Note: Cover -- Contents -- Chapter 1 Catalyst-free Organic Synthesis: An Introduction -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Catalyst-free Organic Synthesis - A Step Forward -- 1.3 Overview of the Book -- 1.4 How to Read -- 1.5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 2 Catalyst-free Organic Reactions under Room Temperature Conditions -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Room Temperature Organic Transformations Under Catalyst-free Conditions -- 2.2.1 Entry-1: Synthesis of α-Amino Nitriles -- 2.2.2 Entry-2: Synthesis of Tetraketones -- 2.2.3 Entry-3: Synthesis of N-Heteroaryl α-Naphthylglycines -- 2.2.4 Entry-4: Synthesis of bis(Hydroxyethyl)thioethers -- 2.2.5 Entry-5: Synthesis of β-Hydroxy Thioesters -- 2.2.6 Entry-6: Synthesis of Thioesters -- 2.2.7 Entry-7: Synthesis of β-Sulfido Carbonyl Compounds -- 2.2.8 Entry-8: Synthesis of S-alkyl Dithiocarbamates -- 2.2.9 Entry-9: Synthesis of Densely Substituted Dithiocarbamates -- 2.2.10 Entry-10: Synthesis of Pivalate Derivatives -- 2.2.11 Entry-11: Synthesis of 2,20-Arylmethylenebis(3-Hydroxy-5,5-dimethyl-2-cyclohexene-1-one) Derivatives -- 2.2.12 Entry-12: Synthesis of Aryl/Alkyl/Heteroarylsubstitutedbis(6-Amino-1,3-dimethyluracil-5-yl)methanes -- 2.2.13 Entry-13: Synthesis of α-(Acyloxy)-α-(quinolin-4-yl)acetamides -- 2.2.14 Entry-14: Synthesis of Endothiopeptides -- 2.2.15 Entry-15: Synthesis of N-(Z-Alkenyl)imidazole-2-carbothioamides -- 2.2.16 Entry-16: Synthesis of Spirooxindolepyrazolines -- 2.2.17 Entry-17: Synthesis of γ-Aminoethers -- 2.2.18 Entry-18: Synthesis of 1-Substituted-1Hpyrazoles -- 2.2.19 Entry-19: Synthesis of 2-Thioparabanic Acids -- 2.2.20 Entry-20: Synthesis of 5-amino-1,3-aryl-1Hpyrazole-4-carbonitriles -- 2.2.21 Entry-21: Synthesis of Functionalized Azole Derivatives -- 2.2.22 Entry-22: Synthesis of 1,2,4-Triazole Derivatives -- 2.2.23 Entry-23: Synthesis of Amidated Fentanyl Analogs. , 2.2.24 Entry-24: Synthesis of 3-(2-Pyrazolin-5-one) substituted-3-hydroxy-2-oxindoles -- 2.2.25 Entry-25: Synthesis of 4,5-Disubstituted 2-Benzazepines -- 2.2.26 Entry-26: Synthesis of Anthranilamide Schi. Bases -- 2.2.27 Entry-27: Synthesis of 1,6-Dihydropyrazine-2,3-dicarbonitriles -- 2.2.28 Entry-28: Synthesis of Polyhydroquinolines -- 2.2.29 Entry-29: Synthesis of Functionalized 1,3,5-Trisubstituted Hydantoins -- 2.2.30 Entry-30: Synthesis of 1,3,5-Trisubstituted-2-thiohydantoins -- 2.2.31 Entry-31: Synthesis of 1,5-Disubstituted 1H-Tetrazoles -- 2.2.32 Entry-32: Synthesis of 2-Thioxotetrahydropyrimidines -- 2.2.33 Entry-33: Synthesis of Polycyclic Spiroindolines -- 2.2.34 Entry-34: Synthesis of Fused Polyhalogeno-7α-hydroxy-[1,2-α]indol-5-one Derivatives -- 2.2.35 Entry-35: Synthesis of Dialkyl-1,5-dihydro-5-oxo-1-phenyl-2H-[1]benzopyrano[ 2,3-b]pyridine-2,3-dicarboxylates -- 2.2.36 Entry-36: Synthesis of 2-Aryl-2-(2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-2,4-dioxo-1H-1,5-benzodiazepin-3-yl)acetamides -- 2.2.37 Entry-37: Synthesis of Functionalized Tetrahydro-4-oxoindeno[1,2-b]pyrroles -- 2.2.38 Entry-38: Synthesis of 4-(alkylamino)-1-(arylsulfonyl)-3-benzoyl-1,5-dihydro-5-hydroxy-5-phenyl-2H-pyrrol-2-ones -- 2.2.39 Entry-39: Synthesis of 1,2-Dihydroisoquinoline Derivatives -- 2.2.40 Entry-40: Synthesis of Arylsulfonamidosubstituted 1,5-Benzodiazepines -- 2.2.41 Entry-41: Synthesis of N-(1,7-Dioxotetrahydropyrazolo[1,2-α]pyrazol-2-yl)-Benzamides -- 2.2.42 Entry-42: Synthesis of Substituted Pyridin-2(1H)-ones -- 2.2.43 Entry-43: Synthesis of Functionalized Pyrazolo[ 1,2-α][1,2,4]triazoles -- 2.2.44 Entry-44: Synthesis of bis(Indolyl)-1,4-quinones -- 2.2.45 Entry-45: Synthesis of Substituted 3-Hydroxy-2-oxindoles -- 2.2.46 Entry-46: Synthesis of Pyrano[3,2-c]pyridines -- 2.2.47 Entry-47: Synthesis of Iminofuranones. , 2.2.48 Entry-48: Synthesis of Functionalized 5-Pyridylfuran-2-amines -- 2.2.49 Entry-49: Synthesis of Functionalized γ-Iminolactones -- 2.2.50 Entry-50: Synthesis ofFunctionalized bis(4H-Chromene) and 4H-Benzo[g]chromene derivatives -- 2.2.51 Entry-51: Synthesis of SubstitutedCyclohepta[ b]pyran-3,4-dicarboxylate Derivatives -- 2.2.52 Entry-52: Synthesis of 2-(Alkylimino)-7-oxo-1-oxa-6-azaspiro[4.4]nona-3,8-diene-3,4-dicarboxylates -- 2.2.53 Entry-53: Synthesis of 2-Hydrazinylidene-3-hydroxy-4H-furo[3,2-c]pyran-4-ones -- 2.2.54 Entry-54: Synthesis of Polyfunctionalized Iminospiro-γ-lactones -- 2.2.55 Entry-55: Synthesis of Functionalized 2H-Indeno[2,1-b]furans -- 2.2.56 Entry-56: Synthesis of 1,4-Benzoxazinones -- 2.2.57 Entry-57: Synthesis of 1,3,4-Oxadiazoles -- 2.2.58 Entry-58: Synthesis of 1,3-Thiazole-4(3H)-carboxylates -- 2.2.59 Entry-59: Synthesis of Substituted 2-Aminothiazoles -- 2.2.60 Entry-60: Synthesis of5-Hydrazinoethylidene-2-iminothiazolidinones -- 2.2.61 Entry-61: Synthesis of Functionalized 2-Aminothiophenes -- 2.2.62 Entry-62: Synthesis of 1,3,4-Selenadiazines -- 2.2.63 Entry-63: Synthesis of Pyrazolyl 4H-Chromene Derivatives -- 2.2.64 Entry-64: Synthesis of Oxazines -- 2.2.65 Entry-65: Synthesis of N2-Alkyl-N3-[2-(1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)aryl]benzofuran-2,3-diamines -- 2.2.66 Entry-66: Synthesis of Functionalized 1,3,4-Oxadiazoles -- 2.2.67 Entry-67: Synthesis of 2-(1,3,4-Oxadiazol-2-yl)-substituted 2-Hydroxy-1(2H)-acenaphthylenones -- 2.2.68 Entry-68: Synthesis of Sterically-congested 1,3,4-Oxadiazoles -- 2.2.69 Entry-69: Synthesis of 3-(5-Aryl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)-3-hydroxybutan-2-ones -- 2.2.70 Entry-70: Synthesis of Hydrazinosubstituted Chromeno[2,3-c]pyrroles -- 2.2.71 Entry-71: Synthesis of Substituted 3,4-Dihydrocoumarins -- 2.2.72 Entry-72: Synthesis of bis(2-Arylimino-1,3-thiazolidin-4-one) Derivatives. , 2.2.73 Entry-73: Synthesis of 2-(4-Oxo-1,3-thiazinan-5-yl)acetic acids -- 2.2.74 Entry-74: Synthesis of Functionalized Pyrano[ 