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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 73 (1993), S. 3603-3607 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The optical properties of grating coupled waveguides are theoretically modeled and practically demonstrated using nematic and smectic liquid crystals as thin (0.7 μm) waveguide layers. Voltage induced reorientation of the liquid crystal is shown to lead to large changes in reflectivity and transmissivity when the angle of incidence initially corresponds to a guided mode resonance. Time resolved measurements using these thin cells show that the switching time for the nematic phase can be faster than the smectic phase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 62 (1993), S. 1691-1693 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Interferographic exposure followed by fast atom etching is used to write a sinusoidal diffraction grating into the surface of a lead lanthanum zirconium titanate (PLZT) wafer. A silver overlayer evaporated onto the grating allows the excitation of surface plasmon polaritons by incident radiation thus leading to sharp resonance dips in the angular dependent reflectivity. A second silver layer is evaporated onto the back of the wafer to allow ac electric fields to be applied across the sample. The large electrostrictive effect in PLZT causes a significant modulation in the grating groove pitch and hence surface plasmon polariton resonance angle which is very accurately quantified using a lock-in differential measurement. This simple configuration is able to measure pitch changes as small as 4.2×10−4 nm (a strain of 4.8×10−7).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 71 (1997), S. 2907-2909 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been used to modify a polyimide surface to give controlled liquid crystal (LC) alignment, and to examine the modification produced. Strong LC azimuthal anchoring was observed typically for normal forces 〉300 nN and line densities 〉5 μm−1, and optically diffracting LC elements were fabricated by repeatedly overpatterning the same area along different directions. Atomic force microscopy images showed little sign of topographic modification such as grooving, whereas lateral force images showed locally increased friction. Estimated contact pressures, 0.08–0.3 GPa, suggest shear-yielding occurs within a surface layer, causing polymer chain alignment. The AFM micromechanical interaction is compared with that occurring during the conventional cloth-rubbing LC alignment process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of chemical & engineering data 6 (1961), S. 125-127 
    ISSN: 1520-5134
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Pty
    Austral ecology 27 (2002), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1442-9993
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  There are many anecdotal reports of massive day-to-day variation in activity levels of tropical reptiles and amphibians, and intuition suggests that weather conditions may be responsible for much of that variation. Our analysis of a large data set on the activity levels of tropical snakes and frogs confirms the existence of this short-term variation in activity levels, reveals strong synchrony between sympatric taxa in this respect, but also shows that standard weather variables (temperature, humidity, precipitation, moonlight, atmospheric pressure) are surprisingly poor at predicting the numbers of individuals and species encountered during standardized surveys. We recorded the numbers of snakes and prey taxa (frogs) encountered on 349 nights over the course of one year on a 1.3-km transect in the Adelaide River floodplain, in the wet–dry tropics of Australia. Frogs, water pythons (Liasis fuscus), slatey-grey snakes (Stegonotus cucullatus) and keelbacks (Tropidonophis mairii) all showed strongly seasonal patterns of activity. After adjusting for seasonal differences, encounter rates were related to climatic conditions but different taxa responded to different weather variables. Water python activity was related to amount of moonlight, keelback activity was related to temperature, and frog activity was related to relative humidity, rainfall, temperature and moonlight. However, weather variables explained relatively little of the variation in activity levels. Strong synchrony was evident among encounter rates with various taxa (independent of season and weather conditions), suggesting that activity levels may be determined by other unmeasured factors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Macmillan Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 392 (1998), S. 365-367 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The switching properties of most liquid-crystal electro-optic devices rely mainly on the reorientation of the average molecular direction (director) within the bulk of the liquid-crystal layer. Reorientation of the director at or near the surfaces of the layer usually has an insignificant ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Macmillan Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 399 (1999), S. 338-340 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Current nematic liquid-crystal (LC) displays rely on voltage-induced reorientation of the director (the average molecular direction) within the bulk of the LC layer. In these devices, the surface region of the LC is strongly anchored to the cell walls and does not undergo reorientation at normal ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 191 (1961), S. 379-380 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Fig. 1. Specific resistivity of imidazole. O, run 2, 720 V./cm.; ?, run 3, 72 V./cm.; Q, run 4, 72 V./cm. Supporting evidence for this view has now been found in a study of the resistivity of imidazole. Imidazole is extensively hydrogen-bonded as adduced from its relatively high melting and ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 193 (1962), S. 361-362 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] In the present work, phenothiazine was purified by chromatography, multiple vacuum sublimations and zone-refining. Fig. 1 shows the results obtained at potential stresses of 76 and 760 V./cm. on a sample of phenothiazine which had been chromatographed, sublimed, zone-refined and re-sublimed. Using ...
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Statistical analyses were used to determine relationships between body size, clutch size and mass, and relative clutch mass and levels of organochlorine pesticides and seven polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in the eggs of adult female common snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina serpentina). No significant correlations were found between body size (body mass, carapace length, carapace width, plastron length) and lipid normalized concentrations of p,p′-DDE, mirex, dieldrin, and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners (IUPAC): #52, #105, #118, #138, #153, #180, #194, and the sum concentration of those congeners. Small sample size and clumping of data around the mode of the body size values prevented inferences of nonlinear relationships. It was concluded that body size and clutch characteristics are not strong or reliable predictors of the level of contaminants in snapping turtle eggs and that adjustment for those parameters would not reduce variation in contaminant levels among clutches. Other variables such as individual food preferences and/or foraging activities are more likely to cause variation in chemical concentrations among clutches of eggs within a population. In order to reduce interclutch variation in contaminant levels to 38.6–55.9% in snapping turtles, sample sizes of at least 15 clutches per site are recommended.
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