Note: Intro -- Series Editor´s Foreword -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Floral Diversity and Climate Change in the Siwalik Succession -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Siwalik Flora -- 2.1 Lower Siwalik Flora -- 2.2 Middle Siwalik Flora -- 2.3 Upper Siwalik Flora -- 3 Siwalik Climate -- 4 Discussion -- 4.1 Changing Pattern in the Siwalik Flora -- 4.2 Changing Pattern in the Siwalik Climate and the Establishment of Modern Monsoon -- References -- Early Paleogene Megaflora of the Palaeoequatorial Climate: A Case Study from the Gurha Lignite Mine of Rajasthan, Western India -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Site -- 3 Early Paleogene Biodiversity of the Gurha Mine -- 4 Paleoclimate Versus Modern Climate of the Study Site -- References -- Development of Cenogram Technique Over the Past Six Decades with Some Insights into the Varied Habitats Occupied by Diverse Ma... -- 1 Introduction -- 2 A Brief Account of the Development of Cenogram Technique Over the Past Six Decades -- 3 Methodology -- 4 Results (Cenogram Analysis) -- 5 Discussion -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Palynofloral Diversity During Mid-Miocene Warming in Kerala Basin, South-Western India: Palaeoclimatic Implications -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Geological Setting and Stratigraphy -- 3 Material and Methods -- 4 Results and Interpretations -- 5 Discussion -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Non-Pollen Palynomorphs from the Late-Holocene Sediments of Majuli Island, Assam (Indo-Burma Region): Implications to Palaeoen... -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Regional Setting -- 3 Climate and Soil Type -- 4 Material and Methods -- 5 Results -- 5.1 Fungal Remains -- 5.2 Algal Remains -- 5.3 Zoological Remains -- 5.4 Organic Matter -- 6 Discussion -- 6.1 General View of NPPs Recorded from the Majuli Sediments -- 6.2 Major Inferences Drawn from the Retrieval of Fungal Spore from the Late-Holocene Sediment Samples. , 6.3 Overall Inferences from the Algal and Zoological Remains -- 7 Conclusions -- References -- Climate Variability and Its Causal Mechanisms Over the Northeastern Indian Himalaya -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Regional Setting (Study Area) -- 3 Climate -- 4 Methodology -- 4.1 Calculation of Palaeoclimate Index -- 4.2 Ordination Analysis -- 4.3 Granger-Causality Test -- 5 Results and Discussion -- 5.1 Investigating the Forcing Factors -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Quaternary Climate of Narmada Valley: A Case Study on Understanding Provenance, Weathering and Depositional Environment Using ... -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Location -- 3 Geology -- 4 Geomorphology -- 5 Methodology -- 6 Results -- 6.1 Major Oxides -- 6.2 Trace Elements -- 6.3 Rare Earth Elements -- 6.4 Calulations for Weathering Indices and Index of Compositional Variability -- 7 Discussion -- 7.1 Influence of Sedimentary Sorting -- 7.2 Degree of Weathering -- 7.3 Provenance -- 7.4 Effect of Climate on Geochemistry of Geomorphic Units -- 8 Conclusions -- References -- Heterogeneity in Glacier Area Loss in Response to Climate Change in Selected Basins of Western Himalaya -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Materials and Methods -- 3.1 Uncertainty in the Study -- 4 Results -- 4.1 Glacier Area Loss in Jhelum Basin -- 4.2 Glacier Area Loss in Suru and Zanskar Basin -- 4.3 Glacier Area Loss in Chandra Basin -- 4.4 Glacier Area Loss in Spiti Basin -- 4.5 Glacier Area Loss in Satluj Basin -- 4.6 Glacier Area Loss in Upper Indus Basin (LMR) -- 5 Discussion -- 5.1 Heterogeneity in Glacier Area Loss in the Selected Basins -- 5.2 Comparison of Glacier Area Loss with Previous Studies -- 5.3 Observed Climate Change and Its Comparison with Previous Studies in the Area -- 5.4 Limitations of the Study -- 6 Conclusion -- References. , Proglacial Landscape Transformations in Arctic, Ny-Alesund Area, Svalbard: Paraglacial Processes and Climate Warming During La... -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area Geomorphology -- 3 Proglacial Morphology and Paraglacial Process Dynamics -- 4 Material and Methods -- 5 Chronology of Deglaciation: Glacial Foreland Exposure Period -- 6 Discussion and Conclusion -- 6.1 Glacial Foreland, Paraglacial Period and Landform Adjustment -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- Impact of Changing Climate Over Polar Ice Sheet: A Case Study from Larsemann Hills, East Antarctica -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 3 Observation and Results -- 3.1 Accumulation/Ablation -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Prevalent Climate Variables During Ablation Season Around Gangotri Glacier -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Methodology -- 4 Result and Discussion -- 4.1 Air Temperature (Ta) -- 4.2 Relative Humidity (RH) -- 4.3 Wind Speed (WS) and Direction (WD) -- 4.4 Evaporation (E) -- 4.5 