Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Contributors -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Introduction to Dendroecology -- 1.2 An Idiosyncratic History of Dendroecology -- 1.3 Dendroecology and Shifting Paradigms on Forest Dynamics -- 1.4 The Geography of Dendroecology -- 1.5 Contemporary Applications of Dendroecology -- References -- Part I Tree Growth and Forest Dynamics -- 2 Ecophysiology and Plasticity of Wood and Phloem Formation -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Patterns of Growth in Xylem and PhloemOver a Growing Season -- 2.3 Xylem and Phloem Growth Components -- 2.3.1 Timing and Duration -- 2.3.2 Rates of Growth -- 2.3.3 Anatomy -- 2.4 Contributions to Ecophysiology and Dendroecology -- 2.4.1 Plant Performances, Distribution and Community Composition -- 2.4.2 Paleo-environmental Reconstructions by Meanof Tree-Ring Proxy -- 2.4.3 Quantifying Biogeochemical Cycles -- 2.5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 3 Dendroecological Studies in the Neotropics: History, Status and Future Challenges -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Tree Ring Studies in the Neotropics -- 3.2.1 History and Development of Tree-Ring Studies in the Neotropics -- 3.2.2 Methods to Evidence Annual Growth Ring Formation -- 3.2.3 Occurrence of Annual Tree Rings in the Neotropics -- 3.2.4 Triggering Factors for Annual Tree-Ring Formation -- 3.2.5 Wood Anatomical Features and Distinctiveness of Tree Rings -- 3.3 Longevity of Neotropical Tree Species -- 3.4 Growth Patterns of Tropical Trees -- 3.5 Dendroecological Applications for Forest Management and Conservation -- 3.6 Main Conclusions and Outlook -- References -- 4 Complex Historical Disturbance Regimes Shape Forest Dynamics Across a Seasonal Tropical Landscape in Western Thailand -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary: Conservation Importance, Climate, Landscape Context, and Forest Types. , 4.3 Forest Stand Dynamics in the Seasonal Evergreen Forest at HKK -- 4.4 Reconstructing Forest Stand Dynamics of Mixed Deciduous Forest -- 4.4.1 Age Distribution of the Mixed Deciduous Forest -- 4.4.2 Growth Releases in the Mixed Deciduous Forest -- 4.5 Discussion -- 4.5.1 Disturbance Regimes in Tropical Forests -- 4.5.2 Landscape-Scale Dynamics in a Seasonal Tropical Forest -- 4.6 Conclusions -- References -- 5 Low-Hanging DendroDynamic Fruits Regarding Disturbance in Temperate, Mesic Forests -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.1.1 Temperate, Mesic Forest Development Theory -- 5.1.2 Definitions -- 5.2 Ecological and Dendroecological Case Studies -- 5.2.1 Eastern North American Broadleaf-dominated Forest -- 5.2.2 Temperate Rainforest of Northwestern North America -- 5.2.3 European Broadleaf-Dominated Forest -- 5.2.4 Broadleaf-Dominated Forests of Japan -- 5.3 Synthesis of Temperate, Mesic Forest Literature -- 5.4 Advancement in Disturbance Theory with Basic Dendroecological Techniques -- 5.5 A Temperate Mesic Forest Conundrum -- 5.5.1 New Evidence of Large-scale Disturbance in TemperateMesic Forests -- 5.6 The N-Dimensional, Forest Development Model -- 5.6.1 Theoretical Background -- 5.6.2 Working the N-Dimensional, Forest Development Model -- 5.6.3 Management Implications -- 5.7 Conclusion -- References -- 6 Integrating Dendroecology with Other Disciplines Improves Understanding of Upper and Latitudinal Treelines -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Causes of Treeline -- 6.1.2 Dendroecology at Treeline -- 6.2 Case Study 1: A Topoclimatic Approach to Understanding Treeline -- 6.3 Integrating Physiological and/or Biogeochemical Measurements in Dendroecological Studies at Treeline -- 6.3.1 Overview of Hybrid Approaches -- 6.3.1.1 Stable Isotopes in Dendroecology -- 6.3.1.2 Incorporating Gas Exchange Measurements in Dendroecology. , 6.3.1.3 Integrating Soil Biogeochemistry