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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The Development of the Metanephric Kidney in the Pig (2005)
    Berlin, Germany : Blackwell Verlag GmbH
    Anatomia, histologia, embryologia 34 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0264
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Aims:  The metanephric kidneys of the pig are used as xenotransplants in human medicine. In order for transplants to fit within the host organisms, the subcapsular blastema and blood vessels are crucial for the development of new nephrons to sustain the organ functions. The aim of this study is to obtain data concerning the post-natal development of metanephric nephrons in the porcine kidney.Materials and Methods:  The metanephric kidneys of six porcine fetuses with a crown-rump length ranging from 40 mm to 220 mm of eight piglets aged between 6 to 10 weeks and of three adult pigs were studied. Eight lectins as well as anti-actin and anti-myosin antibodies were used for lectin- and immunohistochemistry to study the subcapsular metanephric blastema, to visualize the blood-urine barrier in the nephrons and collecting tubules, and to study the blood vessels in both the renal cortex and marrow.Results and Conclusions:  A subcapsular metanephric blastema was still present in the kidney of 10-week-old piglets. Dense condensation of mesenchymal cells surrounded the terminal branches of the collecting ducts and showed first signs of mesenchymal-epithelial transformation. Characteristic comma-shaped and s-shaped bodies were found in and underneath the subcapsular blastema. In the fibrous renal capsule of six-week-old piglets, a first faint binding reaction of anti-actin was visible and intensified in the fibrous renal capsule in ten-week-old piglets and in adult pigs. In addition, the smooth-muscle layers of the blood vessels were stained by the anti-actin and anti-myosin antibodies. The lectins showed various affinities to the endothelium of blood vessels and to the epithelial cells lining of the capsules of the metanephric renal corpuscles, the various parts of the renal tubules, as well as the collecting tubules and the renal pelvis. The affinity of the epithelial cells to a specific lectin varies in neighbouring cells, indicating different cell activities or cell cycles.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0264.2005.00669_15.x
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    How to Open the Mouth: the Kinetic Skull, and the Jaw and Branchial Apparatus in Sharks (2005)
    Berlin, Germany : Blackwell Verlag GmbH
    Anatomia, histologia, embryologia 34 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0264
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Aims:  Mammals cannot swallow if their necks and, hence, their mm. sternohyoidei et sternothyroidei are stretched. In order to understand the functional morphology of mastication and swallowing in mammals, it is useful to understand its evolutionary origin.Material and Methods:  Five formalin-preserved specimens of the Spiny Dogfish (Squalus ancanthias) were used for dissection or to prepare sagittal or transverse serial sections.Results and Conclusions:  The feeding apparatus of the shark Squalus acanthias as a representative of the cartilaginous fishes serves as an excellent model of that of an ancestral vertebrate with a kinetic skull, in which the chondrocranium is movable relative to the jaw apparatus. To open the mouth, the cranium is raised by the epibranchial musculature, the palatoquadrate cartilage (i.e., upper jaw) is entrained, and the mandibular cartilage is held in place and prevented from following the upper jaw by the coracomandibular muscle. At the same time, the branchial basket and oropharyngeal cavity are expanded and held in place by the coracohyoid and coracoarcual muscles, which prevent the hyoid and branchial arches from being entrained cranially by the raised chondrocranium. The mandible is not retracted during the opening of the mouth in sharks because the branchial region would have to be compressed instead of expanded. In the course of the evolutionary modifications leading to mammals, the heart and respiratory apparatus became decoupled from the feeding apparatus through the formation of a neck. The skull became akinetic through the integration of the upper jaw into the base of the cranium. The mouth is not opened any longer by lifting the cranium, but by depressing the mandible through a special muscle, the m. depressor mandibulae. The coracomandibular muscle lost its function as a stabilizer of the mandible during mouth opening and became modified into the lingual and geniohyoid muscles.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0264.2005.00669_46.x
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    On the Development of the Papillary Body in the Feline Claw (2001)
    Berlin, Germany : Blackwell Science Ltd.