3,2-c]chromen-5(4H)-ones -- 2.2.75 Entry-75: Synthesis of Functionalized Pyrano[ 3,2-c]chromen-5(4H)-ones -- 2.3 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 3 Catalyst-free Organic Reactions with Conventional Heating -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Organic Transformations with Conventional Heating -- 3.2.1 Entry-1: Synthesis of 1,2,4-Oxadiazoles -- 3.2.2 Entry-2: Synthesis of Functionalized 5-Arylfuro[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-ols -- 3.2.3 Entry-3: Synthesis of 2-Methyl-4-amino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolines -- 3.2.4 Entry-4: Synthesis of 2,3,7,12-Tetrahydrocyclopenta[ 5,6]pyrido[2,3-c]carbazol-1(4H)-ones and3,4,7,12-Tetrahydro-1Hfuro[ 30,40:5,6]pyrido[2,3-c]carbazol-1-ones -- 3.2.5 Entry-5: Synthesis of Substituted Pyrimidine Derivatives -- 3.2.6 Entry-6: Synthesis of 2-Aryl-5-cyano-4-methylsulfanylpyrimidin-6-ones -- 3.2.7 Entry-7: Synthesis of Phosphonated 2(1H)-Pyrazinones -- 3.2.8 Entry-8: Synthesis of Nitrogen-containing Bicyclic Derivatives -- 3.2.9 Entry-9: Synthesis of Trifluoromethylsubstituted Bicyclic Pyridines -- 3.2.10 Entry-10: Synthesis of Spiro[indoline-3,20-pyrroles] -- 3.2.11 Entry-11: Synthesis of 4-(2-Substituted-3-iminoisoindolin-1-ylidene)-1-substituted-3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5(4H)-ones -- 3.2.12 Entry-12: Synthesis of β-Lactam-triflones -- 3.3 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 4 Catalyst-free Reactions with Microwave Irradiation -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Catalyst-free Organic Transformations with Microwave Irradiation -- 4.2.1 Entry-1: Synthesis of C-Alkylated Indoles -- 4.2.2 Entry-2: Synthesis of Sulfonamides -- 4.2.3 Entry-3: Synthesis of 4-Hydroxy-3-arylthiazolidine-2-thiones -- 4.2.4 Entry-4: Synthesis of 1,4-Dihydro-5-hydroxy-2-methyl-N,4-diphenylquinoline-3-carboxamides. , 4.2.5 Entry-5: Synthesis of Azaarene-substituted 3-hydroxy-2-oxindoles -- 4.2.6 Entry-6: Synthesis of Functionalized Quinoline Derivatives -- 4.2.7 Entry-7: Synthesis of Quinoxalines -- 4.2.8 Entry-8: Synthesis of Coumarin-substituted Quinoxalines -- 4.2.9 Entry-9: Synthesis of Functionalized 1,8-Naphthyridines and Quinolines -- 4.2.10 Entry-10: Synthesis of Substituted Pyrazoles -- 4.2.11 Entry-11: Synthesis of Substituted Tetrahydropyrimidines -- 4.2.12 Entry-12: Synthesis of 1-Carboxymethyl-5-trifluoromethyl-5-hydroxy-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazoles -- 4.2.13 Entry-13: Synthesis of 5,6-Dihydropyrido[4,3-d]pyrimidines and Pyrido[4,3-d]pyrimidines -- 4.2.14 Entry-14: Synthesis of 2,4,5-Triarylimidazoles -- 4.2.15 Entry-15: Synthesis of 7-Amino-substituted Pyrazolo[ 1,5-α][1,3,5]triazine-8-carbonitriles -- 4.2.16 Entry-16: Synthesis of Spiroindenotetrahydropyridines -- 4.2.17 Entry-17: Synthesis ofOxazolo[5,4-b]quinoline-fused Spirooxindoles -- 4.2.18 Entry-18: Synthesis of Substituted Fused Pyrans -- 4.2.19 Entry-19: Synthesis of Ring-fused Aminals -- 4.2.20 Entry-20: Synthesis of Substituted6H-Benzo[c]chromenes and 6H-Benzo[c]-chromen-8-ols -- 4.2.21 Entry-21: Synthesis of Functionalized 1,4-Pyranonaphthoquinones -- 4.2.22 Entry-22: Synthesis of α-Aminophosphonates -- 4.3 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 5 Catalyst-free Organic Reactions with Ultrasound Irradiation -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Catalyst-free Organic Transformations with Ultrasound Irradiation -- 5.2.1 Entry-1: Synthesis of N-formylated Derivatives -- 5.2.2 Entry-2: Synthesis of Silyl Ethers -- 5.2.3 Entry-3: Synthesis of Substituted Thiourea Derivatives -- 5.2.4 Entry-4: Synthesis of α-Aminophosphonates -- 5.2.5 Entry-5: Synthesis of 4,40-(Arylmethylene)bis(3-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-ol) s -- 5.2.6 Entry-6: Synthesis of Substituted Dihydroquinolines. , 5.2.7 Entry-7: Synthesis of Substituted 1,4-Dihydropyridines.

Note: Front Cover -- Green Synthetic Approaches for Biologically Relevant Heterocycles -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Contributors -- About the Editor -- Foreword -- Preface -- Chapter 1 - Green Synthetic Approaches for Biologically Relevant Heterocycles: An Overview -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. AN OVERVIEW OF THE BOOK -- 3. CONCLUDING REMARKS -- Chapter 2 - Synthesis of Bioactive Five- and Six-Membered Heterocycles Catalyzed by Heterogeneous Supported Metals -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. SYNTHESIS OF N-CONTAINING HETEROCYCLES -- 3. SYNTHESIS OF OXYGEN-CONTAINING HETEROCYCLES -- 4. SYNTHESIS OF SULFUR-CONTAINING HETEROCYCLES -- 5. CONCLUDING REMARKS -- References -- Chapter 3 - Transition-Metal-Free Synthesis of Benzo-Fused Five- and Six-Membered Heterocycles Employing Arynes -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. SYNTHESIS OF FIVE-MEMBERED HETEROCYCLES -- 3. SYNTHESIS OF SIX-MEMBERED HETEROCYCLES -- 4. SYNTHESIS OF MEDIUM-SIZED HETEROCYCLES -- 5. APPLICATIONS OF THE BENZO-FUSED HETEROCYCLES -- 6. CONCLUDING REMARKS -- References -- Chapter 4 - Metal-Catalyzed Routes for the Synthesis of Furocoumarins and Coumestans -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. SYNTHETIC ROUTES TO FUROCOUMARIN DERIVATIVES -- 3. SYNTHETIC ROUTES TO COUMESTAN DERIVATIVES -- 4. CONCLUDING REMARKS -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 5 - Green Solvents for Eco-friendly Synthesis of Bioactive Heterocyclic Compounds -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. HETEROCYCLIC SYNTHESIS IN SUPERCRITICAL CARBON DIOXIDE -- 3. HETEROCYCLIC SYNTHESIS IN PEG -- 4. HETEROCYCLIC SYNTHESIS IN GLYCEROL -- 5. HETEROCYCLIC SYNTHESIS IN GLUCONIC ACID AQUEOUS SOLUTION -- 6. HETEROCYCLIC SYNTHESIS IN ETHYL LACTATE -- 7. CONCLUDING REMARKS -- References -- Chapter 6 - Green Catalytic Synthesis of Heterocyclic Structures