and Dendroecology -- 6.3.1.4 Methodological Considerations in Hybrid Studies -- 6.4 Case Study 2: Integrating Physiological, Biogeochemical, and Dendroecological Methods to Study the Growth of Treeline Trees -- 6.5 Conclusions -- References -- 7 Dendroecological Applications to Coarse Woody Debris Dynamics -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Dendroecological Data Obtained from Coarse Woody Debris -- 7.3 Dendroecological Methods Applied to Coarse WoodyDebris Dynamics -- 7.4 Obtaining and Preparing Woody Debris Samples:Practical Matters -- 7.5 Case Study: Downed Woody Debris Fluctuations Through Time in Old-Growth Picea rubens Stands -- 7.5.1 Methods -- 7.5.2 Results and Discussion -- 7.6 Future Directions -- 7.6.1 Disturbance Agents and Woody Debris Dynamics -- 7.6.2 `Buried' Woody Debris -- 7.6.3 Tropical Woody Debris Dynamics -- 7.6.4 Model Improvements -- References -- Part II Disturbance Regimes -- 8 Deciphering the Complexity of Historical Fire Regimes: Diversity Among Forests of Western North America -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Fire Regime Reconstructions -- 8.2.1 High-frequency, Low-severity Fire Regimes -- 8.2.2 Low-frequency, High-severity Fire Regimes -- 8.2.3 Mixed-Severity Fire Regimes -- 8.3 Mixed-Severity Fire Regimes Reconstructed Using Dendroecology -- 8.3.1 Montane Forests of the Colorado Front Range -- 8.3.2 Montane Forests of the Canadian Cordillera -- 8.3.3 Lodgepole Pine Forests of Central Oregon -- 8.3.4 The North Rim of Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona -- 8.4 Discussion -- 8.5 Future Directions and Research Priorities -- References -- 9 Fire History and Fire Regimes Shifts in Patagonian Temperate Forests -- 9.1 Overview of Historical Fire Regimes in Patagonia -- 9.1.1 Historical Context from Palaeoecological Studies -- 9.1.2 Recent Unprecedented Fire Activity and Climate Change. , 9.1.3 Dendrochronology: The Key to Understanding Fire History -- 9.2 Reconstructed Fire Histories in the Patagonian Coastal and Andean Forests: Human and Climate Drivers -- 9.2.1 Araucaria araucana ((Molina) K. Koch) -- 9.2.1.1 Spatio-Temporal Variability and Human Impacts on Past Fire Activity -- 9.2.1.2 Fire and Climate Relationship -- 9.2.1.3 Post-fire Response and Reburn Impacts on Araucaria Forests -- 9.2.2 Austrocedrus chilensis (D. Don) Florin & -- Bout -- 9.2.2.1 Spatial and Temporal Variability of Fire Activity Over Past Centuries -- 9.2.2.2 Fire and Climate Relationship -- 9.2.2.3 Post-fire Response and Reburn Impacts -- 9.2.3 Fitzroya cupressoides (Molina) Johnston -- 9.2.3.1 Spatial and Temporal Variability of Fire Activity Over Past Centuries -- 9.2.3.2 Fire and Climate Relationship -- 9.2.3.3 Post-fire Response and Reburn Impacts -- 9.2.4 Pilgerodendron uviferum (D. Don) Florin -- 9.2.4.1 Spatial and Temporal Variability of Fire Activity over Past Centuries -- 9.2.4.2 Fire and Climate Relationship -- 9.2.4.3 Post-fire Response and Reburn Impacts -- 9.3 Future Directions and Challenges -- 9.3.1 Fire History in Southern Patagonia -- 9.3.2 Altered Fire Regimes and Changes in Severity: Impacts of Climate Change, Invasive Plants and Herbivores -- 9.3.3 Paleo Context for Anticipating the Future: Needs for Long-Term Charcoal/Pollen/Dendroecology Pairing -- References -- 10 Creating a Buzz: Insect Outbreaks and Disturbance Interactions -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 History of Insect Outbreak Studies -- 10.2.1 Regional Consideration of Insect Outbreak Dynamics -- 10.2.2 Canada -- 10.2.3 United States -- 10.2.4 Europe -- 10.2.5 Asia -- 10.3 Millennial Length Chronologies -- 10.4 New Techniques in Insect Outbreak Detection -- 10.5 Multiple Disturbance Interactions -- 10.5.1 Effect of Fires on Insect Outbreaks and Other Disturbances. , 10.5.2 Effect of Insect Outbreaks on Fires -- 10.5.3 Interaction of Climate and