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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2020-11-09
    Description: This work presents the first chemical and isotopic (δ13C-CO2, δ13C-CH4, 3He, 4He, 20Ne, 40Ar, 36Ar, δ18O, and δD) data for fluid discharges fromGuallatiri volcano, a remote and massive stratovolcano, which is considered as the second most active volcano of the Central Volcanic Zone (CVZ) in northern Chile. Fumarolic gases had outlet temperatures of between 80.2 and 265 °C, and showed a significant magmatic fluid contribution marked by the occurrence of SO2, HCl, and HF that are partially scrubbed by a hydrothermal aquifer. The helium isotope ratios (〈 3.2) were relatively low compared to those of other active volcanoes in CVZ, possibly due to contamination of the magmatic source by 4He-rich crust and/or crustal fluid addition to the hydrothermal reservoir. Geothermometry in the H2O-CO2-CO-H2-CH4 system suggests equilibrium temperatures of up to 320 °C attained in a vapor phase at redox conditions intermediate between those typical of hydrothermal and magmatic environments. Thermal springs located 12 km northwest of the volcano’s summit had outlet temperatures of up to 50.1 °C, neutral to slightly basic pH, and a sodium bicarbonate composition, typical of distal fluid discharges in volcanic systems. Cold springs at the base of the volcanic edifice, showing a calcium sulfate composition, were likely produced by interaction of shallow meteoric water with CO2- andH2S-rich gases. A geochemical conceptual model was constructed to graphically represent these results, which can be used as an indication for future geochemical monitoring and volcanic hazard assessment.
    Description: Published
    Description: id 57
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2021-06-14
    Description: I was lucky enough to meet Mariano Valenza in September 1995. I was hitchhiking on the highway that leads from Cefalù to Palermo to go back home. I had spent my summer holidays in the beautiful and wild Madonie mountains. An off-road vehicle (a Land Rover Defender) stopped and a refined gentleman with a curious and charismatic gaze offered me a ride. During our journey, we chatted pleasantly and he told he was originally from that area. When I told him, I was a Geology student, he smiled at me and said “Then we will meet again soon, I am going to be your Teacher of Geochemistry!”. After a few weeks the lessons began and I met again Professor Valenza in Via Archirafi 36, at the University of Palermo. I will never forget the first introductive lesson of his course: “… we are going to study how the chemical elements have formed in the stars, and how these elements have spread out on our planet; we are going to study the chemicalphysical laws regulating their geochemical cycles and how they move in between the atmosphere, the hydrosphere and the lithosphere. We will also learn how the isotopes of these elements allow us to date the geological phenomena and the age of our own planet Earth; …let’s imagine that we are ourselves made of billions and billions and billions of atoms, and it is statically possible that one of Napoleon atom could be here, in this class room!”. I was truly fascinated and I discovered my passion for this interesting subject. In via Archirafi 36, in the historical building of the University of Palermo, once home of the Istituto di Mineralogia, I have graduated and got a Ph.D. in Geochemistry, and still nowadays I am working there. In these last 25 years I have learnt to know the stories of different personalities and their scientific researches, which have been hidden and looked after in the ancient building of the University for almost one century. With this article, we would like to remember Professor Mariano Valenza, by telling some stories about him and some others told by himself. Amongst these extraordinary stories we have focused on the one of a little-known scientist, Ludovico Sicardi (1895 - 1987), a modest man who followed his passion for volcanoes. In his field, he was a true innovator and the present research in the field of the geochemical surveillance of volcanos is deeply in debt to him. The “Scuola di Geochimica dei Fluidi”, born in the ‘70s at the University of Palermo, has the most debt of gratitude to him, but also the one which has treasured best his memory. This special paper is dedicated to Professor Valenza, who was one of the founders of this school and, before that, the teacher of most of this piece’s authors. He had preserved, beside the historical memory, also many documents, photos, and the scientific equipment used by Sicardi for his studies. Sergio Calabrese, Palermo, March 2020
    Description: Published
    Description: 413-435
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: 6TM. Poli Museali
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: history of volcano geochemistry ; volcanic gases ; fumaroles ; volcanologists ; Vulcano Island
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2020-10-06
    Description: The partitioning of carbon dioxide (CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉) released by soils at Vulcano Island (Aeolian Islands, Italy) was performed by combining the CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 flux and the carbon isotope measurements. Based on this method, the amount of CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 of volcanic origin was quantified six times during the period 2015–2018. The data analysis allowed us to establish the correlation between CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 soil degassing and changes in the contribution of volcanic fluids. Carbon isotope determinations were performed in situ to enhance the coverage of data collection in space and time. These data were combined with both the CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 contents in the ground gases and the soil CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 flux. The amount of volcanic CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 was distinguished from that of biogenic origin by implementing a three-component mixing model. The results of this study indicate that the increase in CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 output in September 2018 reflects the increase in volcanic gas emissions. The measurement method and analysis presented in this work are sufficiently general to be applicable to the monitoring programs of active volcanoes.
