Note: Front Cover -- Coordination Chemistry - XVI -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE -- CHAPTER 1. FUNCTIONAL AND CONFORMATIONAL PROPERTIES OF CARBOXYPEPTIDASE A -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- SCOPE OF PRESENT WORK -- SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC-pH TITRATIONS -- KINETIC STUDIES -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 2. ON THE INFORMATION CONTENT IN A WEAKLY STRUCTURED ABSORPTION BAND -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- NATURE OF BROAD UNSTRUCTURED GAUSSIAN BANDS -- CALCULATION OF BAND SHAPE -- ORIGINS OF WEAK STRUCTURE -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 3. INTRAMOLECULAR ELECTRON TRANSFER -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- I. INNER SPHERE BIMOLECULAR OXIDATION REDUCTION -- II. INDUCED ELECTRON TRANSFER -- III. MIXED VALENCE COMPLEXES -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 4. REACTIONS OF SIMPLE UNSATURATED MOLECULES WITH THE POLYNUCLEAR CARBONYLS OF SOME GROUP VIII ELEMENTS -- ABSTRACT -- (I) STRUCTURE AND FLUXIONALITY OF POLYNUCLEAR METAL CARBONYLS -- (II) VARIATION IN REACTIVITY OF SOME TRINUCLEAR CLUSTERS TO INORGANIC DONORS -- (Ill) THE STRUCTURE AND REACTIVITY OF SIMPLE UNSATURATED ORGANIC GROUPS WITH POLYNUCLEAR CARBONYLS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 5. THE INFLUENCE OF NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC LIGANDS ON THE TRANSPORT AND FUNCTION OF METAL IONS IN THE ENVIRONMENT -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- (A) ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION BY THE INTRODUCTION OF METAL SALTS AND COMPLEXES -- (B) UNNATURAL LIGANDS IN THE ENVIRONMENT -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -- REFERENCES -- INTERNATIONAL UNION OF PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY -- HEXAMETHYLPHOSPHORAMIDE : PURIFICATION AND TESTS FOR PURITY -- PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF HMPA -- TESTS OF PURITY -- PURIFICATION OF HMPA AND CONSERVATION OF PURIFIED HMPA -- REFERENCES.

Note: Slow Synaptic Responses and Modulation -- Slow Synaptic Responses and Modulation -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- The Dawn and Foundation of Slow Synaptic Potentials and Modulation -- M-Current: From Discovery to Single Channel Currents -- Properties of Muscarine-Sensitive Potassium Currents in Vertebrate Nerve Cells -- Slow Synaptic Responses in Neuronal Tumor Cells: Dual Regulation of ADP-Ribosyl Cyclase and Inhibition of M-Current by Muscarinic Receptor Stimulation -- Acetylcholine-Like Effect of Sulfhydryl-Modifying Reagents on M-Current in Rodent NG108-15 Cells -- Inhibition of M-Type K+ currents by Cognition Enhancers in NG108-15 Cells and Rat Cerebral Neurons in Culture -- Muscarinic Inhibition of M-current in Bullfrog Sympathetic Neurones is Independent of Intracellular Ca²+ Release -- Introductory Review: K Currents and Modulation -- The Role of Mg²+ in the Modulation of IRK3 by M1 Acetylcholine Receptor -- Temporal Profile of Muscarinic Modulation of the Slow Ca²+-Dependent K+ Current (IsAHP) in Rat Hippocampal Neurons -- Modulation of K+ Channels in Hippocampal Neurons: Transmitters Acting via Cyclic AMP Enhance the Excitability of Hippocampal Neurons Through Kinase-Dependent and -Independent Modulation of AHP- and h-Channels -- Three Types of Cerebellar Voltage-Gated K+ Currents Expressed in Xenopus Oocytes -- Facilitatory Effect of Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase on the K+-Current Responses to Dopamine, Acetylcholine, and Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH2 in the Ganglion Cells of Aplysia -- Introductory Review: Calcium Channels and Modulation -- Neuronal T-Type Calcium Channels: Pharmacology and Investigation of Subunit Composition -- Exocytosis Calcium Channels: Autocrine/Paracrine Modulation -- Synaptic Modulation Mediated by G-Protein-Coupled Presynaptic Receptors -- Presynaptic Glutamate Receptors in the Hippocampus. , The α1-Subunit of the L-Type Ca2+ Channel Is Converted to a Long Open and Noninactivating State by Large Depolarization -- Endomorphins Inhibit N-Type Ca2+ Channel Currents Through μ-Opioid Receptors in NG108- 15 Cells Expressing Cloned μ-Receptors -- Introductory Review: Ca2+ Dynamics, and Modulation -- Ca²+-Induced Ca²+ Release in Presynaptic Terminals and Exocytosis -- Synaptic Modulation of Dendritic Ca2+ influx and Gene Expression -- Receptor Activation Studies by Ca²+, Thermal, and PKC Imaging -- Dual Imaging of Ca2+ and CI- in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus -- Enhancement of Neurotransmitter Release by Activation of Ryanodine Receptors after Ca²+-Dependent Priming at Motor Nerve Terminals -- Upregulation of Cytosolic Ca²+ Increases by Cyclic ADP-ribose in NG108-15 Neuronal Cells: In Comparison with Inositol Tetrakisphosphate in Fibroblast Cells -- Plastic Nature of a Ca²+ -Induced Ca²+ Release Mechanism in Hippocampal Synaptic Terminals -- Introductory Review: Exocytosis and Modulation -- Studies of Neurotransmitter Release at Cholinergic Synapses Formed Between Sympathetic Neurons in Culture: Role of Ca²+ Channels in Neurotransmitter Release -- A Novel Adrenergic Receptor Potentiates Transmitter Release from the Chick Ciliary Giant Presynaptic Terminal by Activating the cGMp- Protein Kinase G Cascade -- Synaptic Transmission at the Drosophila Neuromuscular Junction: Effects of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Activation -- Suppressive Effects of Serotonin on Autaptic Transmission in Cultured Rat Hippocampal Neuron -- Paired-Pulse Depression and mGluR-Mediated Modulation of Cerebellar Climbing Fiber Synapses -- Adrenaline-Induced Long-Lasting Potentiation of Transmitter Release at Frog Motor Nerve Terminals -- Introductory Review: Synaptic Plasticity and Modulation. , Modulatory Actions of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor on Synaptic Transmission in Rat Visual Cortex -- Properties of AMPA Receptor Channel During Long-Term Depression in Rat Cerebellar Purkinje Cells -- Corticotropin-Releasing Factor (CRF) Induces Persistent Depression of Parallel Fiber to Purkinje Cell Synaptic Transmission -- Modulation of the Induction of LTP of Excitatory Hippocamposeptal Transmission by GABAB Receptor Activation in Rat Lateral Septal Nucleus (LSN) Neurons In Vitro -- Temporarily Distinct Induction of Two Phases of Long-Term Potentiation in Bullfrog Sympathetic Ganglia -- Use-Dependent Sensitization of Acetylcholine Channel Currents via Ca/Calmodulin-Dependent Kinase II in Cultured Rat Sympathetic Neurones -- Introductory Review: Synaptic Development, Structural Modulation, and Gene Expression -- Signal Transduction Cascade from mGluR1 to PKCγ Is Involved in Climbing Fiber Synapse Elimination During Postnatal Cerebellar Development -- Activity-Regulated Gene Expression in the Brain -- Development of a Phase-Locked High-Fidelity Transmission in the Auditory Synapse Is Accompanied by Increased Ca²+ Sensitivity of the Transmitter Release -- How Are Neuronal Genes Expressed in Neurons? Regulation of NMDA Receptor Subunit Type 1 Gene as a Model -- Glutamate-Induced Degeneration of CA1 Neurons in the Rat Hippocampus Studied by Video Microscopy and Laser Photolysis of a Caged Compound -- Role of Adhesion Molecule L1 in Neurite Outgrowth and Functional Synapse Formation -- B2 Bradykinin Receptors in Neuronal Cells: a Genetic Aspect -- Modulation of Synaptic Transmission in the Autonomic Nervous System -- Synaptic Transmission and Signal Transduction in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus -- Fast and Slow Synaptic Responses to Dorsal Root Simulation in Dorsal Commissural Nucleus Neurons of Rat Sacral Spinal Cord In Vitro. , 5-Hydroxytryptamine Modulates Synaptic Transmission in the Hippocamposeptal Pathway -- Dopamine-Induced Presynaptic Modulation of Excitatory and Inhibitory Transmission in the Central Nervous System -- Muscarinic Modulation of Na+ Spike Propagation in the Apical Dendrites of Hippocampal CA1 Pyramidal Neurons -- The Third Line of Positive Allosteric Modulators for AMPA Receptors -- Modulation of Cholinergic Synaptic Transmission by Arachidonic Acid in Bullfrog sympathetic Neurons -- Slow Intrinsic Optical Signals in Rat Spinal Cord Slices and Their Modulation by Low-Frequency Stimulation -- Propagation of Depolarization-Induced Suppression of Inhibition in Cultured Rat Hippocampal Neurons -- Inward Current Induced by Achatin-I Attenuated by Some H1-Receptor Antagonists and Their Analogues -- GABAB Receptor Antagonists Shortened the Transcallosal Response Latency in the Cat Cortical Neurons but Dopamine Receptor Antagonists Did Not -- Optical Signals from a Rat Brain Slice Stained with Voltage-Sensitive Dyes Reflect Field Potentials of the Neural Activity: Differentiation of Optical Signals with Time and Field Potentials -- Index.