Using Carbon Dioxide and Related Motifs -- 1. INTRODUCTION. , 2. BIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF CO2-BASED HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS -- 3. GREEN SYNTHESIS OF 1,3-DIOXOLAN-2-ONES AND 1,3-DIOXAN-2-ONES USING CO2 -- 4. GREEN SYNTHESIS OF OXAZOLIDINONES AND OXAZODINANONES USING CO2 -- 5. RELATED HETEROCYCLES INCORPORATING CO2 OR RELATED SYNTHONS -- 6. CONCLUDING REMARKS -- References -- Chapter 7 - Synthetic Approaches to Small- and Medium-Size Aza-Heterocycles in Aqueous Media -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. THREE-MEMBERED RING-AZIRIDINES -- 3. FOUR-MEMBERED RINGS -- 4. FIVE-MEMBERED RINGS -- 5. SIX-MEMBERED RINGS -- 6. SEVEN-MEMBERED RINGS -- 7. CONCLUDING REMARKS -- References -- CHAPTER 8 - Green Synthetic Approaches for Biologically Relevant 2-amino-4H-pyrans and 2-amino-4H-pyran-Annulated Heterocycles in Aqueous Media -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. SYNTHETIC APPROACHES FOR 2-AMINO-4H-PYRANS AND 2-AMINO-4H-PYRAN-ANNULATED HETEROCYCLES IN WATER AND ETHANOL-WATER MEDIA -- 3. CONCLUDING REMARKS -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 9 - Sustainable Synthesis of Benzimidazoles, Quinoxalines, and Congeners -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. METHODS OF SYNTHESIS OF BENZIMIDAZOLES/QUINOXALINES USING GREENER STRATEGIES -- 3. CONCLUDING REMARKS -- References -- Chapter 10 - Green and Catalytic Methods for γ-Lactone Synthesis -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. CONSTRUCTIVE METHODS FOR Γ-LACTONE STRUCTURE -- 3. FUNCTIONALIZATION OF Γ-LACTONE STRUCTURES -- 4. CONCLUDING REMARKS -- References -- Chapter 11 - Green Synthetic Approaches for Medium Ring-Sized Heterocycles of Biological Interest -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. MICROWAVE- AND ULTRASOUND-ASSISTED SYNTHESIS OF MEDIUM RING-SIZED HETEROCYCLES -- 3. USE OF IONIC LIQUIDS AS REACTION MEDIUM AND CATALYST -- 4. USE OF ENVIRONMENTALLY BENIGN SOLVENTS -- 5. USE OF HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSIS -- 6. FLUOROUS SYNTHESIS -- 7. CONCLUDING REMARKS -- References. , Chapter 12 - Organocatalyzed Biginelli Reactions: A Greener Chemical Approach for the Synthesis of Biologically Active 3,4-Dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones/-thiones -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. CLASSES OF ORGANOCATALYSTS USED IN THE BIGINELLI REACTION -- 3. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF 3,4-DIHYDROPYRIMIDIN-2(1H)-ONES/-THIONES -- 4. CONCLUDING REMARKS -- ABBREVIATIONS -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 13 - Photocatalytic Minisci Reaction: A Promising and Eco-friendly Route to Functionalize Heteroaromatics of Biological Interest -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. MINISCI REACTION: A VERSATILE TOOL FOR MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY -- 3. MINISCI REACTION: THE GENERAL MECHANISM -- 4. THE PHOTOCATALYTIC APPROACH -- 5. IS IT A GREEN APPROACH? -- 6. MOLECULAR DYNAMICS STUDIES: TOWARD THE SOLUTION? -- 7. CONCLUDING REMARKS -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 14 - Organohypervalent Iodine Reagents in the Synthesis of Bioactive Heterocycles -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. ORGANOHYPERVALENT IODINE PROMOTED SYNTHESIS OF BIOACTIVE HETEROCYCLES -- 3. CONCLUDING REMARKS -- ABBREVIATIONS -- References -- Chapter 15 - Porous Catalytic Systems in the Synthesis of Bioactive Heterocycles and Related Compounds -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. POROUS CATALYTIC SYSTEMS -- 3. SYNTHESIS OF BIOACTIVE HETEROCYCLES CATALYZED BY POROUS MATERIALS -- 4. CONCLUDING REMARKS -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 16 - High-Pressure Cycloaddition Reactions in the Synthesis of Biologically Relevant Heterocycles -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. DIELS-ALDER CYCLOADDITIONS -- 3. DIPOLAR CYCLOADDITIONS -- 4. [2+2] CYCLOADDITIONS -- 5. CONCLUDING REMARKS -- ABBREVIATIONS -- References -- Chapter 17 - Ionic Liquids-Prompted Synthesis of Biologically Relevant Five- and Six-Membered Heterocyclic Skeletons: An Update -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. PROPERTIES OF ILS -- 3. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN IONIC LIQUIDS RESEARCH. , 4. APPLICATION OF IONIC LIQUIDS IN HETEROCYCLIC SYNTHESIS -- 5. CONCLUDING REMARKS -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 18 - Heterocycles-Based Ionic Liquid-Supported Synthesis of Small Organic Molecules -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. IONIC LIQUID-SUPPORTED SYNTHESIS OF SMALL MOLECULES -- 3. IONIC LIQUID-SUPPORTED CARBOHYDRATE SYNTHESIS -- 4. IONIC LIQUID-SUPPORTED PEPTIDE SYNTHESIS -- 5. IONIC LIQUID-SUPPORTED REAGENTS -- 6. IONIC LIQUID-SUPPORTED CATALYSTS -- 7. CONCLUDING REMARKS -- ABBREVIATIONS -- References -- Chapter 19 - Microwave-Induced Synthesis of Heterocycles of Medicinal Interests -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. MICROWAVE IRRADIATION: MECHANISM -- 3. MICROWAVE-INDUCED SYNTHESIS OF HETEROCYCLES OF MEDICINAL INTERESTS -- 4. CONCLUDING REMARKS -- ABBREVIATIONS -- References -- Chapter 20 - Application of Microwave Irradiation in the Synthesis of P-Heterocycles -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. FUNCTIONALIZATION OF CYCLIC PHOSPHINIC ACIDS -- 3. DIELS-ALDER CYCLOADDITIONS, FRAGMENTATION-RELATED PHOSPHORYLATIONS, AND INVERSE WITTIG-TYPE REACTIONS -- 4. PHOSPHA-MICHAEL REACTIONS -- 5. KABACHNIK-FIELDS REACTIONS -- 6. CONCLUDING REMARKS -- References -- Chapter 21 - Use of Ultrasound in the Synthesis of Heterocycles of Medicinal Interest -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. HETEROCYCLES OF MEDICINAL INTEREST -- 3. CONCLUDING REMARKS -- References -- Index.