    Description: Published
    Description: 106972
    Description: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Carbon dioxide ; CO2 flux ; CO2 isotope composition ; Volcano monitoring ; Volcanic unrest ; Volcanic degassing ; 04. Solid Earth ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2021-05-18
    Description: Anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) co-occur with emissions of these gases from volcanic and urban environments. Therefore, it remains a challenge for the scientific community to identify the contamination sources and quantify the specific contributions. Stable isotopes have many applications in different fields under geosciences, including volcanology, environmental surveying, and climatology. Isotopic surveys allow identification of photosynthetic fractionation in tree forests and gas sources in urban zones, and tracking of volcanic degassing. Thus, the stable isotopic composition of the local GHGs allows the evaluation of the environmental impacts and assists in mitigating the emissions. The present study aimed to distinguish the tropospheric sources of CO2 in the different ecosystems based on the stable isotopic composition of CO2. The study relies on field experiments performed in both volcanic and urban zones of the Mediterranean region. Experiments to identify the CO2 origins in the field were designed and conducted in the laboratory. The CO2 in the air in Palermo, the soil CO2 released at Vulcano (Aeolian Islands, Italy), and the CO2 emitted at Cava dei Selci (Rome, Italy) were selected for conducting case studies. Isotope surveying of the CO2-containing air in Palermo revealed that the CO2 content was correlated to human activity. Mobile-based measurements of carbon isotope were conducted to distinguish the different sources of CO2 at the district scale. In particular, the isotopic surveying process distinguished landfill-related CO2 emissions from the fossil fuel burning ones. The underlying geological reservoir was identified as the main source of air CO2 at Cava dei Selci. Finally, partitioning of soil CO2 enabled estimation of the geological CO2 estimation in the Vulcano Porto settled zones. The results of the present study revealed that detailed investigations on stable isotopes assist in tracking the CO2 sources and the fate of gas emissions. The fine-tuned experimental solutions assisted in broadening the research perspectives. In addition, deeper insights into the carbon cycle were obtained.