Note: Front Cover -- Prion Diseases and Copper Metabolism: BSE, Scrapie and CJD Research -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Dedication -- Address of Corresponding or Main Authors -- Chapter 1. Introduction -- 1.1 TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES -- 1.2 COPPER AND PRION DISEASE -- 1.3 PRION DISEASE AND METALLOPROTEINS -- Chapter 2. Copper - Prion Protein, Molecular Interactions -- 2.1 INTRODUCTION -- 2.2 THE PRION PROTEIN -- 2.3 SYNAPTIC EXPRESSION -- 1.4 PRION PROTEIN AND CU UPTAKE -- 1.5 PRION PROTEIN AS A SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE -- 2.6 CONFORMATIONAL CORRUPTION OF THE PRION PROTEIN BY METALS -- 2.7 CONCLUSION -- Chapter 3. The Effects of Copper on the Cellular Trafficing and Biochemical Properties of the Prion Protein -- 3.1 ABSTRACT -- 3.2 INTRODUCTION -- 3.3 EFFECTS OF COPPER ON THE CELLULAR TRAFFICKING OF PRP -- 3.4 COPPER AND CUPROENZYME LEVELS IN MICE EXPRESSING DIFFERENT AMOUNTS OF PRP -- 3.5 EFFECTS OF COPPER ON THE BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF PRP -- 3.6 CONCLUSIONS -- 3.7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- Chapter 4. Tracing the Copper Binding to the Murine Prion Protein using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance -- 4.1 ABSTRACT -- 4.2 INTRODUCTION -- 4.3 ABOUT THE TECHNIQUES -- 4.4 PREPARATION OF THE SAMPLES -- 4.5 CU2+ BINDING TO THE OCTAPEPTIDE REPEAT REGION OF THE MURINE PRION PROTEIN -- 4.6 EVIDENCE OF CU2+ BINDING TO THE C-TERMINAL PART OF THE PROTEIN -- 4.7 UNRAVELLING THE CU2+ BINDING SITES IN THE C-TERMINAL DOMAIN -- 4.8 DOES THE COPPER BINDING CHANGE AFTER MUTATION OF THE PRION PROTEIN? -- 4.9 POSSIBLE BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS -- 4.10 CONCLUSIONS -- 4.11 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- Chapter 5. Co-ordinate Binding of Copper to Prion Protein -- 5.1 INTRODUCTION -- 5.2 COPPER CO-ORDINATION -- 5.2 WHERE DOES COPPER BIND? -- 5.3 EARLY VIEWS -- 5.4 AN EARLY CRYSTAL STRUTURE -- 5.5 CONCLUSION. , Chapter 6. Oxidative Stress, Metal Ions and Neurodegenerative Diseases -- 6.1. INTRODUCTION -- 6.2. OXIDATIVE STRESS IN CNS DISEASE -- 6.3. OXIDATIVE STRESS AND TSES -- 6.4. METALS IN TSES -- 6.5. METALS IN OTHER NEUROLOGICAL DISEASES -- 6.6. CONCLUSION -- Chapter 7. Near Infrared Spectroscopy for Nondestructive Study of Prion Protein Isoforms -- 7.1 INTRODUCTION -- 7.2 NEAR INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY: BACKGROUND -- 7.3 NIR SPECTRAL DATA MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS. CHEMOMETRICS -- 7.4 NIRS FOR NONDESTRUCTIVE FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF PRION PROTEINS -- Chapter 8. Prion and Alzheimer Diseases: The Road to Pathogenesis is Paved with Copper -- 8.1 PRION DISEASES -- 8.2 PRION DISEASE AND ALZHEIMER DISEASE: PATHOGENIC OVERLAP -- Chapter 9. The Copper Binding Domain of the Amyloid Precursor Protein of Alzheimer's Disease can Modulate Copper Homeostasis and Regulate Amyloid Aß Production -- 9.1 INTRODUCTION -- 9.2 DIMERIZATION AND STABILITY OF APP ISOFORMS: INFLUENCE OF METAL ION BINDING TO APP ON RELATIVE STABILITY AND METABOLISM -- 9.3 THE ROLE OF COPPER IN THE PATHOLOGICAL FUNCTION OF THE AMYLOID PRECURSOR PROTEIN (APP) -- 9.4 THE ROLE OF COPPER AND ZINC IN THE NORMAL FUNCTION OF THE AMYLOID PRECURSOR PROTEIN (APP) -- Chapter 10. Metals modulate the aggregation and neurotoxic properties of the prion peptide PrP106-126 -- 10.1 TOXICITY OF PRP106-126 -- 10.2 COPPER AND ZINC MODULATE THE AGGREGATION AND NEUROTOXIC PROPERTIES OF PRP106-126 -- 10.3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- Chapter 11. Human CJD and Trace Elements -- 11.1 ABSTRACT -- 11.2 INTRODUCTION -- 11.3 - MATERIALS -- 11.4 METHODS -- 11.5 RESULTS -- 11.6 DISCUSSION -- 11.7 Acknowledgements -- Chapter 12. Metals and Human Prion Disease -- 12.1 INTRODUCTION -- 12.2 MOLECULAR AND BIOCHEMICAL TYPING OF HUMAN PRION STRAINS -- 12.3 METALS AND OXIDATIVE STRESS IN SPORADIC CJD -- 12.4 CONCLUSION. , Chapter 13. Disease Progression and Metal Aberrations -- 13.1 INTRODUCTION -- 13.2 IN VITRO MODELS -- 13.3 MODELS OF INHERITED PRION DISEASES -- 13.4 METALS AND CJD -- 13.5 METAL CHANGES IN MOUSE SCRAPIE -- 13.6 CONCLUSION -- Chapter 14. Environmental Fate of the Trace Elements Copper and Manganese in Soils -- 14.1 INTRODUCTION -- 14.2 SOIL PROPERTIES -- 14.3 SOURCES OF SOIL COPPER AND MANGANESE -- 14.4 Pco2 AND THE AVAILABILITY OF CU AND MN -- 14.5 REDOX INDUCED CU(II) AND MN(II) TRANSFORMATIONS -- 14.6 CU AND MN SORPTION PHENOMENA AND BIOVAILABILITY -- 14.7 CONCLUSIONS -- 14. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- Chapter 15. Conclusion: Future Directions for Copper and the Prion Protein -- Chapter 16. REFERENCES -- REFERENCES WITHOUT AUTHOR LISTINGS.