Insect Outbreaks -- 10.6 Case Studies -- 10.6.1 Defoliators -- 10.6.2 Cambium Feeders -- 10.6.3 Root Parasites (or Symbiont) -- 10.7 Conclusion -- References -- 11 Pathogens, Invasive Species, and Prognosis for the Future -- 11.1 Introduction and Background -- 11.2 Dothistroma Needle Blight Case Study -- 11.2.1 Applications of Tree-Ring Analysis -- 11.2.2 Prognosis and Research Opportunities Using Tree Rings -- 11.3 White Pine Blister Rust Case Study -- 11.3.1 Applications of Tree-Ring Analyses -- 11.3.2 Prognosis and Research Opportunities Using Tree Rings -- 11.4 Emerald Ash Borer Case Study -- 11.4.1 Applications of Tree-Ring Analysis -- 11.4.2 Prognosis and Research Opportunities with Tree Rings -- 11.5 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- 12 Deciphering Dendroecological Fingerprints of Geomorphic Process Activity -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Dendroecological Consequences of Geomorphic Disturbances -- 12.2.1 Injuries and Callus Tissue -- 12.2.2 Tangential Rows of Traumatic Resin Ducts -- 12.2.3 Tracheid and Vessel Anomalies -- 12.2.4 Reaction Wood -- 12.2.5 Growth Reduction -- 12.2.6 Process Dating with Dendrogeomorphic Evidence -- 12.3 Tree Reactions to Floods and Erosion: Two Case Studies -- 12.3.1 River Floods and Disturbance in Trees -- 12.3.2 Denudation Processes and Erosion Signals in Roots -- 12.4 Recent Progress in Process Dating: Tree Age, Tree Sensitivity and Geomorphic Disturbances -- 12.5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Part III Forest Decline -- 13 The Multiple Causes of Forest Decline in Spain: Drought, Historical Logging, Competition and Biotic Stressors -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Silver-fir Decline: Predisposed by Historical Logging and Triggered by Drought. , 13.3 Spanish fir Decline: Predisposed by Intense Competition and Triggered by Drought.

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Part I: Ecological Drivers of Tree Radial Growth -- Part II: Dendroecology in Neotropical Regions -- Part III: Forest Dynamics, Climate, and Disturbances -- Part IV: Forest Management and Conservation -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- Contents -- Part I: Ecological Drivers of Tree Radial Growth -- Chapter 1: Dendroecology as a Research Tool to Investigate Climate Change Resilience on Magnolia vovidesii, a Threatened Mexican Cloud Forest Tree Species of Eastern Mexico -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Climatic Effect on Tropical Montane Cloud Forest Trees -- 1.3 Effect of Climate Variation on Diffuse-Porous Wood and Vessel Traits -- 1.4 Case Study: Drought Effects on the Vessel Traits of Magnolia vovidesii in a Tropical Montane Cloud Forest of Eastern Mexico -- 1.4.1 Methods -- 1.4.2 Sample Collection -- 1.4.3 Climatic Data -- 1.4.4 Climatic-Growth Relationship -- 1.4.5 Historical Drought Events -- 1.4.6 Digitalization of Tree-Ring Width and Vessel Traits -- 1.5 Results and Discussion -- 1.6 Future Directions and Challenges -- References -- Chapter 2: How Drought Drives Seasonal Radial Growth in Pinus strobiformis from Northern Mexico -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Materials and Methods -- 2.2.1 Study Area and Studied Species -- 2.2.2 Sampling and Development of Chronologies -- 2.2.3 Influence of Climatic Variables on Seasonal Growth -- 2.2.4 Relationship of the Drought Index to Seasonal Growth -- 2.3 Results -- 2.3.1 Growth Patterns -- 2.3.2 Climate-Growth Correlation -- 2.4 Discussion -- 2.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3: Dendroecological Studies with Cedrela odorata L., Northeastern Brazil -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 Dendrochronology of Cedrela -- 3.1.2 The Cedrela odorata L. (Meliaceae) -- 3.1.3 Distribution, Environments, and Study Sites of Cedrela odorata -- 3.2 Materials and Methods -- 3.2.1 Study Sites. , 3.2.2 Sampling, Polishing, and Cedrela odorata Analysis -- 3.3 Results and Discussion -- 3.3.1 Growth Rings of Cedrela odorata in Sergipe -- 3.3.2 Chronologies, Environment, and Climate -- 3.3.3 X-Ray Analysis -- 3.