    Anatomia, histologia, embryologia 30 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0264
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: The pre- and post-natal development of the feline claw was studied in 22 feline fetuses with a crown–rump length (CRL) ranging from 40 to 160 mm, in six kittens up to an age of 22 days, and in four adult cats. In fetuses up to a CRL of 75 mm, the characteristic shape of the feline claw was developed. Segment-specific dermal modifications in the various segments, especially the dorsal ridge, started to develop in fetuses with a CRL between 75 and 105 mm. Modifications of the papillary body in the different claw segments took place in the last third of prenatal development and were continued postnatally. At first, the basal lamina became wavy, followed by the formation of small dermal microridges, which would be enlarged to dermal ridges and lamellae. In the claw of adult cats, the papillary body was very small. The dermal tissue of the proximal part of the coronet formed low microridges with short papillae originating on and between these low ridges. In the wall segment, dermal microridges were formed which were arranged in a parallel fashion, and in the distal part of the wall, short dermal micropapillae arose on the crest of each microridge. In the sole segment, thin dermal lamellae were developed. The sequence of papillary body development and the varying conformations of the papillary body in the different segments of the feline claw are compared to those in the nail, the canine claw and hooves.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0264.2001.00319.x
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    On the Structure of the Adrenal Gland of the Common Seal (Phoca vitulina vitulina) (2004)
    Berlin, Germany : Blackwell Verlag
    Anatomia, histologia, embryologia 33 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0264
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: The adrenal gland is a vitally important endocrine gland that occupies a central role in the regulatory mechanisms of the body metabolism. Environmental stress factors lead to permanent strain and overload of the body resulting in structural alterations of the adrenals that in turn are followed by hormonal imbalances. This leads to an increased susceptibility to bacterial and viral diseases. The recurrence of numerous fatalities in the different seal populations of the North Sea (during the years 1988, 1989 and 2002), of the Baikal Lake and Caspian Sea (during the years 2000 and 2001) were the motive for a morphological investigation of the species-specific structure of the adrenal gland of the common seal in order to differentiate environmental stress-induced pathological alterations from the physiological structure of this organ. The study was based on adrenals of 112 common seals (Phoca vitulina vitulina) using light microscopic and transmission and scanning electron microscopic methods. The phocine adrenal gland displays several structural characteristics. Originating from the connective tissue organ capsule, narrow and broad septa intersperse the adrenal cortex. These septa contain blastemata as a reserve for the regeneration of hormone-producing cortical cells. Such blastemata are also occurring in the form of an intermediate zone in between the zona glomerulosa and zona fasciculata in the phocine adrenal cortex. Another species-specific characteristic is an inverse part of the adrenal cortex encircling the central vein of the organ. These structural features have to be considered in assessment and definition of pathological alterations of the adrenals as observed in the form of exhausted blastema cell pools in the adrenocortex of seals perished in the mentioned phocine mass mortalities.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0264.2004.00544.x
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Die hinfällige Hufkapsel (Capsula ungulae decidua) des Pferdefetus und neugeborenen Fohlens (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Anatomia, histologia, embryologia 20 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0264
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: The Deciduous Hoof Capsule (Capsula ungulae decidua) of the Equine Fetus and Newborn Foal.The term Eponychium is used to describe the deciduous hoof capsule in veterinary-medical and embryological literature. In other aspects of veterinary medicine, the term is generally reserved for the perioplic corium of the permanent hoof. In order to clarify this double usage, the structure and origin of the hoof epidermis from 10 equine fetus at different stages of development and 4 newborn foals were investigated and described using light microscopical techniques. Epidermal tubules and lamellae are already present in the non-cornified fetal hoof epidermis. These structures, along with the formation of a white line, allow this epidermis to be divided into the same segments as are commonly used when referring to the permanent hoof. The greatest part of the deciduous hoof epidermis consists of the sole and frog, with significant portions forming in the coronary corium and that of the hoof wall as well. The perioplic corium only makes up insignificant portions of the fetal hoof capsule, however. Between the second half of the gestation period and birth, this deciduous (primary) hoof capsule is continually being replaced from below by newly-forming, cornified permanent hoof capsule. On the basis of its structure and origin, we therefore suggest that the term “deciduous hoof capsule (Capsula ungulae decidua)” be used as a replacement for the word “Eponychium” when referring to the primary hoof epidermis.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0264.1991.tb00293.x
