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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Princeton :Princeton University Press,
    Keywords: Electronic books.
    Description / Table of Contents: No detailed description available for "Geographical Genetics (MPB-38)".
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (372 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9781400835621
    Series Statement: Monographs in Population Biology Series ; v.38
    Language: English
    Note: Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- 1. Space-Time Population Genetics -- 2. Geographical Patterns Observed in Nature -- Standard Patterns of Genetic Isolation by Distance -- Directional Patterns -- Complex Paths of Migration -- Other Complexities of Migration Processes -- Effects of Temporal Changes on Spatial Patterns -- Spatial Patterns Caused by Selection -- Partition of Genetic Variation -- 3. Ancient Events in Spatial-Temporal Processes -- Out of Africa -- Patterns Caused by More Recent Expansions of Human Populations -- Patterns in Other Species -- 4. Spatial and Space-Time Statistics -- Spatial Autocorrelation Statistics -- Moran's I Statistic -- Correlograms -- Mantel Tests for Correlations of Genetic Distance with Geographic Distance -- Measures of Geographic Distances and Special Weighting Schemes -- Directional Autocorrelation and Special Weighting Schemes -- Spatial Statistics for Localized and Systemic Spatial Nonstationarity -- Multiple Genetic Characters -- Spatial Models and Statistical Analyses of Spatial Patterns -- Space-Time Analysis -- Measures of Kinship -- Measures of Overall Degree of Genetic Differentiation of a System -- Other Estimators -- 5. Theory of Genetics as Stochastic Spatial-Temporal Processes -- Spatial Probabilities of Identity by Descent -- Spatial and Space-Time Genetic Correlations -- Stochastic Migration -- Negatively Shared Stochastic Migration Effects -- Migration Matrices -- F Statistics and Wright's Island Model -- Space-Time Probabilities of Identity by Descent -- Space-Time Coalescence Probabilities -- Heterozygosity -- Mutation Models -- Clines -- Population Expansions -- Multilocus Processes -- Theoretical Dispersal Curves -- 6. Synthesis: Tying Spatial Patterns among Populations to Space-Time Processes -- 7. Spatial Patterns Observed within Populations. , Standard Forms of Genetic Isolation by Distance -- Spatial Autocorrelation Observed within Populations-Moran's I Statistics -- Observed Join-Count Statistics -- Values for Other Measures -- Biparental Inbreeding Caused by Spatial Structure and Its Interaction with Inbreeding Depression and Selection -- The Roles of Demographic Factors in Spatial Structure -- Using Spatial Patterns to Detect Natural Selection -- 8. Statistical Methods for Spatial Structure within Populations -- Distribution Theory for Join Counts -- Moran's I Statistics in Terms of Join Counts -- Statistical Properties of Join-Count Statistics -- Statistical Properties of Moran's I Statistics for Quadrats -- Statistical Properties of Moran's I Statistics for Individual Genotypes -- Covariances of Moran's I for Converted Individual Genotypes of Multiallelic Loci -- Multiple-Locus Estimators -- F Statistics -- Measures of Kinship -- 9. Theory of Spatial Structure within Populations -- Genealogies and Identity by Descent -- Kinship and A Priori Covariance -- Relationship of Various Measures of Observable Spatial Covariances to the Theoretic Values -- Wright's View -- Mechanistic Models of Dispersal -- 10. Emerging Study -- Emerged Conclusions -- Future Studies -- Literature Cited -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- W -- Y.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 65 (1995), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: Aging in rats is associated with a loss of hippocampal neurons, which may contribute to age-related cognitive deficits. Several lines of evidence suggest that stress and glucocorticoids may contribute to age-related declines in hippocampal neuronal number. Excitatory amino acids (EAAs) have been implicated in the glucocorticoid endangerment and stress-induced morphological changes of hippocampal neurons of young rats. Previously, we have reported that acute immobilization stress can increase extracellular concentrations of the endogenous excitatory amino acid, glutamate, in the hippocampus. The present study examined the effect of an acute bout of immobilization stress on glutamate levels in the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex of young (3–4-month) and aged (22–24-month) Fischer 344 rats. In addition, the effect of stress on spectrin proteolysis in these two brain regions was also examined. Spectrin is a cytoskeleton protein that contributes to neuronal integrity and proteolysis of this protein has been proposed as an important component of EAA-induced neuronal death. There was no difference in basal glutamate levels between young and old rats in the hippocampus or medial prefrontal cortex. During the period of restraint stress a modest increase in glutamate levels in the hippocampus of young and aged rats was observed. After the termination of the stress procedure, hippocampal glutamate concentrations continued to rise in the aged rats, reaching a level approximately five times higher than the young rats, and remained elevated for at least 2 h after the termination of the stress. A similar pattern was also observed in the medial prefrontal cortex with an augmented post-stress-induced glutamate response observed in the aged rats. There was no increase in spectrin proteolysis in the hippocampus or medial prefrontal cortex of young or aged rats after stress or under basal nonstress conditions. The enhanced poststress glutamate response in the aged rats may contribute to the increased sensitivity of aged rats to neurotoxic insults.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 63 (1994), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: Previous research has shown that systemically administered antipsychotic drugs enhance dopamine release from the nigrostriatal and mesocortical dopamine pathways. However, the degree of enhancement differs as a function of the drug used (atypical versus typical antipsychotic) and the dopamine pathway examined. The present studies examined whether these differences result from differential actions of these drugs on dopamine terminal regions. Clozapine or haloperidol was infused locally into the caudate-putamen or prefrontal cortex through reverse microdialysis. Although both drugs increased extracellular dopamine levels, clozapine produced greater effects than haloperidol in the prefrontal cortex, whereas haloperidol produced greater effects in the caudate-putamen. These results suggest that neurochemical differences within dopamine terminal regions may explain the differential actions of antipsychotic drugs on striatal and cortical dopamine release.