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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The association between size of test chamber and patch test reaction: a statistical reanalysis (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Contact dermatitis 40 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0536
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A recent study by Brasch and co-workers reported on the association between size of test chamber and patch test reaction. The investigators interpreted their data on 495 patients as having conclusively shown that standard preparations of fragrance mix, wool wax alcohols, Kathon CG and formaldehyde led to more positive test reactions when large Finn Chambers were used for patch testing. We have scrutinized the statistical aspects of this study and conclude that the authors should have adopted a statistical approach suitable to analyse dependent samples. After explaining the correct methodological way of dealing with quadratic contingency tables formed by 2 dependent samples, we reanalyze the data accordingly and compare the results to those of the original paper. Based on this reanalysis, the conclusions are more complex: the reaction pattern for the fragrance mix and wool wax alcohols is significantly different between small and large test chambers; however, this discrepancy arises primarily from changing weak positive reactions with small chambers to strong positive reactions with large chambers. For formaldehyde, no relationship between chamber size and patch test reaction was found in the data, while for Kathon CG, statistical evidence is borderline that more positive test reactions are yielded by large test chambers than by small ones.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.1999.tb05970.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Occupational allergic contact dermatitis from N,N-bis(3-aminopropyl)dodecylamine and dimethyldidecylammonium chloride in 2 hospital staff (2001)
    Copenhagen : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Contact dermatitis 45 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0536
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0536.2001.045001040.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Patch test results in schoolchildren (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Contact dermatitis 37 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0536
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Our aim was to explore the current spectrum of contact allergens in schoolchildren, as a basis for diagnosis and prevention of allergic contact dermatitis. Results of patch tests in children 6–15 years old, performed in the years 1990–1995 by 22 centres of the German Contact Dermatitis Research Group and filed by the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology, were analysed and evaluated retrospectively, including epidemiologic data. Children with positive tests (62 out of 156 boys and 108 out of 260 girls tested) had a higher frequency of allergic contact dermatitis and a lower frequency of atopic dermatitis than patch test negative ones. 16 distinct allergens elicited positive reactions in 〈inlineGraphic alt="geqslant R: gt-or-equal, slanted" extraInfo="nonStandardEntity" href="urn:x-wiley:01051873:COD286:ges" location="ges.gif"/〉1% of the children tested. Reactions to nickel sulfate occurred in 15.9% of all children tested, but in 25.0% of girls 14/15 years old, and in only 4.5% of boys 6–13 years old. Double-sensitizations with cobalt salts, potassium dichromate and palladium were seen. Mercury compounds were found in 2nd place (thimerosal: all children: 11.3%; 6–13 years old: 14.3%, 14/15 years old: 8.0%), followed by fragrance allergens. We conclude that contact allergy in children is related to their sex and age. Prophylaxis against nickel, mercury, and fragrance allergy needs to be improved. A shortened standard series may be sufficient for testing children.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.1997.tb02466.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Allergic contact dermatitis from chironomids (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Contact dermatitis 26 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0536
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Although Type 1 allergy to Chironomids is well-known, allergic contact dermatitis caused by these cosmopolitan insects has run previously been reported. In the case we describe in this report, patch tests disclosed a delayed-hypersensitivity to 4 different Species of chironomids (larvae of Chironomus thummi, Chironomus plumosus, and 2 different species of Glyptotendipes) as the probable cause or airborne facial contact dermatitis. An additional asymptomatic immediate-type allergy to chironomids, was demonstrated by scratch tests and specific IgE. The possible sources of exposure to chironomids, their allergens and their discussed are discussed with regard to clinical implications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.1992.tb00126.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Allergic contact dermatitis from 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Contact dermatitis 25 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0536
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A 30-year-old pharmacist suffered from acute allergic contact dermatitis due to 4-chlom-7-nitrobenzofurazan (NBD-C1). Contact allergy towards this reagent and 2 of its reaction products was proven by patch tests. As NBD-CI has mil been reported as an allergen before, the characteristics of this chemical and its use as an analytical reagent lire briefly surveyed, Similarities to dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) are pointed out.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.1991.tb01800.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Patch-test reaction patterns in patients with a predisposition to atopic dermatitis (2003)
    Oxford, UK; Malden , USA : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Contact dermatitis 49 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0536
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Patients with a predisposition to atopic dermatitis often need to be patch tested in order to detect possible contact sensitization. However, it is unknown whether immunologic or other peculiarities of atopic skin are related to altered patch-test reaction patterns. Our study was aimed at answering this question, because patch-test reaction patterns are of considerable practical importance in the reading and interpretation of patch tests. Therefore, we compared patterns of patch-test reactions in patients with a predisposition to atopic dermatitis and in control patients matched for sex, age, reason for testing and test centre. Patch-test results from 9 centres (2322 patients with a disposition to atopic dermatitis and 2126 matched controls) were evaluated retrospectively. All patients were tested with nickel sulfate, fragrance mix, potassium dichromate, lanolin alcohol, formaldehyde and mercury ammonium chloride. Patch tests applied for 1 day with readings on days 1, 2 and 3 were evaluated in order to cover the early phase of the reactions. Not unexpectedly, we found that, compared to the matched controls, patients with a predisposition to atopic dermatitis tended to have more doubtful and irritant reactions on day 1. As a new observation, it turned out that they had less reactions of crescendo pattern and more strong reactions on day 3. All these differences were slight/insignificant. A higher skin irritability in patients with a predisposition to atopic dermatitis is a likely explanation. In conclusion, standard methods for patch testing can be applied in patients with a predisposition to atopic dermatitis, but minor differences in reaction patterns should be considered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0105-1873.2003.0227.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Positive patch tests with a dermatophagoides mix relate to an increased responsiveness to standard patch test allergens (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Contact dermatitis 46 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0536