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The Prenatal Development of the Canine Claw (2005)
    Berlin, Germany : Blackwell Verlag GmbH
    Anatomia, histologia, embryologia 34 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0264
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Introduction:  The mammalian digital end organ has developed in three basic functional forms, i.e., claw, hoof and nail. Whereas detailed information on the ontogeny and phylogeny of the equine and bovine hooves, and the human nail, respectively, are on hand, such data are still not available for the canine claw. Because phylogenetically the carnivore claw is considered as a primary form of digital end organ, data on the organogenesis of the canine claw will complement current knowledge on onto- and phylogeny of the carnivore claw, and digital end organs in general.Materials and Methods:  Light and electron microscopy of 18 canine fetuses of 40–150 mm crown-rump-length and five puppies aged 1 day–4 weeks post-partum.Results:  The development of the canine claw can be divided into four periods. The first stage is initiated by the differentiation of the connective tissue layers of the claw anlage. The second stage is characterized by formation of the specific claw shape, and the third stage by further regional function-related modifications resulting in the development of the five different segments of the digital end organ. The fourth stage proceeds post-natally when the influence of increasing body weight and weight bearing leads to the final functional adaptation of the papillary body.Conclusion:  The organogenesis of the canine claw resembles that of the feline claw in many aspects, but also shows some specific deviations. In particular, the development of the dorsal ridge – characteristic for the carnivore claw – differs between both species. The results of our study therefore raise the question whether the current hypothesis on allocation of the different segments of the canine claw has to be reconsidered.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0264.2005.00669_116.x
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Topography, Structure and Function of the Patella and the Patelloid in Marsupials (2001)
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd.
    Anatomia, histologia, embryologia 30 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0264
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: The patella is a sesamoid bone that is found in most mammals and is regularly located in the insertion tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle. Up to now, only a little has been known about the topography, structure and function of the patella in marsupials. Therefore the stifles of 61 marsupials of 30 different species were studied by radiography, necropsy and light microscopy. It was found that only the family of bandicoots (Peramelidae) possessed a typical patella. The other species revealed a patelloid consisting of fibrocartilage. The structure of the patelloid revealed common characteristic features in the following families of marsupials: (1) Dasyuridae, Phalangeridae, Pseudocheriidae, and Potoroidae; (2) Burramyidae; (3) Phascolarctidae, Vombatidae, and Dendrolagus; and (4) Superfamily Macropodoidea (except Dendrolagus and Potoroidae). Our results imply that the degree of differentiation in the fibrocartilage of the patelloid was strongly correlated to the mechanical forces acting on the patelloid which are a result of the specific kind of locomotion and the way of life. Generally the bony patella does not belong to the phylogenetic programme of the marsupials – with the exception of the bandicoots which are very closely related to the subclass of placental mammals (Eutheria).
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0264.2001.00334.x
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    How Structures in Bovine Hoof Epidermis are Influenced by Nutritional Factors (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    Anatomia, histologia, embryologia 28 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0264
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: The structure of the hoof epidermis is the link between nutrition and horn quality. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the relationship of single structures in the process of keratinization and cornification of bovine hoof epidermis to certain nutritional factors such as lipids, minerals and vitamins. Furthermore, we wanted to show the structural changes in the dyskeratotic epidermis caused by an insufficient supply of keratinizing epidermal cells. For our study we used samples of hoof epidermis from 25 dual-purpose dairy cattle, with ages ranging between 2.5 and 4 years. We also obtained a complete set of hooves from a biotin-deficient calf. All samples were investigated by light and transmission electron microscopy, using routine methods as well as histochemical and enzyme-histochemical techniques. We focused on epidermal structures that have a major influence on horn quality and are known to be related to single nutritional factors. The strength of the keratin filament bundles is determined by their cross-linking via sulphur-containing amino acids. Essential fatty acids are required for the synthesis of an intercellular cementing substance connecting the horn cells and establishing a permeability barrier in the stratum corneum. Minerals, in particular calcium, are essential for activation of enzymes that are a prerequisite for physiological keratinization and cornification. Furthermore, vitamins such as biotin are essential in the metabolism of the keratinizing epidermal cells.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0264.1999.00180.x
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