Note: Front Cover -- Biotechnology of Microbial Enzymes -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- 1 Useful Microbial Enzymes-An Introduction -- 1.1 The Enzymes: A Class of Useful Biochemicals -- 1.2 Microbial Enzymes for Industry -- 1.3 Improvement of Enzymes -- 1.4 Discovery of New Enzymes -- 1.5 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 2 Production, Purification, and Application of Microbial Enzymes -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Production of Microbial Enzymes -- 2.2.1 Enzyme Production in Industries -- 2.2.2 Industrial Enzyme Production Technology -- 2.2.2.1 Submerged Fermentation -- 2.2.2.2 Solid State Fermentation -- 2.3 Strain Improvements -- 2.3.1 Mutation -- 2.3.2 Recombinant DNA (rDNA) Technology -- 2.3.3 Protein Engineering -- 2.4 Downstream Processing/Enzyme Purification -- 2.5 Product Formulations -- 2.6 Global Enzyme Market Scenarios -- 2.7 Industrial Applications of Enzymes -- 2.7.1 Food Industry -- 2.7.1.1 Starch Industry -- 2.7.1.2 Baking Industry -- 2.7.1.3 Brewing Industry -- 2.7.1.4 Fruit Juice Industry -- 2.7.2 Textile Industry -- 2.7.3 Detergent Industry -- 2.7.4 Pulp and Paper Industry -- 2.7.5 Animal Feed Industry -- 2.7.6 Leather Industry -- 2.7.7 Biofuel From Biomass -- 2.7.8 Enzyme Applications in the Chemistry and Pharma Sectors -- 2.7.8.1 Speciality Enzymes -- 2.7.8.2 Enzymes in Personal Care Products -- 2.7.8.3 Enzymes in DNA-Technology -- 2.8 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 3 Solid State Fermentation for Production of Microbial Cellulases -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Solid State Fermentation (SSF) -- 3.2.1 Comparative Aspects of Solid State and Submerged Fermentations -- 3.2.2 Cellulase-Producing Microorganisms in SSF -- 3.2.3 Extraction of Microbial Cellulase in SSF -- 3.2.4 Measurement of Cellulase Activity in SSF -- 3.2.4.1 Filter Paper Activity (FPase). , 3.2.4.2 Carboxymethyl Cellulase Activity (CMCase) -- 3.2.4.3 Xylanase Activity -- 3.2.4.4 β-Glucosidase Activity -- 3.3 Lignocellulosic Residues/Wastes as Solid Substrates in SSF -- 3.4 Pretreatment of Agricultural Residues -- 3.4.1 Physical/Mechanical Pretreatments -- 3.4.1.1 Mechanical Comminution -- 3.4.1.2 Grinding/Milling/Chipping -- 3.4.2 Physico-Chemical Pretreatments -- 3.4.2.1 Steam Explosion (Autohydrolysis) -- 3.4.3 Chemical Pretreatments -- 3.4.4 Biological Pretreatment -- 3.5 Environmental Factors Affecting Microbial Cellulase Production in SSF -- 3.5.1 Water Activity/Moisture Content -- 3.5.2 Temperature -- 3.5.3 Mass Transfer Processes: Aeration and Nutrient Diffusion -- 3.5.3.1 Gas Diffusion -- 3.5.3.2 Nutrient Diffusion -- 3.5.4 Substrate Particle Size -- 3.5.5 Other Factors -- 3.6 Strategies to Improve Production of Microbial Cellulase -- 3.6.1 Metabolic Engineering and Strain Improvement -- 3.6.2 Recombinant Strategy (Heterologous Cellulase Expression) -- 3.6.2.1 Yeast Expression Systems -- 3.6.2.2 Bacterial Expression Systems -- 3.6.2.3 Plant Expression System -- 3.6.3 Mixed-Culture (Coculture) Systems -- 3.7 Fermenter (Bioreactor) Design for Cellulase Production in SSF -- 3.7.1 Tray Type Bioreactor -- 3.7.2 Rotary Drum Bioreactor -- 3.7.3 Packed Bed Bioreactor -- 3.7.4 Fluidized Bed Bioreactor -- 3.8 Biomass Conversion and Application of Microbial Cellulases -- 3.8.1 Textile Industry -- 3.8.2 Laundry and Detergents -- 3.8.3 Food and Animal Feed -- 3.8.4 Pulp and Paper Industry -- 3.8.5 Biofuels -- 3.9 Concluding Remarks -- Abbreviations -- References -- 4 Hyperthermophilic Subtilisin-Like Proteases From Thermococcus kodakarensis -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Two Subtilisin-Like Serine Proteases From Thermococcus kodakarensis KOD1 -- 4.3 Tk-Subtilisin -- 4.3.1 Ca2+-Dependent Maturation of Tk-Subtilisin. , 4.3.2 Crystal Structures of Tk-Subtilisin -- 4.3.3 Requirement of Ca2+-Binding Loop for Folding -- 4.3.4 Ca2+ Ion Requirements for Hyperstability -- 4.3.5 Role of Tkpro -- 4.3.6 Role of the Insertion Sequences -- 4.3.7 Cold-Adapted Maturation Through Tkpro Engineering -- 4.3.8 Degradation of PrPSc by Tk-Subtilisin -- 4.3.9 Tk-Subtilisin Pulse Proteolysis Experiments -- 4.4 Tk-SP -- 4.4.1 Maturation of Pro-Tk-SP -- 4.4.2 Crystal Structure of Pro-S359A* -- 4.4.3 Role of proN -- 4.4.4 Role of the C-Domain -- 4.4.5 PrPSc Degradation by Tk-SP -- 4.5 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- 5 Enzymes from Basidiomycetes-Peculiar and Efficient Tools for Biotechnology -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Brown and White Rot Fungi -- 5.3 Isolation and Laboratory Maintenance of Wood Rot Basidiomycetes -- 5.4 Basidiomycetes as Producers of Enzymes Involved in Degradation of Lignocellulose Biomass -- 5.4.1 Enzymes Involved in the Degradation of Cellulose and Hemicelluloses -- 5.4.2 Enzymes Involved in Lignin Degradation -- 5.5 Production of Ligninolytic Enzymes by Basidiomycetes: Screening and Production in Laboratory Scale -- 5.6 General Characteristics of the Main Ligninolytic Enzymes with Potential Biotechnological Applications -- 5.6.1 Laccases -- 5.6.2 Peroxidases -- 5.7 Industrial and Biotechnological Applications of Ligninolytic Enzymes from Basidiomycetes -- 5.7.1 Application of Ligninolytic Enzymes in Delignification of Vegetal Biomass and Biological Detoxification for Biofuel P ... -- 5.7.2 Application of Ligninolytic Enzymes in the Degradation of Xenobiotic Compounds -- 5.7.3 Application of Ligninolytic Enzymes in the Degradation of Textile Dyes -- 5.7.4 Application of Ligninolytic Enzymes in Pulp and Paper Industry -- 5.8 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References. , 6 Microbial Production and Molecular Engineering of Industrial Enzymes: Challenges and Strategies -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Strategies for Achieving High-Level Expression of Industrial Enzymes in Microorganisms -- 6.2.1 Strategies for High-Level Expression of Microbial Enzymes in E. coli -- 6.2.1.1 High-Level Expression of Enzymes by Transcriptional Regulation in E. coli -- 6.2.1.2 High-Level Expression of Enzymes by Translational Regulation in E. coli -- 6.2.1.3 Enhancement of the Expression of Enzymes by Different Protein Formations in E. coli -- 6.2.1.4 Improving Enzyme Production Yield by Fusion Proteins or Molecular Chaperones in E. coli -- 6.2.1.5 High-Level Expression of Enzymes by Codon Optimization in E. coli -- 6.2.1.6 Fermentation Optimization of Enzyme Production in E. coli -- 6.2.2 High-Level Expression of Microbial Enzymes in Bacilli -- 6.2.3 High-Level Expression of Microbial Enzymes in Lactic Acid Bacteria -- 6.2.4 High-Level Expression of Microbial Enzymes in Yeasts -- 6.2.4.1 High-Level Expression of Microbial Enzymes in P. pastoris -- 6.2.4.2 High-Level Expression of Microbial Enzymes in S. cerevisiae -- 6.2.4.3 High-Level Expression of Microbial Enzymes in Other Yeast Hosts -- 6.2.5 High-Level Expression of Microbial Enzymes in Filamentous Fungi -- 6.2.5.1 High-Level Expression of Microbial Enzymes in Aspergillus Species -- 6.2.5.2 High-Level Expression of Microbial Enzymes in Trichoderma Species -- 6.2.5.3 High-Level Expression of Microbial Enzymes in Other Filamentous Fungi Species -- 6.3 Molecular Engineering Strategies -- 6.3.1 Directed Evolution -- 6.3.2 Site-Directed Mutagenesis -- 6.3.3 Saturation Mutagenesis -- 6.3.4 Truncation -- 6.3.5 Fusion -- 6.4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 7 Metagenomics and the Search for Industrial Enzymes -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 The Dilemma Between Known, Engineered, or Novel Enzymes. , 7.3 Metagenomics and Its Application to Enzyme Research -- 7.4 Success Stories of Naïve and Direct Sequencing Screens for New Enzymes -- 7.5 Success Stories for Introducing Environmental Enzymes into the Market -- 7.6 Enzyme Search: Limitations of Metagenomics and Solutions -- 7.7 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 8 The Pocket Manual of Directed Evolution: Tips and Tricks -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Methods to Generate DNA Diversity -- 8.2.1 Mutagenic Methods -- 8.2.1.1 Random Mutagenesis -- 8.2.1.2 Saturation Mutagenesis -- 8.2.2 DNA Recombination Methods -- 8.2.2.1 In Vitro Methods -- 8.2.2.1.1 Homology-Dependent Recombination Methods -- 8.2.2.1.2 Homology-Independent Recombination Methods -- 8.2.2.2 In Vivo Methods -- 8.3 Computational Tools -- 8.4 Functional Expression Systems -- 8.5 Mutant Library Exploration -- 8.5.1 Genetic Selection Methods -- 8.5.2 High-Throughput Screening (HTS) Assays -- 8.5.3 Ultrahigh-Throughput Screening Assays -- 8.6 Forthcoming Trends in Directed Evolution -- 8.7 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- 9 Insights into the Structure and Molecular Mechanisms of β-Lactam Synthesizing Enzymes in Fungi -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.1.1 Penicillin and Cephalosporin Biosynthesis: A Brief Overview -- 9.1.2 Genes Involved in Penicillin Biosynthesis -- 9.2 ACV Synthetase -- 9.2.1 The ACV Assembly Line -- 9.2.2 The Cleavage Function of the Integrated Thioesterase Domain -- 9.2.3 The Quality Control (Proofreading) Role of the Thioesterase Domain -- 9.2.4 ACV Analog Dipeptides and Tripeptides Synthesized by the ACVS in Vitro -- 9.3 Isopenicillin N Synthase -- 9.3.1 Binding and Lack of Cyclization of the LLL-ACV -- 9.3.2 The Iron-Containing Active Center -- 9.3.3 The Crystal Structure of IPNS -- 9.3.4 Oxidase and Oxygenase Activities of IPNS. , 9.3.5 Recent Advances on the Cyclization Mechanism.

