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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 86 (1999), S. 5801-5808 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A revised pressure scale for NaCl is proposed as an update for the 30-year-old work of Decker. An alternative approach to the analysis is utilized in conjunction with more recent data. The zero-Kelvin compression curve is parameterized using local basis functions (splines) and constrained by accurate pressure-volume-temperature data. Thermal pressures are estimated within a quasiharmonic framework using a volume-dependent Grüneisen parameter and the Debye thermal energy. In the pressure regime extending to 5 GPa uncertainties in pressure (based on measured volumes) are estimated to be less than 1%. Uncertainty increases to 1.5% at 10 GPa and 3% at 25 GPa. The largest contribution to systematic uncertainty at the highest pressures is the lack of knowledge of the volume dependence of the Grüneisen parameter. Misfit of other calculated thermodynamic properties with respect to data is relatively small. On the basis of the current analysis, pressures determined using the older Decker calibration are low. Along the 300 K isotherm, apparent errors in the Decker scale are as large as −3% (−0.3 GPa at 10 GPa, −0.47 GPa near 18 GPa, and −0.37 GPa at 25 GPa). At higher temperatures the apparent errors are smaller. At 1100 K and 20 GPa the error is −0.2 GPa. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 3973-3980 
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Rigorous mathematical modeling of the process dynamics associated with the construction and filling of density gradient columns is presented in this article. These models incorporate the hydrostatic driving forces for fluid flow, friction losses associated with this flow, and the unsteady-state behavior of the liquid levels in the filling vessels and in the column itself. Four different filling arrangements are considered, corresponding to the density order of the two fluids in the filling vessels and two methods for introducing the fluid of varying density into the column. Time requirements for filling of the column and the resulting calibration curve for liquid density versus height in the gradient column are both obtained as a result of this modeling procedure. Further, extremely important operating guidelines for the final achievement of a linear density gradient in the column, which is normally the desired objective in most laboratory applications, are derived and presented. Conversely, the causes leading to nonlinear gradients are elucidated and quantified. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 39 (2003), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The Cheat River of West Virginia is impaired by acid mine drainage (AMD). Fifty-five of its river segments were placed on the 303(d) list, which required calculations of total maximum daily load (TMDL) to meet the water quality criteria for pH, total iron, aluminum, manganese, and zinc. An existing watershed model was enhanced to simulate AMD as nonpoint source load. The model divided a watershed into a network of catchments and river segments. Each catchment was divided into soil layers, which could contain pyrite, calcite and other minerals. A kinetic expression was used to simulate pyrite oxidation as a function of oxygen in the soil voids. Oxygen in the soil voids was consumed by pyrite oxidation and replenished by earth breathing. The by-products of pyrite oxidation were calculated according to its mass action equations. Chemical equilibrium was used to account for the speciation of ferrous and ferric irons and precipitation of metal hydroxides. Simulated hydrology and water quality were compared to available data. The USEPA used the calibrated model to calculate the TMDLs in the Cheat River Watershed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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