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 58 (1992), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: Glutamate and aspartate are the primary neurotransmitters of projections from motor and premotor cortices to the striatum. Release of glutamate may be modulated by dopamine receptors located on corticostriatal terminals. The present study used microdialysis to investigate the dopaminergic modulation of in vivo striatal glutamate and aspartate release in the striatum of awake-behaving rats. Local perfusion with a depolarizing concentration of K+ through a dialysis probe into the rat striatum produced a significant increase in the release of glutamate, aspartate, and taurine. The D2 agonist LY171555 blocked the K+-induced release of glutamate and aspartate, but not taurine, in a concentration-dependent manner. The D1 agonist SKF 38393 did not alter K+-induced release of glutamate and taurine, but did significantly decrease aspartate release. Neither agonist had any effect on basal amino acid release. The D2 antagonist (-)-sulpiride reversed the inhibitory effects of LY 171555 on K+-induced glutamate release. These results provide in vivo evidence for a functional interaction between dopamine, the D2 receptor, and striatal glutamate release.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 61 (1993), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract— Glucocorticoids and stress have deleterious effects on hippocampal cell morphology and survival. It has been hypothesized that these effects are mediated via an excitatory amino acid mechanism. The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of acute stress on the extracellular levels of glutamate in the hippocampus and to determine if adrenalectomy modifies this response. Rats were adrenalectomized or sham-adrenalectomized and implanted with microdialysis probes in the CAS region of the hippocampus. Three days later rats were subjected to an acute 1 -h period of immobilization stress. Stress significantly increased extracellular glutamate levels in the sham-operated rats, which peaked at 20 min following the initiation of stress. Extracellular glutamate levels also increased immediately following the termination of stress. In the adrenalectomized rats there was a 30% decrease in basal extracellular concentrations of glutamate and a marked attenuation (-70%) of the stress-induced increase in extracellular glutamate levels. Extracellular concentrations of taurine were not modified by adrenalectomy and did not change in response to stress. These results suggest that glucocorticoid-in-duced elevations in extracellular glutamate concentrations may contribute to the deleterious effects of stress on hippocampal neurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 3 (1994), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background Hypopigmented (HMF) macular lesions are extremely rare manifestations of Mycosis fungoides (MF) with a predilection for blacks. Little is known of its prevalence, natural history and response to therapy in Asians.Objective The aim of the study was to investigate the natural history and clinicopathotogical aspects of HMF in an Asian population.Study Design A retrospective study of patient records from 1982 to 1989 was carried out and $100 immunostain was performed on sun exposed skin and covered skin of HMF patients and, as control, of healthy volunteers.Result 10 HMF patients (eight males and two females), of 18 (51.8%) who were seen for mycosis fungoides during this period, were studied. The majority were skin type III and IV, buttocks and limbs being important sites of predilection. Mean age at presentation and duration of disease prior to diagnosis were 20 and 4 years, respectively. Reduced melanin granules in basal keratinocytes and melanocytes, lymphocytic epidermotrophism and increased Langerhan's cell density were the most consistent microscopic findings. Response of patients to PUVA was excellent, with post treatment biopsy showing normal histology. Two patients with frequent relapse had extensive involvement and change in clinical pattern. On 5-year follow-up, HMF patients remained in stage 1. HMF variant is a common mode of presentation in young Asians, especially in males. It responds well to PUVA and has an excellent prognosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1520-4995
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of the American Chemical Society 117 (1995), S. 8582-8585 
    ISSN: 1520-5126
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1520-4804
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Tyrosine uptake has been reported to differ across brain regions. However, such studies have typically been conducted over brief intervals and in anesthetized rats; anesthesia itself affects amino acid transport across the blood–brain barrier. To address these concerns, serum, brain tissue and in vivo microdialysate tyrosine levels were compared for 0–3 h after administration of tyrosine [0.138–1.10 mmol/kg intraperitoneally (i.p.)] to groups of awake rats. Serum and brain tissue tyrosine levels increased linearly with respect to dose. Basal tissue tyrosine levels varied significantly across brain regions [medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC), striatum, hypothalamus, and cerebellum], but the rate of tyrosine uptake was similar for hypothalamus, striatum and MPFC. For brain regions in which tyrosine levels in both microdialysate and tissue were assayed, namely MPFC and striatum, there was a high degree of correlation between tyrosine levels in tissue and in microdialysate. Increasing brain tyrosine levels had no effect on DA levels in MPFC microdialysate. We conclude that (i) regional differences in the response of dopamine neurons to systemic tyrosine administration cannot be attributed to pharmacokinetic factors; (ii) in vivo microdialysate provides an excellent index over time and across a wide range of tyrosine doses, of brain tissue tyrosine levels; and (iii) increases in brain tyrosine levels do not affect basal DA release in the MPFC.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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