Note: Front Cover -- The Geological Evolution of Australia & -- New Zealand -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- CHAPTER 1. The Precambrian Systems -- STRATIGRAPHY -- SEDIMENTARY FACIES AND CLIMATE -- PALAEOGEOGRAPHY -- PALAEONTOLOGY -- TECTONISM AND IGNEOUS ACTIVITY -- CHAPTER 2. The Cambrian System -- STRATIGRAPHY -- PALAEONTOLOGY -- CLIMATE -- TECTONISM -- IGNEOUS ACTIVITY -- CHAPTER 3. The Ordovician System -- STRATIGRAPHY -- PALAEONTOLOGY AND CLIMATE -- TECTONISM -- IGNEOUS ACTIVITY -- CHAPTER 4. The Silurian System -- STRATIGRAPHY -- PALAEONTOLOGY AND CLIMATE -- TECTONISM -- IGNEOUS ACTIVITY -- CHAPTER 5. The Devonian System -- STRATIGRAPHY -- PALAEONTOLOGY -- CLIMATE -- TECTONISM -- IGNEOUS ACTIVITY -- CHAPTER 6. The Carboniferous System -- STRATIGRAPHY -- PALAEONTOLOGY AND CLIMATE -- TECTONISM AND IGNEOUS ACTIVITY -- CHAPTER 7. The Permian System -- STRATIGRAPHY -- PALAEONTOLOGY -- CLIMATE -- TECTONISM -- IGNEOUS ACTIVITY -- CHAPTER 8. The Triassic System -- STRATIGRAPHY -- PALAEONTOLOGY -- CLIMATE -- TECTONISM AND IGNEOUS ACTIVITY -- CHAPTER 9. The Jurassic System -- STRATIGRAPHY -- PALAEONTOLOGY -- CLIMATE -- TECTONISM AND IGNEOUS ACTIVITY -- CHAPTER 10. The Cretaceous System -- STRATIGRAPHY -- PALAEONTOLOGY -- CLIMATE -- TECTONISM AND IGNEOUS ACTIVITY -- CHAPTER 11. The Tertiary System -- AUSTRALIA -- NEW ZEALAND -- CHAPTER 12. The Quaternary System -- AUSTRALIA -- NEW ZEALAND -- References -- Unpublished References -- Map References -- Index.

Note: Front Cover -- The Chemistry of Vanadium, Niobium and Tantalum -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Part 34: Vanadium -- Chapter 1. The Element -- Discovery and History -- Occurrence and Distribution -- Metallurgical Aspects -- Nuclear Properties -- Physical, Chemical and Biological Properties -- Analytical Chemistry -- Chapter 2. Compounds -- Alloys -- Hydride -- Halides and Oxyhalides -- Oxides -- Oxovanadium Species -- Peroxides -- Vanadates -- Sulphides, Selenides and Tellurides -- Nitrides, Azides, Phosphides, Arsenides and Antimonides -- Carbides, Silicides and Borides -- Alkoxides -- Organometallic Compounds -- Complexes -- Part 35: The Chemistry of Niobium and Tantalum -- Chapter 1. The Elements -- Introduction and Historical -- Occurrence and Distribution -- Extraction Procedures and Industrial Uses -- Nuclear Properties -- Physical and Chemical Properties of the Metals -- Purification and Analytical Chemistry -- Chapter 2. Compounds of the Elements -- Introduction -- Alloys -- Hydrides -- Halides, Oxyhalides and Halogeno Complexes -- Cyanides, Thiocyanates and Selenocyanates -- Oxides and Anhydrous Mixed Oxides -- Hydroxides and Soluble Niobates(V) and Tantalates(V) -- Sulphides, Selenides and Tellurides -- Nitrides, Phosphides, Arsenides and Antimonides -- Carbides and Silicides -- Borides -- Nitrates and Nitrato-Complexes -- Phosphites and Phosphates -- Sulphites, Sulphates and Thiosulphates -- Selenites and Selenates -- Complexes -- Organometallic Compounds -- Index -- Contents of Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry -- Independent Opinion.