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The diagnostic meaningfulness of patch tests with house dust mite allergens is still questionable. Our own impression has been that positive results with a dermatophagoides mix may occur preferentially in patients with a generally enhanced responsiveness to contact allergens. To check this, all of our patients allocated to patch testing with the standard series were additionally patch tested with a dermatophagoides mix by the same technique that was used for standard contact allergens. Out of 571 patients tested, 188 showed delayed responses to this mix that were indistinguishable from typical allergic patch test reactions but of no apparent clinical relevance. No relationship was found between positive dermatophagoides patch tests and an atopic disposition of the patients or characteristics of their eczema. However, 64.4% of the patients with a positive dermatophagoides patch test showed a response to at least 1 contact allergen of the standard series, compared to only 56.4% of the patients without a positive dermatophagoides reaction (p 〈 0.05). The reactivity to the mite mix was not related to the responsiveness towards any particular contact allergens. We suppose that some unidentified factors may contribute to positive reactions to the dermatophagoides mix that may also favour an enhanced general responsiveness to contact allergens.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0536.2002.460501.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Patch tests with thiurams at 0.25% pet. and 1% pet. are of equal diagnostic value (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Contact dermatitis 46 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0536
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Thiuram mix is tested in the standard series at a test concentration of 1% pet. The single thiurams (DPTD, TMTD, TMTM, TETD), however, are usually tested at 0.25% pet. in Germany. In other countries, the individual components of thiuram mix are tested at 1% pet. The German Contact Dermatitis Research Group (DKG) compared both patch test concentrations in 530 patients in order to find out if (i) a significant number of positive patch tests are missed by testing at the lower concentration, (ii) problems with irritant test reactions occur by increasing the test concentration to 1%, and (iii) the sensitivity of the thiuram mix rises when the breakdown test is done with the higher concentration. Slightly more positive reactions were seen with the higher concentration, but this increase did not reach statistical significance. The reaction index, as a measure for the relation of positive to irritant and/or questionable reactions, remained unchanged for the individual thiurams. The sensitivity of the mix also did not change when the breakdown test was performed with 1% pet. instead of 0.25% pet. Thus, we conclude that both concentrations are of equal diagnostic value in patch testing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0536.2002.460502.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamic patterns of allergic patch test reactions to 10 European standard allergens (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Contact dermatitis 35 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0536
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Insight into the dynamic time courses of patch test reactions may be useful for patch test evaluation. To put this to the proof, we have analysed the time courses of allergic patch test reactions that were filed between 1990 and 1994 by the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology in Germany (IVDK). Based on reaction strength at days 1 to 3, each allergic patch test was assigned to 1 of 5 distinct dynamic reaction patterns: crescendo, plateau, decrescendo, crescendo/decrescendo, or decrescendo/crescendo. The frequencies of these patterns were determined for those 10 standard allergens yielding the highest numbers of allergic reactions (n between 180 and 1240), and dynamic patterns were classified as type 1 (crescendo or plateau patterns) or type 2 (other patterns). Influences of population characteristics upon the classification of patterns were evaluated by logistic regression analyses. Different frequencies of reaction patterns were found for distinct allergens. For all 10 allergens, type-1 patterns were significantly more often observed for allergic reactions assessed as clinically relevant. For 5 allergens, female sex of patients was associated with a lower frequency of type-2 patterns. A history of atopic dermatitis and the age of patients were only weakly associated with a certain classification of reaction patterns in some of the allergens. In a comparison of reaction patterns obtained with different allergens in the same population, we found that nickel sulfate elicited type 1 reaction patterns more often than fragrance mix. We conclude that the dynamic reaction patterns should be taken into account in the evaluation of patch tests. The relation of type-1 patterns to clinical relevance of the reaction needs further attention.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.1996.tb02260.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of patch test results by use of the reaction index. An analysis of data recorded by the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK) (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Contact dermatitis 33 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0536
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Results of patch tests performed in 15.553 patients by IS dermatological department (members of the German Contact Dermatitis Research Group) and recorded by the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK) were analysed by comparing recently defined reaction indices (RIs). The RIs studied were calculated from the numbers of allergic (a), questionable (q), and irritant (i) reactions (RI = (a-q-i/(a+q+l)), which were obtained using 13 European standard allergens. RIs were calculated for all patients and for separate subgroups defined by age, sex, history of atopic dermatitis time of allergen exposure (1 versus 2 days), and lime of patch test reading (2 or 3 days after allergen application), Higher RIs were consistently obtained when patch tests were applied for 1 day, as compared to 2 days. Readings at 3 days after allergen application resulted in higher RIs than readings after 2 days. In contrast, sex, age, and history of atopic dermatitis of patients were not found to have LI consistent influence on the RIs. We suggest that reading after 3 days should be obligatory, and that allergen exposure for 1 day instead of 2 days might make patch test evaluation easier. These suggestions need to be substantiated by data on clinical relevance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.1995.tb02070.x
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