Note: Front Cover -- Vacuum Physics and Technology -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Contributors -- Foreword -- Preface -- Chapter 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Survey -- 1.2. Basic Equations -- 1.3. Molecular Transport -- 1.4. Surface Physics -- Chapter 2. Measurement of Total Pressure in Vacuum Systems -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. Manometers -- 2.3. Thermal Conductivity Gauges -- 2.4. Ionization Gauges -- 2.5. Placement and Calibration of Gauges -- Chapter 3. Partial Pressure Measurement -- 3.1. Mass Spectrometer -- Chapter 4. Production of High Vacua -- 4.1. Overview and Formulation of General Requirements -- 4.2. Fore-Vacuum Pumps -- 4.3. Diffusion Pumps -- 4.4. Other High Vacuum Pumps -- Chapter 5. Production of Ultrahigh Vacuum -- 5.1. Fundamental Concepts in the Production of Ultrahigh Vacuum -- 5.2. Getter Pumping -- 5.3. Ion Pumps -- 5.4. Cryogenic Pumping -- 5.5. Turbomolecular Vacuum Pumps -- Chapter 6. Metal Vacuum Systems and Components -- 6.1. A Diffusion Pumped Vacuum System and Its Schematic Representation -- 6.2. Vacuum Flanges -- 6.3. Vacuum, Water, and Gas Connectors: Function and Choices -- 6.4. Vacuum Valves -- 6.5. Traps, Baffles, and Valves in Combination -- 6.6. Flexible Connectors -- 6.7. Mechanical Motion Feedthroughs -- 6.8. Electrical Feedthroughs -- 6.9. Viewports -- Chapter 7. Glass Vacuum Systems -- 7.1. Use of Glass as the Vacuum Envelope -- 7.2. Systems and Components -- 7.3. Outgassing of Glass -- 7.4. Gas Permeation in Glass -- Chapter 8. Properties of Materials Used in Vacuum Technology -- 8.1. Introduction -- 8.2. Metals and Metal Alloys -- 8.3. Glasses -- 8.4. Ceramics -- 8.5. Elastomers and Plastomers -- 8.6. Sealants, Waxes, Greases, and Oils -- 8.7. Gases-Preparation, Properties, and Uses -- 8.8. Conclusion -- Chapter 9. Guidelines for the Fabrication of Vacuum Systems and Components -- 9.1. Soft Soldering. , 9.2. Hard Soldering -- 9.3. Welding -- 9.4. Bakeable and Coolable Vacuum Joints -- 9.5. Cleaning Techniques -- Chapter 10. Protective Devices for Vacuum Systems -- 10.1. Safety Considerations and Protective Devices -- 10.2. Interlocks and System Protective Devices -- Chapter 11. Design of High Vacuum Systems -- 11.1. General Considerations -- 11.2. Metal Systems -- Chapter 12. Operating and Maintaining High Vacuum Systems -- 12.1. General Considerations -- 12.2. High Vacuum Valve Control -- 12.3. Mechanical Pumps -- 12.4. Diffusion Pump Maintenance -- Chapter 13. Design and Performance of Bakeable Ultrahigh Vacuum Systems -- 13.1. Small Glass Uhv Systems -- 13.2. Small "All Metal" Uhv Systems -- 13.3. Intermediate Size Uhv Systems -- 13.4. Large Uhv Systems -- Chapter 14. Special Requirements in the Design, Operation, and Maintenance of Ultrahigh Vacuum Systems -- 14.1. Bakeout of Uhv Systems: Theory and Practice -- 14.2. Routine Maintenance and Cleaning -- Chapter 15. The Fine Art of Leak Detection and Repair -- 15.1. Basic Considerations -- 15.2. Types of Leak Detecting Equipment -- 15.3. Special Techniques and Problems -- 15.4. Repair Techniques -- Chapter 16. Vacuum Deposition Techniques -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2. Vacuum Evaporation Techniques -- 16.3. Vacuum Sputter Deposition -- 16.4. Comparison of Vacuum Evaporation and Sputtering Techniques -- Subject Index.