Note: Intro -- THE PYRAZINES Supplement I -- The Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds Introduction to the Series -- Preface -- Contents -- CHAPTER 1 PRIMARY SYNTHESES FROM ALIPHATIC OR CARBOCYCLIC SYNTHONS -- 1.1 From a Single Six-Atom Synthon -- 1.1.1 By Completion of the N-C2 Bond -- 1.1.1.1 From Appropriate w-Unsaturated Azaalkylamines -- 1.1.1.2 From Appropriate w-Halogeno(azaalkylamines) -- 1.1.1.3 From Appropriate a,w-Diamino(azaalkanes) -- 1.1.1.4 From Appropriate w-Amino(azaalkanols) -- 1.1.1.5 From Appropriate w-Amino(azaalkanals) -- 1.1.1.6 From Appropriate w-Amino(azaalkanones) -- 1.1.1.7 From Appropriate w-Amino(azaalkanoic Acids) -- 1.1.1.8 From Appropriate w-Amino(azaalkanoic Esters) -- 1.1.1.9 From Appropriate w-Amino(azaalkanamides) -- 1.1.1.10 From Appropriate w-Amino(azaalkanenitriles) -- 1.1.2 By Completion of the C2-C3 Bond -- 1.2 From Two Synthons -- 1.2.1 By Using a One-Atom and a Five-Atom Synthon -- 1.2.1.1 Where the One-Atom Synthon Supplies N1 -- 1.2.1.2 Where the One-Atom Synthon Supplies C2 -- 1.2.2 By Using a Two-Atom and a Four-Atom Synthon -- 1.2.2.1 Where the Two-Atom Synthon Supplies N1 + C2 -- 1.2.2.2 Where the Two-Atom Synthon Supplies C2 + C3 -- 1.2.3 By Using Two Three-Atom Synthons -- 1.2.3.1 Where Identical Synthons Provide N1 + C2 + C3 and N4 + C5 + C6 -- 1.2.3.2 Where Different Synthons Provide N1 + C2 + C3 and N4 + C5 + C6 -- 1.2.3.3 Where the Synthons Provide N1 + C2 + C6 and C3 + N4 + C5 -- 1.3 From Three Synthons -- 1.4 From Four or More Synthons -- 1.4.1 Where Synthons Provide N1, C2 + C3, N4, C5 + C6 -- 1.4.2 Where Synthons Provide N1 + C2, C3 + N4, C5, C6 -- 1.4.3 Where Synthons Provide N1 + C2, C3, N4 + C5, C6 -- 1.5 Appendix: Glance Index to Typical Pyrazine Derivatives Available from Aliphatic or Carbocyclic Synthons -- CHAPTER 2 PRIMARY SYNTHESES FROM OTHER HETEROCYCLIC SYSTEMS. , 2.1 Pyrazines from Other Heteromonocyclic Systems -- 2.1.1 Azepines as Substrates -- 2.1.2 Azetes as Substrates -- 2.1.3 Azirines as Substrates -- 2.1.4 Azocines as Substrates -- 2.1.5 1,2-Diazepines as Substrates -- 2.1.6 1,4-Diazepines as Substrates -- 2.1.7 Furans as Substrates -- 2.1.8 Imidazoles as Substrates -- 2.1.9 Isoxazoles as Substrates -- 2.1.10 Oxazoles as Substrates -- 2.1.11 Oxirenes as Substrates -- 2.1.12 Pyridazines as Substrates -- 2.1.13 Pyridines as Substrates -- 2.1.14 Pyrroles as Substrates -- 2.1.15 1,2,5-Selenadiazoles as Substrates -- 2.1.16 1,2,5-Thiadiazoles as Substrates -- 2.1.17 Thiirenes as Substrates -- 2.2 Pyrazines from Heterobicyclic Systems -- 2.2.1 1, 2-Diazabicyclo[2.2.0]hexanes as Substrates -- 2.2.2 2,4,-Diazabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes as Substrates -- 2.2.3 2,3-Dioxa-5,7-diazabicyclo-[2.2.2]octanes as Substrates -- 2.2.4 Furo[2,3-b]pyrazines as Substrates -- 2.2.5 Imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazines as Substrates -- 2.2.6 Indoles as Substrates -- 2.2.7 Isoxazolo[2,3-a]pyrazines as Substrates -- 2.2.8 Isoxazolo[4,5-b]pyrazines as Substrates -- 2.2.9 Pteridines as Substrates -- 2.2.10 Pyrazino[2,3-d][1,3]oxazines as Substrates -- 2.2.11 Pyrazino[2,3-e][1,3,4]thiadiazines as Substrates -- 2.2.12 Quinoxalines as Substrates -- 2.2.13 4-Thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptanes as Substrates -- 2.2.14 [1,2,5]Thiadiazolo[3,4-b]pyrazines as Substrates -- 2.2.15 Thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrazines as Substrates -- 2.2.16 Thiazolo[3,4-a]pyrazines as Substrates -- 2.3 Pyrazines from Heterotricyclic Systems -- 2.4 Pyrazines from Spiro Heterocycles -- 2.5 Appendix: Glance Index to Typical Pyrazine Derivatives Available from Other Heterocyclic Systems -- CHAPTER 3 PYRAZINE, ALKYLPYRAZINES, AND ARYLPYRAZINES -- 3.1 Pyrazine -- 3.1.1 Preparation of Pyrazine -- 3.1.2 Properties of Pyrazine -- 3.1.3 Reactions of Pyrazine -- 3.2 C-Alkyl- and C-Arylpyrazines. , 3.2.1 Preparation of C-Alkyl- and C-Arylpyrazines -- 3.2.1.1 By Direct C-Alkylation -- 3.2.1.1.1 General Procedures for C-Alkylation -- 3.2.1.1.2 C-Alkylation in the Schöllkopf Synthesis -- 3.2.1.2 By Replacement of Halogeno Substituents -- 3.2.1.3 By Replacement of Alkoxy, Cyano, Nitro, or Oxo Substituents -- 3.2.1.4 By Interconversion of Simple Alkyl Substituents -- 3.2.1.5 By Elimination of Functionality from Existing Substituents -- 3.2.1.6 By Ipso-Substitution of Trimethylsiloxycarbonyl Substituents -- 3.2.2 Preparation of N-Alkyl- and N-Arylpiperazines -- 3.2.2.1 By N-Alkylation Processes -- 3.2.2.2 By Reduction of N-Acyl or N-Alkoxycarbonylpiperazines -- 3.2.2.3 By Miscellaneous Routes -- 3.2.3 Properties of Alkyl- and Arylpyrazines -- 3.2.4 Reactions of Alkyl- and Arylpyrazines -- 3.2.4.1 Oxidative Reactions -- 3.2.4.2 Reductive Reactions -- 3.2.4.3 Extranuclear Halogenation -- 3.2.4.4 Extranuclear Alkylation -- 3.2.4.5 Extranuclear Alkylidenation -- 3.2.4.6 Extranuclear Acylation or Carboxylation -- 3.2.4.7 Cyclization -- 3.2.4.8 "Ammoxidation" of Methyl to Cyano Groups -- 3.2.4.9 Addition Reactions at Alkenyl or Alkynyl Substituents -- 3.2.4.10 Miscellaneous Reactions -- 3.3 N-Alkylpyrazinium Salts and Related Ylides -- 3.3.1 Preparation of N-Alkylpyrazinium Salts -- 3.3.2 Reactions of N-Alkylpyrazinium Salts -- CHAPTER 4 HALOGENOPYRAZINES -- 4.1 Preparation of Nuclear Halogenopyrazines -- 4.1.1 Nuclear Halogenopyrazines from Pyrazinones -- 4.1.2 Nuclear Halogenopyrazines by Direct Halogenation -- 4.1.3 Nuclear Halogenopyrazines by Deoxidative Halogenation of Pyrazine N-Oxides -- 4.1.4 Nuclear Halogenopyrazines from Pyrazinamines -- 4.1.5 Nuclear Halogenopyrazines by Transhalogenation -- 4.1.6 Nuclear Halogenopyrazines via Trimethylsiloxypyrazines -- 4.2 Reactions of Nuclear Halogenopyrazines -- 4.2.1 Aminolysis of Nuclear Halogenopyrazines. , 4.2.2 Hydrolysis of Nuclear Halogenopyrazines -- 4.2.3 Alcoholysis or Phenolysis of Nuclear Halogenopyrazines -- 4.2.4 Thiolysis of Nuclear Halogenopyrazines -- 4.2.5 Alkanethiolysis or Arenethiolysis of Nuclear Halogenopyrazines -- 4.2.6 Azidolysis of Nuclear Halogenopyrazines -- 4.2.7 Hydrogenolysis of Nuclear Halogenopyrazines -- 4.2.8 Cyanolysis of Nuclear Halogenopyrazines -- 4.2.9 Miscellaneous Displacement Reactions of Nuclear Halogenopyrazines -- 4.2.10 Fission, Rearrangement, or Cyclocondensation of Nuclear Halogenopyrazines -- 4.3 Preparation of Extranuclear