Note: Front Cover -- Green Synthetic Approaches for Biologically Relevant Heterocycles -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Biography -- Foreword -- Preface -- 1 Green synthetic approaches for biologically relevant heterocycles: green catalytic systems and solvents-an overview -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 An overview of the book -- 1.2.1 Chapter 2, Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Bioactive Five- and Six-Membered Heterocycles Catalyzed by Heterogeneo... -- 1.2.2 Chapter 3, Metal-Catalyzed Routes for the Synthesis of Furocoumarins and Coumestans -- 1.2.3 Chapter 4, Porous Catalytic Systems in the Synthesis of Bioactive Heterocycles and Related Compound -- 1.2.4 Chapter 5, Solid Acids for the Synthesis of Biologically Active Heterocycles -- 1.2.5 Chapter 6, Proline and Proline-Derived Organocatalysts in the Synthesis of Heterocycles -- 1.2.6 Chapter 7, An Update on a Greener Organocatalytic Chemical Approach for the Synthesis of Biginelli Adducts -- 1.2.7 Chapter 8, Recent Developments on Ionic Liquids-Mediated Synthetic Protocols for Biologically Relevant Five- and Six-... -- 1.2.8 Chapter 9, Heterocycles-Based Ionic Liquid-Supported Synthesis of Small Organic Molecules -- 1.2.9 Chapter 10, Green Solvents for Eco-Friendly Synthesis of Bioactive Heterocycles -- 1.2.10 Chapter 11, Green Synthetic Approaches for Biologically Relevant 2-Amino-4H-Pyrans and 2-Amino-4H-Pyran-Annulated He... -- 1.2.11 Chapter 12, An Update on Synthetic Methods for Small and Medium Aza-Heterocycles in Aqueous Media -- 1.2.12 Chapter 13, Green and Catalytic Methods for γ-Lactone Synthesis -- 1.2.13 Chapter 14, Green Synthetic Approaches for Medium Ring-Sized Heterocycles of Biological and Pharmaceutical Interest -- 1.2.14 Chapter 15, Green Chemistry of Evergreen Imines in the Synthesis of Nitrogen-Containing Heterocycles. , 1.2.15 Chapter 16, Green Synthetic Approaches Towards Benzimidazole and Quinoxaline Scaffolds -- 1.3 Concluding remarks -- 2 Recent advances in the synthesis of bioactive five- and six-membered heterocycles catalyzed by heterogeneous metal catalysts -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Synthesis of nitrogen-containing heterocycles -- 2.2.1 Five-membered N-containing heterocycles -- 2.2.1.1 Five-membered rings containing one nitrogen atom -- 2.2.1.1.1 Synthesis of pyrroles and pyrrolidines -- 2.2.1.1.2 Synthesis of indolizines -- 2.2.1.2 Five-membered rings containing two nitrogen atoms -- 2.2.1.2.1 Synthesis of pyrazoles and indazoles -- 2.2.1.2.2 Synthesis of imidazoles and benzimidazoles -- 2.2.1.2.3 Synthesis of triazoles -- 2.2.2 Six-membered N-containing heterocycles -- 2.2.2.1 Six-membered rings containing one nitrogen atom -- 2.2.2.1.1 Synthesis of pyridines and dihydropyridines -- 2.2.2.1.2 Synthesis of pyridinones -- 2.2.2.2 Six-membered rings containing two nitrogen atoms -- 2.2.2.2.1 Synthesis of pyrimidines and pyrimidinones -- 2.3 Synthesis of oxygen-containing heterocycles -- 2.3.1 Five-membered O-containing heterocycles -- 2.3.1.1 Synthesis of benzofurans and furocoumarins -- 2.3.2 Six-membered O-containing heterocycles -- 2.3.2.1 Synthesis of pyrans -- 2.3.2.2 Synthesis of chromenes -- 2.4 Synthesis of sulfur- and selenium-containing heterocycles -- 2.5 Synthesis of heterocycles containing more than one type of heteroatom -- 2.6 Synthesis of fused heterocycles -- 2.7 Synthesis of other heterocycles -- 2.7.1 Synthesis of purines -- 2.7.2 Synthesis of pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinolones -- 2.7.3 Synthesis of imidazo[1,2-a] pyridines -- 2.8 Concluding remarks -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 3 Metal-catalyzed routes for the synthesis of furocoumarins and coumestans -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Synthetic routes to furocoumarin derivatives. , 3.2.1 Furan ring construction -- 3.2.2 Pyrone ring construction -- 3.3 Synthetic routes to coumestan derivatives -- 3.3.1 Benzofuran ring construction -- 3.3.2 Pyrone ring construction -- 3.4 Concluding remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 4 Porous catalytic systems in the synthesis of bioactive heterocycles and related compounds -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Porous catalytic systems -- 4.3 Synthesis of bioactive heterocycles catalyzed by porous materials -- 4.3.1 O-Containing heterocyclic compounds -- 4.3.1.1 Five-membered ring heterocycles -- 4.3.1.1.1 Acetals/ketals -- 4.3.1.1.2 Furans and related compounds -- 4.3.1.2 Six-membered ring heterocycles -- 4.3.1.2.1 Coumarins by Pechmann reaction -- 4.3.1.2.2 C-C bond forming reactions by Knoevenagel condensation -- 4.3.1.2.2.1 Coumarins -- 4.3.1.2.2.2 Chromene derivatives -- 4.3.1.2.2.3 Xanthenes derivatives -- 4.3.1.2.2.4 Flavanones -- 4.3.2 N-containing heterocycles compounds -- 4.3.2.1 Five-membered ring heterocycles -- 4.3.2.1.1 Pyrrole and related compounds -- 4.3.2.1.1.1 Ring closure reactions -- 4.3.2.1.1.2 Alkylation reactions of indole and pyrroles -- 4.3.2.1.2 Pyrazole -- 4.3.2.1.2.1 Ring closure reactions -- 4.3.2.1.2.2 Alkylation reactions of pyrazole -- 4.3.2.1.3 Imidazole -- 4.3.2.1.3.1 Ring closure reactions -- 4.3.2.1.3.2 Alkylation reactions of imidazole and related compounds -- 4.3.2.1.3.3 Michael addition of imidazole -- 4.3.2.1.3.4 Cross-coupling reactions -- 4.3.2.1.4 Triazole -- 4.3.2.1.4.1 Ring closure reactions -- 4.3.2.1.5 Tetrazole -- 4.3.2.1.5.1 Ring closure reactions -- 4.3.2.1.6 Lactams -- 4.3.2.1.6.1 Alkylation reaction of lactams -- 4.3.2.1.7 Imides -- 4.3.2.1.7.1 Ring closure reactions -- 4.3.2.1.8 Other organic reactions -- 4.3.2.1.8.1 Friedel-Crafts acylation and alkylation of five-membered ring heterocycles containing nitrogen. , 4.3.2.1.8.2 Substitution reactions of five-membered ring heterocycles containing nitrogen -- 4.3.2.1.8.3 Hydrogenation of five-membered ring heterocycles -- 4.3.2.2 Six-membered ring heterocycles -- 4.3.2.2.1 Pyridine -- 4.3.2.2.2 Pyrimidine -- 4.3.2.2.2.1 Ring closure reactions -- 4.3.2.2.2.2 Biginelli reaction -- 4.3.2.2.3 Quinoline and isoquinoline -- 4.3.2.2.3.1 Ring closure reactions -- 4.3.2.2.3.2 Condensation reactions -- 4.3.2.2.3.2.1 Pictet-Spengler cyclization -- 4.3.2.2.3.2.2 Friedländer reaction -- 4.3.2.2.4 Quinoxaline -- 4.3.2.2.5 Hydrogenation and dehydrogenation of six-membered heterocycles -- 4.3.2.3 Seven-membered ring heterocycles -- 4.3.2.3.1 Benzodiazepines -- 4.3.2.3.2 Ring closure reactions -- 4.4 Concluding remarks -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 5 Solid acids for the synthesis of biologically active heterocycles -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Solid acids -- 5.3 Silica based solid acids -- 5.3.1 Silica-supported boron trifluoride -- 5.3.2 Silica supported zinc salts -- 5.3.3 Silica supported protic acids -- 5.3.4 Silica supported ionic liquids -- 5.3.5 Silica supported heteropolyacids -- 5.4 Clays as solid acid catalysts -- 5.5 Zeolite based solid acids -- 5.6 Polymer based solid acids -- 5.7 Zirconia (ZrO2) based solid acids -- 5.8 Carbon based solid acids -- 5.9 Concluding remarks -- References -- 6 Proline and proline-derived organocatalysts in the synthesis of heterocycles -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Synthesis