    Description: Published
    Description: 118446
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Stable isotopes ; Carbon dioxide ; Greenhouse gas emissions ; Volcanic gases ; Mediterranean region ; 01.01. Atmosphere ; 04.08. Volcanology ; 05.08. Risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2018-03-01
    Description: The paper discusses the correlation between the heating of shallow groundwater over a 10 × 20 km wide area close to the town of Nizza Monferrato (Piemonte Region, Northern Italy) and the concomitant local seismic sequences during the period August 2000 – July 2001. The first seismic sequence started on 21 August 2000 with a Ml = 5.2 earthquake. Within few hours, the local authorities received calls alerting that the groundwater temperature rose from 10 to 30°C in many shallow wells. Our geochemical experimental data and the geological-seismotectonic framework do not allow the hypothesis of simple fluid mixing between the thermal reservoir of Acqui Terme and the Nizza-Monferrato shallow groundwater to explain the observed thermal anomalies. On the other hand, we invoke more complex processes such as frictional heating, mechano-chemistry, fault-valve mechanism, adiabatic decompression and hydrogeologically driven heat flow i.e., thermal effects due to variations of basin-scale permeability field. All these processes are able to transmit heat to the surface and to generate a transient incremental heat flow better than the mass transfer occurring typically when fluids from different reservoirs mix
    Description: Published
    Description: 269-277
    Description: 6T. Variazioni delle caratteristiche crostali e precursori
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2019-03-01
    Description: Mud volcanoes are often associated with large areas of CO2 and CH4 emission that are potentially dangerous due to sudden paroxysmal gas and mud eruptions. Despite the interest in understanding such natural environments, they have not yet been thoroughly investigated and a single interpretative framework remains to be elaborated. This lack of knowledge may be due to the difficulty in measuring in-plume CO2 as there is very little contrast with atmospheric CO2, coupled with the complex organizational strategies required for long-term monitoring. This work features three different methods that were used to evaluate the CO2 flux at the Salinelle mud volcano in the foothills of Mt Etna (Italy), carried out periodically from December 2013 to April 2018. We computed in-plume CO2 flux indirectly using a tunable laser and a portable MultiGAS and, directly, measuring the gas volumetric flux from bubbling pools. The morphological variations of the mud field were recorded using unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery, which provided information on the migration of vents in relation to the observed variations in measured gas output. Our analysis shows that the three methods gave comparable values, indicating the feasibility of this approach. Our findings suggest a pseudo-cyclical pattern in the bulk CO2 emitted at Salinelle, introducing a new interpretation of the processes involved in mud volcano dynamics.We theorize that the periodic variation of the gas emitted at the Salinelle may be attributed to a Bgeyser-like^ mechanism that may be subject to interruption or changes in magnitude by volcanic or seismic events.
    Description: Published
    Description: id 2
    Description: 5V. Dinamica dei processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: mud volcano ; gas emission ; Mt. Etna ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2017-12-13
    Description: Naturally acidified environments, such as CO2 vents, are important sites to evaluate the potential effects of increased ocean acidification on marine ecosystems and biota. Here we assessed the effect of high CO2/ low pH on otolith shape and chemical composition of six coastal fish species (Chromis chromis, Coris julis, Diplodus vulgaris, Gobius bucchichi, Sarpa salpa, Symphodus ocellatus) in a Mediterranean shallow CO2 vent. Taking into consideration the major and trace elements found near the vent and the gradient of dissolved inorganic carbon, we compared the otolith chemical signatures of fish exposed long-term to elevated CO2 emissions and reduced pH (mean pH 7.8) against fish living in two control sites (mean pH 8.2). A number of element:Ca ratios (Na:Ca, Mg:Ca, Mn:Ca, Cu:Ca, Zn:Ca, Sr:Ca, Ba:Ca and Pb:Ca), along with isotope ratios, were measured in otoliths (δ13C and δ18O) and water (δ13CDIC) samples. Additionally, we performed otolith outline shape and morphometric analysis to evaluate the effect of high CO2/ low pH. We observed species-specific responses with regards to both shape and chemical signatures. Significant differences among sites were found in otolith shape (elliptical Fourier descriptors) of G. bucchichi and D. vulgaris. Elemental and isotopic signatures were also significantly different in these site attached species, though not for the other four. Overall, the carbon isotopic composition seems a good proxy to follow pH gradient in naturally acidified area. Ultimately, besides improving our knowledge of the effects of high CO2/ low pH on otoliths, the present results contribute to our understanding on their use as natural tags.