Halogenopyrazines -- 4.3.1 Extranuclear Halogenopyrazines from Corresponding Hydroxypyrazines -- 4.3.2 Extranuclear Halogenopyrazines by Minor Procedures -- 4.4 Reactions of Extranuclear Halogenopyrazines -- CHAPTER 5 OXYPYRAZINES -- 5.1 Tautomeric Pyrazinones -- 5.1.1 Preparation of Tautomeric Pyrazinones -- 5.1.2 Reactions of Tautomeric Pyrazinones -- 5.1.2.1 Conversion into Pyrazinethiones -- 5.1.2.2 Conversion into O- and/or N- Alkylated Derivatives -- 5.1.2.3 Conversion into O- and/or N-Acylated Derivatives -- 5.1.2.4 Miscellaneous Reactions -- 5.2 Extranuclear Hydroxypyrazines -- 5.2.1 Preparation of Extranuclear Hydroxypyrazines -- 5.2.2 Reactions of Extranuclear Hydroxypyrazines -- 5.3 Nuclear and Extranuclear Alkoxy- or Aryloxypyrazines -- 5.3.1 Preparation of Alkoxy- or Aryloxypyrazines -- 5.3.2 Reactions of Alkoxy- or Aryloxypyrazines -- 5.4 Nontautomeric Pyrazinones and N-Alkylpyraziniumolates -- 5.4.1 Preparation of Nontautomeric Pyrazinones -- 5.4.2 Reactions of Nontautomeric Pyrazinones -- 5.5 Pyrazine N-Oxides -- 5.5.1 Preparation of Pyrazine N-Oxides -- 5.5.1.1 From N-Alkoxypyrazinones -- 5.5.1.2 By Direct N-Oxidation -- 5.5.2 Reactions of Pyrazine N-Oxides -- 5.5.2.1 Deoxygenation -- 5.5.2.2 O-Alkylation or O-Acylation -- 5.5.2.3 Conversion into C-Acyloxypyrazines. , 5.5.2.4 Conversion into C-Amino-, C-Azido-, C-Cyano-, or C-Alkylthiopyrazines -- 5.5.2.5 Miscellaneous Reactions -- 5.6 Appendix: Trivial Names for Pyrazine Derivatives -- CHAPTER 6 THIOPYRAZINES -- 6.1 Pyrazinethiones and Pyrazinethiols -- 6.1.1 Preparation of Pyrazinethiones and Pyrazinethiols -- 6.1.2 Reactions of Pyrazinethiones and Pyrazinethiols -- 6.2 Alkylthiopyrazines and Dipyrazinyl Sulfides -- 6.2.1 Preparation of Alkylthiopyrazines -- 6.2.2 Reactions of Alkylthiopyrazines -- 6.2.2.1 Oxidation to Sulfoxides or Sulfones -- 6.2.2.2 Miscellaneous Reactions -- 6.3 Dipyrazinyl Disulfides and Pyrazinesulfonic Acid Derivatives -- 6.4 Pyrazine Sulfoxides and Sulfones -- CHAPTER 7 NITRO-, AMINO-, AND RELATED PYRAZINES -- 7.1 Nitropyrazines -- 7.1.1 Preparation of Nitropyrazines -- 7.1.2 Reactions of Nitropyrazines -- 7.2 Nitrosopyrazines -- 7.2.1 C-Nitrosopyrazines -- 7.2.2 N-Nitrosopiperazines and Related Compounds -- 7.3 Regular Aminopyrazines -- 7.3.1 Preparation of Regular Aminopyrazines -- 7.3.2 Reactions of Regular Aminopyrazines -- 7.3.2.1 N-Acylation of Aminopyrazines and Subsequent Cyclizations -- 7.3.2.2 N-Alkylidenation of Aminopyrazines and Subsequent Cyclizations -- 7.3.2.3 N-Alkylation of Aminopyrazines and Subsequent Cyclizations -- 7.3.2.4 Conversion into Ureidopyrazines or Related Products -- 7.3.2.5 Conversion into Trialkylsilylamino-, Triphenylphosphoranylideneamino-, or Dimethylsulfimidopyrazines -- 7.3.2.6 Miscellaneous Minor Reactions -- 7.4 Preparation and Reactions of Hydrazinopyrazines -- 7.5 Preparation, Structure, and Reactions of Azidopyrazines -- 7.6 Nontautomeric Iminopyrazines -- 7.7 Arylazopyrazines -- CHAPTER 8 PYRAZINECARBOXYLIC ACIDS AND RELATED DERIVATIVES -- 8.1 Pyrazinecarboxylic Acids -- 8.1.1 Preparation of Pyrazinecarboxylic Acids -- 8.1.2 Reactions of Pyrazinecarboxylic Acids. , 8.2 Pyrazinecarboxylic Esters.