of nitrogen-containing heterocycles -- 6.2.1 Synthesis of quinoline, pyridine, and pyrimidine framework -- 6.2.2 Synthesis of imidazole, phthalimide, pyrrole, indole, and triazole derivatives -- 6.2.3 Synthesis of chiral 4-hydroxypyrazolidine derivatives -- 6.2.4 Synthesis of indolizidine, pyrrolizidine, and quinolizidine framework -- 6.2.5 Total synthesis and formal synthesis of natural products. , 6.2.5.1 Synthesis of β-blocker: (S)-naftopidil -- 6.2.5.2 Total synthesis of (-)-halosaline, formal synthesis of (+)-elaeokanine-A, (±)-elaeokanine-C, and T-4 tetraponerines... -- 6.2.5.3 Synthesis of protected (2S,4R)-4-hydroxyornithine and (+)-pseudohygroline -- 6.2.5.4 Synthesis of (-)-deoxoprosopinine and (+)-deoxoprosophylline -- 6.3 Synthesis of oxygen-containing heterocycles -- 6.3.1 Synthesis of 4H-pyran and 2H-pyran derivatives -- 6.3.2 Synthesis of furan ring -- 6.3.3 Synthesis of hexose derivatives -- 6.3.4 Synthesis of lactone derivatives -- 6.3.5 Synthesis of flavones -- 6.3.6 Synthesis of natural products -- 6.3.6.1 Synthesis of (6S)-5,6-dihydro-6-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-6-phenylhexyl]-2H-pyran-2-one and Ravensara lactones -- 6.3.6.2 Synthesis of tetrahydrolipstatin and tetrahydroesterastin -- 6.3.6.3 Total synthesis of (+)-18-(6S,9R,10R)-bovidic acid -- 6.4 Synthesis of sulphur-containing heterocycles -- 6.4.1 Synthesis of thiochromene -- 6.5 Miscellaneous reactions -- 6.6 Concluding remarks -- References -- 7 An update on a greener organocatalytic chemical approach for the synthesis of Biginelli adducts -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.1.1 The Biginelli reaction -- 7.1.2 Mechanism of the Biginelli reaction: an overview -- 7.2 Classes of organocatalysts used in the Biginelli reaction -- 7.2.1 Organic acids: catalysts for Biginelli reactions -- 7.2.2 Amino acids: useful and stereoselective catalysts for the Biginelli reaction -- 7.2.2.1 Proline derivatives -- 7.2.2.2 Other amino acids -- 7.2.3 Polymers and macrocycles -- 7.2.4 Enzymes and biocatalysts for the Biginelli reaction -- 7.2.5 Other organocatalysts used in Biginelli reactions -- 7.3 Biological significance of 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones/-thiones -- 7.4 Concluding remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References. , 8 Recent developments on ionic liquids-mediated synthetic protocols for biologically relevant five- and six-membered hetero.

Note: Front Cover -- Back Cover.

Note: Intro -- Title page -- Full title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Chapter 1 -- Chapter 2 -- Chapter 3 -- Chapter 4 -- Chapter 5 -- Chapter 6 -- Chapter 7 -- Chapter 8 -- Chapter 9 -- Chapter 10 -- Chapter 11 -- Chapter 12 -- Chapter 13 -- Index -- Editors.

Note: Front Cover -- Room Temperature Organic Synthesis -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Foreword -- How to Read -- Preface -- Chapter 1: Carbon - Carbon Bond Forming Reactions at Room Temperature -- General reaction scheme -- Representative entries -- Experimental procedure -- Characterization data of two representative compounds -- Reference -- General reaction scheme -- Representative entries -- Experimental procedure -- Characterization data of two representative compounds -- Reference -- General reaction scheme -- Representative entries -- Experimental procedure -- Characterization data of the representative compounds -- Reference -- General reaction scheme -- Representative entries -- Experimental procedure -- Reference -- Further information -- Reaction scheme -- Experimental procedure -- Reference -- Reaction scheme -- Representative entries -- Experimental procedure -- Characterization data of representative entries -- Reference -- Reaction scheme -- Representative entries -- Experimental procedure -- Characterization data of representative entries -- Reference -- Reaction scheme -- Representative entries -- Experimental procedures -- Characterization data of representative entries -- Reference -- Reaction scheme -- Representative entries -- Experimental procedure -- Characterization data of representative entries -- Reference -- Further information -- References -- Reaction scheme -- Representative entries -- Experimental procedure -- Characterization data of representative entries -- Reference -- Reaction scheme -- Representative entries -- Experimental procedure -- Reference -- General reaction scheme -- Representative entries -- Experimental procedure -- Characterization data of representative compounds -- Reference -- General reaction scheme -- Representative entries -- Experimental procedure. , Characterization data of representative compounds -- Reference -- General reaction scheme -- Representative entries -- Experimental procedure -- Characterization data of representative compounds -- Reference -- General reaction scheme -- Representative entries -- Experimental procedure -- Characterization data of representative compounds -- Reference -- General reaction scheme -- Plausible mechanism -- Representative entries -- Experimental procedure -- Characterization data of representative compounds -- Reference -- General reaction scheme -- Representative entries -- Experimental procedure -- Characterization data of two representative compounds -- Reference -- General reaction scheme -- Representative entries -- Experimental procedure -- Characterization data of two representative compounds -- Reference -- General reaction scheme -- Representative entries -- Experimental procedure -- Characterization data of one representative compound -- Reference -- General reaction scheme -- Representative entries -- Experimental procedure -- Reference -- General reaction scheme -- Representative entries -- Experimental procedure -- Reference -- General reaction scheme -- Representative entries -- Experimental procedure -- Characterization data of two representative entries -- Reference -- General reaction scheme -- Representative entries -- Experimental procedure -- Characterization data of two representative entries -- Reference -- General reaction scheme -- Representative entries -- Experimental procedure -- Characterization data of two representative entries -- Reference -- General reaction scheme -- Representative entries -- Experimental procedure -- Characterization data of two representative compounds -- Reference -- Reaction scheme -- Experimental procedure -- Characterization data of one representative entry -- Reference -- Reaction scheme. , Representative entries -- Experimental procedure -- Characterization data of representative entries -- Reference -- Reaction scheme -- Representative entries -- Experimental procedure -- Characterization data of representative entries -- Reference -- General reaction scheme -- Representative entries -- Experimental procedure -- Characterization data of representative compounds -- Reference -- General reaction scheme -- Representative entries -- Experimental procedure -- Characterization data of representative compounds -- Reference -- General reaction scheme -- Representative entries -- Experimental procedure -- Characterization data of representative compounds -- Reference -- General reaction scheme -- Representative entries -- Experimental