobia and Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) -- 7.3.5 Bradyrhizobia and Erythrophleum fordii -- 7.4 Rhizobial Infection Through Root Hair Entry or Crack Entry -- 7.5 Determinate or Indeterminate Root Nodules -- 7.6 Swollen or Non-swollen Bacteroids -- 7.7 Concluding Remarks and Perspectives -- References -- Part IV: Interaction of Rhizobia, Environments and Legumes -- Chapter 8: Geographical Distribution of Rhizobia -- 8.1 Biogeography of Soybean Rhizobia -- 8.2 Biogeography of Rhizobia Associated with Caragana -- 8.2.1 Brief Introduction to the Legume Genus Caragana -- 8.2.2 Nodulation of the Legume Caragana spp. -- 8.2.3 Diversity and Gene Characterisation of Caragana Rhizobia -- 8.2.4 Geography of Caragana Rhizobia -- 8.3 Biogeography of Rhizobia Associated with Astragalus -- 8.3.1 Nodulation and Diversity of Astragalus Rhizobia -- 8.3.2 Geography of Astragalus Rhizobia -- 8.3.3 Conclusion and Perspective Remarks -- 8.4 Biogeography of Rhizobia Associated with Faba Bean -- 8.5 Biogeography of Rhizobia Associated with Peanut -- 8.6 Biogeography of Rhizobia Associated with Sophora -- 8.6.1 Nodulation of Sophora spp. , 8.6.2 General Diversity of Rhizobia Associated with Sophora spp. -- 8.6.3 Biogeography of Rhizobia Associated with Sophora flavescens -- 8.6.4 Biogeography of Rhizobia Associated with Sophora alopecuroides -- 8.6.5 Biogeography of Rhizobia Associated with Other Sophora Species in New Zealand and Other Places -- 8.7 Biogeography of Rhizobia Associated with Phaseolus vulgaris -- 8.8 Biogeography of Rhizobial Populations Associated with Alfalfa -- References -- Chapter 9: Environmental Determinants of Biogeography of Rhizobia -- 9.1 Soil Factors Affecting the Distribution of Rhizobia -- 9.1.1 Soil Factors Affecting the Distribution of Soybean Rhizobia -- 9.1.2 Soil Factors Affecting the Distribution of Astragalus Rhizobia -- 9.2 Effects of Agricultural Practices on Distribution of Rhizobia -- 9.2.1 Effect of Land Use and Crop Management on the Distribution of Soybean Rhizobia -- 9.2.2 Distribution of Bradyrhizobia Associated with Kummerowia spp. Grown in Urban and Rural Areas -- References -- Part V: Agricultural Applications of Rhizobia and Other PGPR -- Chapter 10: Usage of Rhizobial Inoculants in Agriculture -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Brief History: Present and Future of Rhizobial Inoculant Application -- 10.3 Strategy to Screen for Effective Rhizobia -- 10.4 Suggested Rhizobia Used for Inoculants for Legumes -- 10.5 Inoculant Production and Application -- 10.6 Intercropping and Crop Rotation Between Legumes and Other Measures to Enhance Nitrogen Fixation -- 10.7 Inoculation of Soybean, Peanut, Alfalfa, Medicinal Legumes and Chickpea -- 10.7.1 Soybean Inoculation -- 10.7.2 Peanut Inoculation -- 10.7.3 Alfalfa Inoculation -- 10.7.4 Medicinal Legume Inoculation -- 10.7.5 Chickpea Inoculation -- 10.8 Usage of Microelements and Biostimulants to Enhance Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation -- 10.8.1 Molybdenum (Mo) -- 10.8.2 Boron (B) -- 10.8.3 Fulvic Acid (FA). , 10.9 Combination of Rhizobia with PGPR -- 10.10 Rhizobial Activity Beyond Nitrogen Fixation -- 10.10.1 Denitrification -- 10.10.2 Phosphate Solubilisers -- 10.10.3 IAA Production -- 10.10.4 Siderophore Formation -- 10.11 Concluding Remarks and Perspectives -- References -- Part VI: Technology and Methods -- Chapter 11: Working on the Taxonomy, Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution of Rhizobia -- 11.1 Sampling Soils and Nodules and Isolation of Rhizobia -- 11.1.1 Recognition of Legumes -- 11.1.2 Collection of Nodules, Seeds and Soil in the Field and Plant Trapping of Rhizobia -- 11.1.3 Isolation of Rhizobia from Nodules and Preservation of Isolates -- 11.1.4 Nitrogenase Activity Determination for Nodules -- 11.1.5 Soil Characterisation -- 11.2 Phenotypic Characterisation -- 11.3 Chemical Characterisation -- 11.3.1 Cellular Fatty Acid Patterns -- 11.3.2 Composition of Respiratory Quinones -- 11.3.3 Composition of Polar Lipids -- 11.4 Genomic Analyses -- 11.4.1 Extraction of Genomic DNA -- 11.4.2 DNA Fingerprinting by REP-PCR (BOX-A1R, ERIC) -- 11.4.3 16S rRNA Gene for Genus Definition -- 11.4.4 Multilocus Sequence Analysis (MLSA) for Species/Genus Definition -- 11.4.5 Phylogenetic Analysis of Symbiosis Genes -- 11.4.6 Genome Analysis for Species/Genus Definition -- 11.5 Ecological Analyses -- 11.5.1 Diversity Estimation -- 11.5.2 Analysis of Biogeography -- References.