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4: Responses of Growth to Climate and Drought in Two Sympatric Mexican Pine Species -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Materials and Methods -- 4.2.1 Study Area and Tree Species -- 4.2.2 Sampling and Chronology Development -- 4.2.3 Influence of Climatic Variables on Radial Growth -- 4.3 Results -- 4.3.1 Growth-Climate and Drought Associations -- 4.4 Discussion -- 4.4.1 Growth Responses to Climate and Drought -- 4.5 Conclusion -- References -- Part II: Dendroecology in Neotropical Regions -- Chapter 5: Dendrochronological Potential of Trees from America's Rainiest Region -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Materials and Methods -- 5.2.1 Study Area -- 5.2.2 Dry Month Analysis in Study Area -- 5.2.3 Sampling -- 5.2.4 Processing of Wood Samples -- 5.2.5 Observable Anatomical Characteristics -- 5.2.6 Growth-Ring Periodicity -- 5.2.7 Pantropical Growth-Ring Potential -- 5.3 Results and Discussion -- 5.3.1 Biodiversity of the Chocó Region -- 5.3.2 About Tree-Ring Formation in Tropical Hyper-humid Regions -- 5.3.3 Dendrochronological Potential Studies Around Tropics: Unclear Pattern -- 5.3.4 Species in This Chapter with Annual Rings Reported in Other Regions -- 5.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6: Dendroecology of Prosopis Species in the World: Secular Traces of Natural and Anthropic Events and Their Effects on Prosopis Growth -- 6.1 Why the Genus Prosopis? -- 6.2 Addressing the Prosopis Dilemma Using Dendroecological Research -- 6.3 Fire, Climate and Growth Dynamics: The Three Most Analyzed Ecological Variables in Dendroecological Studies of Prosopis Genus. , 6.3.1 Fire Events: a Main Disturbance Factor Recorded for More Than 200 years in Tree Rings of Prosopis Species -- 6.3.2 The Challenges of Separating Climate from Other Variables as Driving Factors of Growth Dynamics of Prosopis Species -- 6.3.2.1 Recruitment of Prosopis Species: The Result of Climate Drivers or Anthropogenic Impact? -- 6.3.3 Tree-Ring Growth Dynamics: The Most Recorded Dendroecological Variable That Quantifies Tree's Relationship with the Environment Over Time -- 6.4 Tree Rings of Prosopis Genus as Records of Anthropogenic Pollution Activities Worldwide -- 6.5 Final Words -- References -- Chapter 7: How Past and Future Climate and Drought Drive Radial-Growth Variability of Three Tree Species in a Bolivian Tropical Dry Forest -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Materials and Methods -- 7.2.1 Study Area and Tree Species -- 7.2.2 Sampling and Chronology Building -- 7.2.3 Climate, Drought, SOI, Sea Surface Temperature and Projected Climate Scenarios -- 7.2.4 Assessing Relationships Between Growth Variability, Climatic Variables and Drought -- 7.2.5 Testing Forecasts of Year-to-Year Growth Variability -- 7.3 Results -- 7.3.1 Climate and Growth Variability and Patterns -- 7.3.2 Associations Between Climate, SOI and Growth Variability -- 7.3.3 Associations Between the SPEI and Growth Variability -- 7.3.4 Responses of Growth Variability to Regional Climate -- 7.3.5 Process-Based Model of Growth and Climate-Based Forecasts -- 7.4 Discussion -- 7.4.1 Explaining Different Growth Responses to Climate and Drought -- 7.4.2 Links Between Climate-Drought-Growth Relationships and Sea-Atmospheric Patterns -- 7.5 Conclusion -- References -- Part III: Forest Dynamics, Climate and Disturbances -- Chapter 8: Forest Dynamics in the Argentinean Patagonian Andes: Lessons Learned from Dendroecology -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Climate Variability and Forest Dynamics. , 8.2.1 Dendroecological Methods