Note: Front Cover -- The Mantle and Core -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Table of Contents -- Executive Editors' Foreword -- Contributors to Volume 2 -- Volume Editor's Introduction -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 SOLAR INHERITANCE -- 3 WHOLE-MANTLE CHARACTERISTICS -- 4 THE IMPORTANCE OF RECYCLING -- 5 THE CHEMICAL CONSEQUENCES OF PARTIAL MELTING -- 6 IS WHAT WE SEE TODAY THE WAY IT HAS ALWAYS BEEN? -- 7 PROBING THE CORE -- 8 CLOSING THOUGHTS -- Chapter 2.01 Cosmochemical Estimates of Mantle Composition -- 2.01.1 INTRODUCTION AND HISTORICAL REMARKS -- 2.01.2 THE COMPOSITION OF THE EARTH'S MANTLE AS DERIVED FROM THE COMPOSITION OF THE SUN -- 2.01.3 THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF CHONDRITIC METEORITES AND THE COSMOCHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS -- 2.01.4 THE COMPOSITION OF THE PRIMITIVE MANTLE BASED ON THE ANALYSIS OF UPPER MANTLE ROCKS -- 2.01.5 COMPARISON OF THE PM COMPOSITION WITH METEORITES -- 2.01.6 THE ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION OF THE EARTH -- 2.01.7 SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2.02 Seismological Constraints upon Mantle Composition -- 2.02.1 INTRODUCTION -- 2.02.2 UPPER-MANTLE BULK COMPOSITION -- 2.02.3 UPPER-MANTLE HETEROGENEITY -- 2.02.4 LOWER-MANTLE BULK COMPOSITION -- 2.02.5 LOWER-MANTLE HETEROGENEITY -- 2.02.6 SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2.03 Sampling Mantle Heterogeneity through Oceanic Basalts: Isotopes and Trace Elements -- 2.03.1 INTRODUCTION -- 2.03.2 LOCAL AND REGIONAL EQUILIBRIUM REVISITED -- 2.03.3 CRUST-MANTLE DIFFERENTIATION -- 2.03.4 MID-OCEAN RIDGE BASALTS: SAMPLES OF THE DEPLETED MANTLE -- 2.03.5 OCEAN ISLAND, PLATEAU, AND SEAMOUNT BASALTS -- 2.03.6 THE LEAD PARADOX -- 2.03.7 GEOCHEMICAL MANTLE MODELS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2.04 Orogenic, Ophiolitic, and Abyssal Peridotites -- 2.04.1 INTRODUCTION -- 2.04.2 TYPES, DISTRIBUTION, AND PROVENANCE -- 2.04.3 MAJOR- AND TRACE-ELEMENT GEOCHEMISTRY OF PERIDOTITES. , 2.04.4 MAJOR- AND TRACE-ELEMENT GEOCHEMISTRY OF PYROXENITES -- 2.04.5 Nd-Sr ISOTOPE GEOCHEMISTRY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2.05 Mantle Samples Included in Volcanic Rocks: Xenoliths and Diamonds -- 2.05.1 MANTLE XENOLITHS: THE NATURE OF THE SAMPLE -- 2.05.2 PERIDOTITE XENOLITHS -- 2.05.3 ECLOGITE XENOLITHS -- 2.05.4 DIAMONDS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2.06 Noble Gases as Mantle Tracers -- 2.06.1 INTRODUCTION -- 2.06.2 NOBLE GASES AS GEOCHEMICAL TRACERS -- 2.06.3 MANTLE NOBLE GAS CHARACTERISTICS -- 2.06.4 NOBLE GASES AS MANTLE TRACERS -- 2.06.