procedure -- Characterization data of two representative compounds -- Reference -- General reaction scheme -- Representative entries -- Experimental procedure -- Characterization data of two representative compounds -- Reference -- General reaction scheme -- Representative entries -- Experimental procedure -- Characterization data of one representative compound -- Reference -- General reaction scheme -- Representative entries -- Experimental procedure -- Characterization data of two representative entries -- Reference -- General reaction scheme -- Representative entries -- Experimental procedure -- Reference -- General reaction scheme -- Representative entries -- Experimental procedure -- Characterization data of one representative entry -- Reference -- General reaction scheme -- Representative entries -- Experimental procedure -- Characterization data of two representative entries -- Reference -- General reaction scheme -- Representative entries -- Experimental procedure -- Characterization data of two representative entries -- Reference -- General reaction scheme -- Representative entries. , Experimental procedure -- Characterization data of two representative entries -- Reference -- General reaction scheme -- Proposed mechanism -- Representative entries -- Experimental procedure -- Characterization data of representative entries -- Reference -- General reaction scheme -- Proposed mechanism -- Representative entries -- Experimental procedure -- Characterization data of two representative entries -- Reference -- General reaction scheme -- Representative entries -- Experimental procedure -- Characterization data of two representative entries -- Reference -- General reaction scheme -- Representative entries -- Experimental procedure -- Characterization data of two representative entries -- Reference -- General reaction scheme -- Representative entries -- Experimental procedure -- Characterization data of two representative entries -- Reference -- General reaction scheme -- Representative entries -- Experimental procedure -- Characterization data of two representative compounds -- Reference -- Chapter 2: Carbon - Nitrogen Bond Forming Reactions at Room Temperature -- General reaction scheme -- Representative new entries -- Experimental procedure -- Characterization data of two representative compounds -- Reference -- Further information -- General reaction scheme -- Representative entries -- Experimental procedure -- Reference -- References for spectroscopic data -- General reaction scheme -- Representative entries -- Experimental procedure -- Characterization data of representative compounds -- Reference -- General reaction scheme -- Representative entries -- Experimental procedure -- Characterization data of representative compounds -- Reference -- General reaction scheme -- Representative entries -- Experimental procedure -- Characterization data of representative compounds -- Reference -- General reaction scheme -- Representative entries. , Experimental procedure -- Characterization data of two representative compounds -- Reference -- General reaction scheme -- Representative entries -- Experimental procedure -- Characterization data of two representative compounds -- Reference -- General reaction scheme -- Representative entries -- Experimental procedure -- Characterization data of two representative compounds -- Reference -- General reaction scheme -- Representative entries -- Experimental procedure -- Characterization data of two representative compounds -- Reference -- General reaction scheme -- Representative entries -- Experimental procedure -- Characterization data of two representative compounds -- Reference -- General reaction scheme -- Representative entries -- Experimental procedure -- Characterization data of two representative compounds -- Reference -- General reaction scheme -- Representative entries -- Experimental procedure -- Characterization data of two representative compounds -- Reference -- General reaction scheme -- Representative new entries -- Experimental procedure -- Characterization data of two representative compounds -- Reference -- General reaction scheme -- Representative new entries -- Experimental procedure -- Characterization data of one representative compound -- Reference -- Further information -- General reaction scheme -- Representative new entries -- Experimental procedure -- Characterization data of one representative compound -- Reference -- General reaction scheme -- Representative entries -- Experimental procedure -- Characterization data of two representative compounds -- Reference -- General reaction scheme -- Representative entries -- Experimental procedure -- Characterization data of two representative compounds -- Reference -- Further information -- General reaction schemes -- Representative entries -- Experimental procedure. , Characterization data of two representative compounds.

Note: Intro -- Bioactive Natural Products -- Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- About the Editor -- List of Contributors -- Chapter 1 An Overview -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 An Overview of the Book -- 1.2.1 Chapter 2 -- 1.2.2 Chapter 3 -- 1.2.3 Chapter 4 -- 1.2.4 Chapter 5 -- 1.2.5 Chapter 6 -- 1.2.6 Chapter 7 -- 1.2.7 Chapter 8 -- 1.2.8 Chapter 9 -- 1.2.9 Chapter 10 -- 1.2.10 Chapter 11 -- 1.2.11 Chapter 12 -- 1.2.12 Chapter 13 -- 1.2.13 Chapter 14 -- 1.2.14 Chapter 15 -- 1.2.15 Chapter 16 -- 1.2.16 Chapter 17 -- 1.3 Concluding Remarks -- Chapter 2 Use of Chemical Genomics to Investigate the Mechanism of Action for Inhibitory Bioactive Natural Compounds -- 2.1 Introduction: Antibiotic Resistance and the Use of Natural Products as a Source for Novel Antimicrobials -- 2.2 Chemical Genetics and Genomics -- 2.3 Development of GDA Technology -- 2.3.1 The Use of Gene Deletion Arrays (GDAs) to Investigate MOA -- 2.3.2 Chemical Genetic Interactions -- 2.3.3 Quantifying Genetic and Chemical Genetic Interactions -- 2.3.4 Data Analysis -- 2.3.5 Platforms for Chemical Genomic GDA Studies -- 2.3.6 Why Screen Natural Products in GDAs? -- 2.3.7 Successful Applications of GDA Technology -- 2.4 Concluding Remarks -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 3 High-Throughput Drug Screening Based on Cancer Signaling in Natural Product Screening -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Cancer Signaling Pathways with Their Own Drug Screening Assays in HTS -- 3.2.1 β-Galactosidase Enzyme Complementation Assays for EGFR Signaling Drug Screening -- 3.2.2 Fluorescence Superquenching Assays for PI3Ks Signaling Drug Screening -- 3.2.3 TOP Flash Reporter Gene Assays for Wnt Signaling Drug Screening -- 3.2.4 Luciferase Reporter Gene Assays for STATs Signaling Drug Screening -- 3.3 Concluding Remarks -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 4 Immunosuppressants: Remarkable Microbial Products. , 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Discovery -- 4.3 Mode of Action -- 4.4 Biosynthesis -- 4.4.1 Acetate, Propionate, Butyrate, Methionine, and Valine as Precursors of the Macrolide Rings of Sirolimus, Ascomycin, and Tacrolimus -- 4.4.2 Pipecolate Moiety of the Macrolide Ring of Sirolimus, Ascomycin, and Tacrolimus -- 4.4.3 The Final Step in