    Description: Published
    Description: 191
    Description: 4A. Oceanografia e clima
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: fish otolith shape ; submarine high PCO2 vents ; Otolith Carbon isotope composition ; Otolith chemical composition ; 03.04. Chemical and biological
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2017-12-13
    Description: This study focuses on the interaction among deep volcanic/hydrothermal gases, groundwater and soil gases at Vulcano Island (Aeolian Archipelago, Italy). The chemical-physical parameters of the groundwater, the total dissolved inorganic carbon (TDIC) and the isotopic composition of the CO2 dissolved in groundwater are reported and discussed. Furthermore, a comparison between soil gases and groundwater indicates that groundwater and soil gases show the same qualitative information, giving a good overall picture of the main degassing zones of a volcanic system, whereas the soil gas discharge provides an evaluation of the mass released by the deep feeding system. This approach can be a useful tool both to characterize mixing and/or interaction processes among different sources and for a monitoring of degassing activity of a volcanic system.
    Description: Published
    Description: 116-119
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: 4V. Dinamica dei processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Keywords: Soil CO2 flux ; Dissolved gases ; Isotope composition of CO2 ; Groundwaters ; Vulcano Island ; 03.02. Hydrology ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2019-03-15
    Description: We investigated the geochemical behaviour of major and Rare Earth Elements (REE), together with oxygen and deuterium isotopic composition in the aquifer of Vulcano, the southernmost island of the Aeolian archipelago (Italy). Studied wells, located at different distances from the crater, are characterised by different contributions of the rising volcanic fluids. In particular, those located in the proximity of La Fossa crater are affected by a strong interaction with volcanic-hydrothermal fluids and show REE behaviour similar to that of fresh rocks, suggesting a congruent dissolution of the solid matrix. Samples from the other wells, located in an area where the volcanic deposits are hydrothermally altered as an “advanced argillic facies”, are enriched in HREE and mirror the corresponding depletion observed in the altered rocks. Moreover, the different grade of interaction with hydrothermal fluids determines the main ligand that complexes the REE. The main ligand is CO3 2– in the wells that are more directly affected by hydrothermal circulation, whereas SO4 2− dominates in those located at greater distances from La Fossa crater. This information provides further clues to the complex groundwater circulation model of Vulcano Island, which is regulated by the variable mixing and interacting of rising volcano-hydrothermal fluids, meteoric infiltration and seawater, differently interacting with fresh and altered rocks.
    Description: Published
    Description: 121-129
    Description: 3V. Proprietà chimico-fisiche dei magmi e dei prodotti vulcanici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2019-09-11
    Description: Natural soil CO2 emissions constitute a substantial portion of the carbon emitted in the atmosphere, particularly in volcano-tectonic areas where deep CO2 supply is also present because of the Earth's degassing. Hence, these emissions are considered of fundamental importance in the study of global CO2 budget estimates. Furthermore, in recent years, soil CO2 emissions have played an important role in the realm of seismic and volcanic studies as well as in the mitigation of gas-hazard-related risks. Although many methods are available for monitoring soil CO2 emissions, the comprehension and use of monitoring data can be challenging. This is because soil CO2 emissions are influenced by numerous processes and as consequence exhibit high spatio-temporal variability. In this framework, understanding the processes behind the variability of soil CO2 emissions is instrumental in improving their investigations. In addition, more suitable management of the monitoring data series is another crucial aspect of soil CO2 emission studies. In this study, we provide a detailed description of the processes that affect soil CO2 emissions and outline their impacts as functions of different features of the measurement sites. In particular, we examine the processes driven by both exogenous and endogenous factors and explain the origin of the observed variations. This study is based on the data acquired via eight monitoring stations on the island of Vulcano (Italy) from 2009 to 2017. The monitoring sites exhibited different features and covered a wide range of the soil CO2 emission values, thereby allowing a broad application of the obtained results.
    Description: Published
    Description: 102928
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: 1IT. Reti di monitoraggio e sorveglianza
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Soil CO2 emission ; Volcano Monitoring ; Global Warming ; Vulcano Island ; 04.08. Volcanology ; 04.07. Tectonophysics ; 01.01. Atmosphere ; 04. Solid Earth
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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