and Climate Influences on Forests -- 8.3 Climatic Influences on Forest Dynamics in Patagonian Forests -- 8.3.1 Establishment -- 8.3.2 Mortality -- 8.4 Disturbances and Forest Dynamics -- 8.4.1 Insect Outbreaks -- 8.4.2 Snow Avalanches -- 8.4.3 Wind -- 8.4.4 Fires -- 8.4.5 Forest Decline -- 8.5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 9: Dendroecological Potential of Juniperus deppeana in Northern Mexico -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Materials and Methods -- 9.2.1 Study Area and Sampling -- 9.2.2 Laboratory Method -- 9.2.3 Data Analyses -- 9.2.4 Influence of Climate on Radial Growth -- 9.3 Results -- 9.3.1 Description of the Chronology -- 9.3.2 Climate-Growth Relationship -- 9.4 Discussion -- 9.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10: Patterns of Tree Establishment Following Glacier-Induced Floods in Southern Patagonia -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Materials and Methods -- 10.2.1 Study Area -- 10.2.2 Sampling and Data Analysis -- 10.3 Results -- 10.3.1 Temporal Establishment Patterns -- 10.3.2 Spatial Distribution Patterns -- 10.3.3 Distance of Establishment from Undisturbed Forests -- 10.3.4 Structure and Composition -- 10.3.5 Soil Analysis -- 10.4 Discussion -- 10.5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 11: A Dendro-Spatial Analysis in Tree Growth Provides Insights into Forest Productivity -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Materials and Methods -- 11.2.1 Study Area -- 11.2.2 Study Species and Data Processing -- 11.2.3 Annual Reconstruction from BAI -- 11.2.4 Spatial Autocorrelation Analysis -- 11.2.5 BAI Correlation and Climate Relationship -- 11.3 Results -- 11.3.1 BAI Dynamics for the Species -- 11.3.2 Spatial Correlation of BAI and Its Association with Climate Data -- 11.4 Discussion -- 11.5 Conclusion -- References. , Chapter 12: Temporal Growth Variation in High-Elevation Forests: Case Study of Polylepis Forests in Central Andes -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Dendroecology in Polylepis -- 12.3 Growth Modeling -- 12.3.1 Modeling Based on Relative Growth Rate -- 12.4 Case Study in the Central Andes of Peru -- 12.4.1 Climate Characteristics of the Study Forests -- 12.4.2 Tree-Ring Chronologies and Climate-Growth Response -- 12.4.3 Polylepis Growth Modeling -- 12.5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Part IV: Forest Management and Conservation -- Chapter 13: Dendrochronological Study of the Xeric and Mesic Araucaria araucana Forests of Northern Patagonia: Implications for Ecology and Conservation -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.1.1 Araucaria araucana Forests -- 13.1.2 Dendroecology -- 13.1.3 Structure and Dynamics of Forests -- 13.1.4 Sex Ratio -- 13.1.5 Relationship Between Tree Growth and Climate in Araucaria araucana -- 13.1.6 Disturbance Factors in Araucaria araucana Forests -- 13.1.7 Objective -- 13.2 Material and Methods -- 13.2.1 Study Area, Field, and Laboratory Work -- 13.2.2 Chronologies Development -- 13.2.3 Relationship Between Tree Growth and Climate -- 13.2.4 Age Structure -- 13.2.5 Data Analyses -- 13.3 Results -- 13.3.1 Tree Growth Responses to Climate -- 13.3.2 Characterization of the Xeric and Mesic Sites -- 13.3.3 Age Structure of A. araucana Forests -- 13.3.4 Relationships Between Tree Age, Height, and DBH -- 13.3.5 Sex Ratio -- 13.4 Discussion -- 13.4.1 Relationship Between Radial Tree Growth and Climate in Araucaria araucana -- 13.4.2 Site Characteristics of the Xeric and Mesic A. araucana Forests -- 13.4.3 Age Structure of Araucaria araucana Forests -- 13.4.4 Age, Height, and DBH Relationships -- 13.4.5 Sex Ratio -- 13.5 Conclusion -- References. , Chapter 14: Dendroecology Applied to Silvicultural Management in the Southern Patagonian Forests: A Case Study from an Experimental Forest in Tierra del Fuego, Argentina.