Rainfall (R) -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Compacted Snow Dune Complexes in Antarctica and their Applicability as New Climate Change and Basement Tectonic Parameters -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Snow Dunes, Snow Sheets and their Formation -- 3 SAR Images, Mapping of Snow Dunes, Snow Sheets and Basement Tectonic Features -- 4 Dune Complexes and Basement Tectonics in Antarctica -- 5 Dune Complexes and Climate Change Parameter -- 6 Results -- 7 Synthesis and Conclusions -- References -- Investigating the Effect of Environmental Variables on the Isotopic Composition of Transpiration: Implications to Study the Mo... -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Materials and Methods -- 3.1 Collection of Transpired Water -- 3.2 Environmental Parameters -- 4 Results -- 5 Discussion -- 5.1 Isotopic Characteristics of Rain and Transpired Water. , 6 Effect of Environmental Parameters on Transpiration Isotopes -- 7 Active and Break Phases of Monsoon -- 8 Conclusions -- References -- Investigating the Effect of Air-sea Carbon Dynamics and Water Quality Parameters on the Coral Reef Ecosystem of Lakshadweep Sea -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Study Area -- 2.2 Sample Collection and Analysis -- 2.3 Air-Sea pCO2 -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Trend Analysis and Change Point Detection of Annual and Seasonal Precipitation Timeseries Over Varanasi District, Uttar Pradesh -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Review: Rainfall Trends in India -- 3 Study Area -- 4 Data & -- Methodology -- 4.1 Mann-Kendall (MK) Test -- 4.2 Sen´s Slopes Estimation -- 4.3 Sequential Mann- Kendall (SQ-MK) Test -- 5 Result & -- Discussion -- 5.1 Statistical Characteristics of Annual, Seasonal, and Monthly Rainfall -- 5.2 Quantification of the Trend -- 5.3 Changepoint Detection of Precipitation -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Assessment of Snow Cover Changes Over the Tons River Basin During Last Two Decades (2000-2019) -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Material and Methodology -- 2.1 Study Area -- 2.2 Data Sources -- 2.3 Methodology -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 4 Summary and Conclusion -- References -- Extreme Rainfall Trends and their Statistical Significance -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Study Area -- 3 Materials & -- Methods -- 3.1 Data Used -- 3.2 Trend Analysis -- 3.3 Magnitude of Trend -- 3.4 Significance of Trend -- 4 Results and Discussions -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Examination of Historical Trends and Future Projections for Climate and Land-use Variables and its Impacts on Kalna River Flow... -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Methodology -- 3.1 Trend Analysis -- 3.1.1 Mann-Kendall Test -- 3.1.2 Sen´s Slope -- 3.2 Climate Modeling -- 3.3 Land-use Change Analysis. , 3.4 SWAT: Hydrological Modeling -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Simulations from Climate Model -- 4.2 Simulations from Land Change Modeler -- 4.3 Simulations from SWAT and Future Projections -- 5 Conclusion and Recommendations -- References -- Temporal Trends in Water Discharge Characteristics of the Large Peninsular Rivers: Assessing the Role of Climatic and Anthropo... -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area and Source of Data -- 3 Results and Discussions -- 3.1 The Hydrological Regime of Large Peninsular Rivers -- 3.2 Temporal Variability of Water Discharge from the Large Peninsular Rivers -- 3.3 Controls to Variations in Long Term River Discharge -- 4 Conclusion(s) -- References -- Groundwater Responses to Climate Variability in Punjab, India -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Study Area -- 2.2 Groundwater Level Data -- 2.3 Rainfall Data -- 2.4 Groundwater Recharge -- 2.5 Trend Analysis -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Land use, Elevation and Contour Maps -- 3.2 Groundwater Level Variations -- 3.3 Rainfall Analysis -- 3.4 Rainfall Recharge -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Reflections on Temporal Trends in Water Quality and Climate Variability at Three Degradation Hotspots of Leading Rivers in Ind... -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 2.1 River Ganga -- 2.2 River Brahmaputra -- 2.3 River Godavari -- 3 Methodology -- 4 Results -- 4.1 River Ganga -- 4.1.1 Decrease in Forest Cover (Forest Cover as Percentage of Geographical Area) -- 4.1.2 River Ecosystem Degradation -- 4.1.3 Impact of Dam Projects on River Water Quality -- 4.2 River Brahmaputra -- 4.2.1 Decrease in Forest Cover (Forest Cover as Percentage of Geographical Area) -- 4.2.2 River Ecosystem Degradation -- 4.3 River Godavari -- 4.3.1 Decrease in Forest Cover (Forest Cover as Percentage of Geographical Area) -- 4.3.2 River Ecosystem Degradation -- 5 Discussion. , 5.1 Precipitation Trend in Degradation Hotspots.

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