Note: Front Cover -- Current Topics in Developmental Biology -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Dedication -- Contributors -- Preface -- Foreword -- Introduction -- Chapter 1. Membrane Type-Matrix Metalloproteinases (MT-MMP) -- I. Introduction -- II. Secreted MMPs -- III. Membrane Type-Matrix Metalloproteinases (MT-MMPs) -- IV. Summary and Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 2. Surface Association of Secreted Matrix Metalloproteinases -- I. Introduction -- II. Surface Binding of MMP-9 -- III. Surface Binding of the Soluble Interstitial Collagenases (MMP-1 and MMP-13) -- IV. Surface Binding of MMP-7 -- V. Surface Binding of MMP-19 -- VI. Concluding Remarks. Surface Binding: A Balance between Positive and Negative Effects on Pericellular Proteolysis -- References -- Chapter 3. Biochemical Properties and Functions of Membrane-Anchored Metalloprotease-Disintegrin Proteins (ADAMs) -- I. Introduction -- II. Structural Chemistry and Biochemistry -- III. Expression in Different Tissues and Regulation of Gene Expression -- IV. Interactions of ADAMs with Other Extracellular and Intracellular Proteins -- V. Roles in Embryogenesis and Development -- VI. Roles in Disease -- VII. Concluding Comments and Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 4. Shedding of Plasma Membrane Proteins -- I. Introduction -- II. Functional Consequences of Ectodomain Shedding -- III. Proteases Involved in Ectodomain Shedding -- IV. How are Substrates Selected? -- V. Regulation -- References -- Chapter 5. Expression of Meprins in Health and Disease -- I. Introduction -- II. Expression and Proposed Functions of Astacin Family Members -- III. Meprin Expression in Cancer -- IV. Meprins in Inflammatory Diseases -- V. Summary, Concluding Remarks, Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 6. Type II Transmembrane Serine Proteases -- I. Introduction. , II. General Features of Type II Transmembrane Serine Proteases -- III. Corin -- IV. Enteropeptidase -- V. Hepsin -- VI. Matriptase -- VII. Transmembrane Protease, Serine 2 (TMPRSS2) -- VIII. Transmembrane Protease, Serine 3 (TMPRSS3) -- IX. Transmembrane Protease, Serine 4 (TMPRSS4) -- X. Other Transmembrane Serine Proteases -- XI. Perspective -- References -- Chapter 7. DPPIV, Seprase, and Related Serine Peptidases in Multiple Cellular Functions -- I. Introduction -- II. Structural Chemistry and Biochemistry of SIMP -- III. Biologic and Pathologic Roles -- IV. Conclusions and Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 8. The Secretases of Alzheimer's Disease -- I. The Amyloid Hypothesis of Alzheimer's Disease -- II. β-Secretase -- III. γ -Secretase -- IV. α-Secretase -- V. Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 9. Plasminogen Activation at the Cell Surface -- I. Introduction -- II. Structural Chemistry/Biochemistry -- III. Cellular Binding Sites and the Regulation of the Plasminogen Activation System -- IV. uPAR as a Regulator of Cell Migration -- V. Biological and Pathological Roles -- VI. Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 10. Cell-Surface Cathepsin B: Understanding Its Functional Significance -- I. Introduction -- II. Cathepsin B Expression and Cancer -- III. Compartmentalization of Cathepsin B -- IV. Association of Cathepsin B with the Cell Surface -- V. Functional Significance of Cell-Surface Cathepsin B -- VI. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 11. Protease-Activated Receptors -- I. Introduction and General Overview -- II. Structural Biochemistry and Classification -- III. PAR Molecular and Developmental Genetics -- IV. PARs In Disease and Pathological Processes -- V. Development and Application of PAR Inhibitors -- VI. Concluding Remarks -- References. , Chapter 12. Emmprin (CD147), a Cell Surface Regulator of Matrix Metalloproteinase Production and Function -- I. Introduction -- II. Regulation of MMP Production by Emmprin -- III. Emmprin Binding Partners -- IV. Role of Emmprin in Tumor Progression -- V. Diverse Cellular Functions of Emmprin and Its Homologs in Physiology and Pathology -- VI. Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 13. The Evolving Roles of Cell Surface Proteases in Health and Disease: Implications for Developmental, Adaptive, Inflammatory, and Neoplastic Processes -- I. Introduction -- II. Development -- III. Normal Homeostasis and Adaptive Responses -- IV. Inflammation and Repair -- V. Neoplastic Processes -- VI. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 14. Shed Membrane Vesicles and Clustering of Membrane-Bound Proteolytic Enzymes -- I. Introduction -- II. Membrane Vesicle Release -- III. Role of Shed Vesicles in Cell-Cell Interactions -- IV. Role of Shed Vesicles in Cell Matrix Interactions -- V. Fate of Shed Membrane Vesicles -- VI. Concluding Remarks and Perspective -- References -- Index -- Contents of Previous Volumes.