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2.07 Mantle Volatiles-Distribution and Consequences -- 2.07.1 INTRODUCTION -- 2.07.2 EVIDENCE FROM MANTLE-DERIVED MAGMAS -- 2.07.3 EVIDENCE FROM MANTLE-DERIVED SAMPLES -- 2.07.4 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2.08 Melt Extraction and Compositional Variability in Mantle Lithosphere -- 2.08.1 INTRODUCTION -- 2.08.2 PHASE EQUILIBRIUM AND MELT EXTRACTION -- 2.08.3 THE NANTLE SAMPLE -- 2.08.4 THE ROLE OF MELT EXTRACTION -- 2.08.5 PERSPECTIVE ON MANTLE THERMAL EVOLUTION -- 2.08.6 SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2.09 Trace Element Partitioning under Crustal and Uppermost Mantle Conditions: The Influences of Ionic Radius, Cation Charge, Pressure, and Temperature -- 2.09.1 INTRODUCTION -- 2.09.2 IONIC RADIUS AND LATTICE STRAIN THEORY -- 2.09.3 DETERMINATION OF Es AND ro -- 2.09.4 SIMULATIONS OF TRACE-ELEMENT SUBSTITUTION INTO GARNET -- 2.09.5 DEVIATIONS FROM SIMPLE BULK MODULUS SYSTEMATICS -- 2.09.6 TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE DEPENDENCES OF Do AND PARTITIONING -- 2.09.7 GARNET-MELT PARTITIONING OF REE -- 2.09.8 DEPENDENCE OF Do ON IONIC CHARGE -- 2.09.9 MINERAL-MELT PARTITION COEFFICIENTS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES. , Chapter 2.10 Partition Coefficients at High Pressure and Temperature -- 2.10.1 PLANETARY DIFFERENTIATION -- 2.10.2 EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHES -- 2.10.3 METAL-SILICATE EQUILIBRIA -- 2.10.4 MINERAL-MELT EQUILIBRIA -- 2.10.5 MODELS -- 2.10.6 SUMMARY AND FUTURE -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2.11 Subduction Zone Processes and Implications for Changing Composition of the Upper and Lower Mantle -- 2.11.1 INTRODUCTION -- 2.11.2 THERMAL STRUCTURE AND MINERALOGY OF THE SUBDUCTING PLATE -- 2.11.3 BERYLLIUM-10 SYSTEMATICS AND SEDIMENT SUBDUCTION -- 2.11.4 CROSS-ARC ELEMENT SYSTEMATICS -- 2.11.5 STORAGE OF SUBDUCTED ELEMENTS IN THE UPPER MANTLE -- 2.11.6 SUBDUCTION FLUXES AND MANTLE COMPOSITION -- 2.11.7 SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2.12 Convective Mixing in the Earth's Mantle -- 2.12.1 INTRODUCTION -- 2.12.2 GEOCHEMICAL AND GEOPHYSICAL OBSERVATIONS OF MANTLE HETEROGENEITY -- 2.12.3 CHARACTERIZATION OF MIXING -- 2.12.4 OUTLOOK -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- APPENDIX -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2.13 Compositional Evolution of the Mantle -- 2.13.1 INTRODUCTION -- 2.13.2 RADIOGENIC ISOTOPIC COMPOSITIONS -- 2.13.3 TRACE-ELEMENT VARIATIONS: Nb/Th AND Nb/U IN THE MANTLE THROUGH TIME -- 2.13.4 ORIGIN OF CHEMICAL VARIATIONS IN THE EARTH'S MANTLE -- 2.13.5 NATURE OF CHEMICAL LAYERING IN THE MANTLE -- 2.13.6 FUTURE PROSPECTS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2.14 Experimental Constraints on Core Composition -- 2.14.1 INTRODUCTION -- 2.14.2 GENERAL APPROACHES -- 2.14.3 MAJOR ELEMENTS IN THE CORE -- 2.14.4 LIGHT ELEMENTS IN THE CORE -- 2.14.5 MINOR AND TRACE ELEMENTS IN THE CORE -- 2.14.6 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2.15 Compositional Model for the Earth's Core -- 2.15.1 INTRODUCTION -- 2.15.2 FIRST-ORDER GEOPHYSICS -- 2.15.3 CONSTRAINING THE COMPOSITION OF THE EARTH'S CORE. , 2.15.4 ACOMPOSITIONAL MODEL FOR THE CORE -- 2.15.5 RADIOACTIVE ELEMENTS IN THE CORE -- 2.15.6 TIMING OF CORE FORMATION -- 2.15.7 NATURE OF CORE FORMATION -- 2.15.8 THE INNER CORE, ITS CRYSTALLIZATION, AND CORE-MANTLE EXCHANGE -- 2.15.9 SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Subject Index.