Biosynthesis of Ascomycins and Tacrolimus -- 4.4.4 Formation of the Substituted Cyclohexyl Moiety of Sirolimus, Tacrolimus, and Ascomycins -- 4.4.5 Biosynthesis of Cyclosporin -- 4.5 Genetics and Strain Improvement -- 4.6 Fermentation and Nutritional Studies -- 4.7 Other Activities of Immunosuppressants -- 4.8 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 5 Activators and Inhibitors of ADAM-10 for Management of Cancer and Alzheimer's Disease -- 5.1 Introduction to ADAM Family of Enzymes -- 5.2 ADAM-10 Structure and Physiological Roles -- 5.3 Pathological Significance -- 5.3.1 Modulating ADAM Activity in Neurodegeneration -- 5.3.2 ADAM-10 in Cancer Pathology -- 5.4 ADAM-10 as Potential Drug Target -- 5.5 Synthetic Inhibitors of ADAM-10 -- 5.6 Natural Products as Activators and Inhibitors for ADAM-10 -- 5.7 Natural Products as ADAM-10 Activators -- 5.7.1 Ginsenoside R -- 5.7.2 Curcuma longa -- 5.7.3 Ginkgo biloba -- 5.7.4 Green Tea -- 5.8 Natural Products as ADAM-10 Inhibitors -- 5.8.1 Triptolide -- 5.8.1.1 Novel Derivatives and Carriers of Triptolide -- 5.9 Concluding Remarks -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 6 Structure and Biological Activity of Polyether Ionophores and Their Semisynthetic Derivatives -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Structures of Polyether Ionophores and Their Derivatives -- 6.2.1 Monensin and Its Derivatives -- 6.2.2 Salinomycin and Its Derivatives -- 6.2.3 Lasalocid Acid A and Its Derivatives -- 6.2.4 Other Polyether Ionophores -- 6.2.4.1 Ionophores with Monensin Skeleton. , 6.2.4.2 Polyether Ionophores with Dianemycin Skeleton -- 6.3 Chemical Properties of Polyether Ionophores and Their Derivatives -- 6.3.1 Complexes of Ionophores with Metal Cations -- 6.3.2 Mechanism of Cation Transport -- 6.4 Biological Activity -- 6.4.1 Antibacterial Activity of Polyether Antibiotics and Their Derivatives -- 6.4.2 Antifungal Activity of Polyether Antibiotics and Their Derivatives -- 6.4.3 Antiparasitic Activity of Polyether Antibiotics and Their Derivatives -- 6.4.4 Antiviral Activity of Polyether Antibiotics -- 6.4.5 Anticancer Activity of Polyether Antibiotics and Their Derivatives -- 6.5 Concluding Remarks -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 7 Bioactive Flavaglines: Synthesis and Pharmacology -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Biosynthetic Aspects -- 7.3 Synthesis of Flavaglines -- 7.3.1 Chemical Syntheses -- 7.3.2 Biomimetic Synthesis of Flavaglines -- 7.3.3 Synthesis of Silvestrol (6) -- 7.4 Pharmacological Properties of Flavaglines -- 7.4.1 Anticancer Activity -- 7.4.2 Anti-inflammatory and Immunosuppressant Activities -- 7.4.3 Cytoprotective Activity -- 7.4.4 Antimalarial Activities -- 7.5 Structure-Activity Relationships (SARs) -- 7.6 Concluding Remarks -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 8 Beneficial Effect of Naturally Occurring Antioxidants against Oxidative Stress-Mediated Organ Dysfunctions -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants -- 8.2.1 Mangiferin and Its Beneficial Properties -- 8.2.1.1 Antioxidant Activity of Mangiferin -- 8.2.1.2 Anti-inflammatory Activity of Mangiferin -- 8.2.1.3 Immunomodulatory Effect -- 8.2.1.4 Antidiabetic Activity -- 8.2.1.5 Iron Complexing Activity of Mangiferin -- 8.2.1.6 Mangiferin Protects against Mercury-Induced Toxicity -- 8.2.1.7 Mangiferin Protects Murine Liver against Pb(II)-Induced Hepatic Damage -- 8.2.2 Arjunolic Acid. , 8.2.2.1 Cardioprotective Effects of Arjunolic Acid -- 8.2.2.2 Antidiabetic Activity -- 8.2.2.3 Arjunolic Acid Protects Organs from Acetaminophen (APAP)-Induced Toxicity -- 8.2.2.4 Arjunolic Acid Protects Liver from Sodium Fluoride-Induced Toxicity -- 8.2.2.5 Protection against Arsenic-Induced Toxicity -- 8.2.2.6 Mechanism of Action of Arjunolic Acid -- 8.2.3 Baicalein -- 8.2.3.1 Baicalein Protects Human Melanocytes from H2O2-Induced Apoptosis -- 8.2.3.2 Protection against Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity -- 8.2.4 Silymarin -- 8.2.4.1 Physicochemical and Pharmacokinetic Properties of Silymarin -- 8.2.4.2 Metabolism of Silymarin -- 8.2.4.3 Antioxidant Activity of Silymarin -- 8.2.4.4 Protective Effect of Silydianin against Reactive Oxygen Species -- 8.2.4.5 Diabetes and Silymarin -- 8.2.4.6 Silibinin Protects H9c2 Cardiac Cells from Oxidative Stress -- 8.2.4.7 Silymarin Protects Liver from Doxorubicin-Induced Oxidative Damage -- 8.2.4.8 Silymarin and Hepatoprotection -- 8.2.4.9 Stimulation of Liver Regeneration -- 8.2.5 Curcumin -- 8.2.5.1 Chemical Composition of Turmeric -- 8.2.5.2 Metabolism of Curcumin -- 8.2.5.3 Antioxidant Activity of Curcumin -- 8.2.5.4 Diabetes and Curcumin -- 8.2.5.5 Efficacy of Biodegradable Curcumin Nanoparticles in Delaying Cataract in Diabetic Rat Model -- 8.3 Concluding Remarks -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 9 Isoquinoline Alkaloids and Their Analogs: Nucleic Acid and Protein Binding Aspects, and Therapeutic Potential for Drug Design -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Isoquinoline Alkaloids and Their Analogs -- 9.2.1 Berberine -- 9.2.1.1 Interaction of Berberine with Deoxyribonucleic Acids -- 9.2.1.2 DNA Binding of Berberine Analogs -- 9.2.1.3 Binding of Berberine and Analogs to Polymorphic DNA Conformations -- 9.2.1.4 Interaction of Berberine and Analogs with Ribonucleic Acids. , 9.2.1.5 Interaction of Berberine and Analogs with Proteins -- 9.2.2 Palmatine -- 9.2.2.1 Interaction of Palmatine and Analogs to Deoxyribonucleic Acids -- 9.2.2.2 Interaction of Palmatine with RNA -- 9.2.2.3 Interactions of Palmatine with Proteins -- 9.2.3 Other Isoquinoline Alkaloids: Jatrorrhizine, Copticine, and Analogs - DNA/RNA and Protein Interactions -- 9.3 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 10 The Potential of Peptides and Depsipeptides from Terrestrial and Marine Organisms in the Fight against Human Protozoan Diseases -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Antiprotozoan Peptides and Depsipeptides of Natural Origin and Their Synthetic Analogs -- 10.2.1 Apicidins -- 10.2.2 Almiramides and Dragonamides -- 10.2.3 Balgacyclamides -- 10.2.4 Beauvericins and Allobeauvericin -- 10.2.5 Aerucyclamides -- 10.2.6 Chondramides and Jaspamides -- 10.2.7 Enniatins and Beauvenniatins -- 10.2.8 Gallinamide A, Dolastatin 10 and 15, and Symplostatin 4 -- 10.2.9 Hirsutatins and Hirsutellides -- 10.2.10 Alamethicin -- 10.2.11 Gramicidins -- 10.2.12 Kahalalides -- 10.2.13 Lagunamides -- 10.2.14 Paecilodepsipeptides -- 10.2.15 Pullularins -- 10.2.16 Szentiamide -- 10.2.17 Venturamides -- 10.2.18 Viridamides -- 10.2.19 Antiamoebin I -- 10.2.20 Efrapeptins -- 10.2.21 Valinomycin -- 10.2.22 Cyclosporins -- 10.2.23 Cyclolinopeptides -- 10.2.24 Cycloaspeptides -- 10.2.25 Mollamides -- 10.2.26 Tsushimycin -- 10.2.27 Leucinostatins -- 10.2.28 Cardinalisamides -- 10.2.29 Symplocamide A -- 10.2.30 Xenobactin -- 10.3 Concluding Remarks -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 11 Sesquiterpene Lactones: A Versatile Class of Structurally Diverse Natural Products and Their Semisynthetic Analogs as Potential Anticancer Agents -- 11.1 Introduction: Structural Features and Natural Distribution. , 11.2 Anticancer Activity of Sesquiterpenes Lactones.