Note: Front Cover -- Molecular Architecture of Proteins and Enzymes -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Part I: Structure and Function Relationships of Proteins -- CHAPTER 1. SYNTHETIC MODELS OF THE METASTABLE BINDING SITES OF ALPHA-2 MACROGLOBULIN AND COMPLEMENT COMPONENTS C3 AND C4 -- STRUCTURES PROPOSED FOR THE METASTABLE BINDING SITE -- INTERCONVERSION OF THE SYNTHETIC PEPTIDE MODELS -- COMPETITIVE KINETICS OF ISOMERIZATION AND HYDROLYSIS -- REGIOSELECTIVE HYDROLYSIS OF INTERNAL PYROGLUTAMIC ACID RESIDUES -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 2. KINETICS OF IRREVERSIBLE MODIFICATION OF ENZYME ACTIVITY -- RATE EQUATIONS FOR THE BINDING OF THE MODIFIER TO THE ENZYME -- COMPETITION BETWEEN THE MODIFIER AND THE SUBSTRATE -- SUBSTRATE REACTION IN THE PRESENCE OF THE MODIFIER -- DIFFERENTIATION OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF INHIBITION -- IRREVERSIBLE INHIBITION COMPLEXES -- SUBSTRATE REACTION DURING ENZYME ACTIVATION -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- STRUCTURE AND MECHANISM OF DOPAMINE β-HYDROXYLASE1 -- CHAPTER 3. Cu BINDING AND STOICHIOMETRY -- MECHANISM-BASED INHIBITORS -- STRUCTURE-FUNCTION STUDIES -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 4. STUDIES ON SNAKE MUSCLE FRUCTOSE 1,6-BISPHOSPHATASE -- PURIFICATION -- K+-ACTIVATION KINETICS -- CHEMICAL MODIFICATION -- INHIBITION OF AMP ANALOGS -- COLD INACTIVATION -- LIMITED PROTEOLYSIS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 5. THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURES OF SCORPION NEUROTOXINS1 -- VARIANT-3 TOXIN -- VARIANT-2 TOXIN -- TOXIN V -- APAMIN -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 6. THE RAPID INACTIVATION AND SLOW CONFORMATIONAL CHANGES OF CREATINE KINASE DURING GUANIDINE AND UREA DENATURATION -- THE DENATURATION OF CREATINE KINASE -- INACTIVATION OF CREATINE KINASE IN GUANIDINE -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES. , CHAPTER 7. NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE FOR THE STUDY OF PROTEIN STRUCTURE1 -- INTRODUCTION -- MATERIALS AND METHODS -- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 8. STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF E. COLI L-ASPARAGINASE -- CRYSTALLIZATION AND PROPERTIES OF L-ASPARAGINASE -- POLYMERS AND SUBUNITS OF L-ASPARAGINASE -- EFFECTS OF L-CYSTEINE ON THE ACTIVITY AND CONFORMATION OF L-ASPARAGINASE -- REFERENCES -- Part II: Regulation of Biological Process -- CHAPTER 9. CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC STUDIES ON INSULIN AND ITS ANALOGS -- THE REFINEMENT OF THE STRUCTURE OF 2 Zn PORCINE INSULIN AT 1.2 Ä RESOLUTION -- PRELIMINARY STUDIES ON SOME INSULIN ANALOGS BY X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY -- THE MONOMERIC STRUCTURE OF DES-PENTAPEPTIDE-(B26-30)INSULIN (DPI) -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 10. PEPTIDE-RECEPTOR INTERACTIONS THAT REGULATE CELL PROLIFERATION: THE EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR SYSTEM -- EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR AND CELL PROLIFERATION -- BINDING OF EGF TO SPECIFIC MOLECULES AT THE CELL SURFACE -- EGF-STIMULATION OF PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION -- EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON PHOSPHORYLATION OF A-43I MEMBRANES -- RECEPTOR STRUCTURE -- PROSPECTUS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 11. STUDIES ON STRUCTURE AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF INSULIN -- EFFECT OF THE SHORTENED B-CHAIN ON THE ACTIVITY OF INSULIN -- EFFECT OF SUBSTITUTION OF THE ε-ΑΜΙΝΟ GROUP IN B29-LYS ON ACTIVITY OF INSULIN -- PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF HUMAN INSULIN -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 12. CHOLESTEROL INTERACTION WITH AND INFLUENCE ON FUNCTION OF THE NICOTINIC ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTOR -- RESULTS -- DISCUSSION -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 13. T CELL CONTROL OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN SYNTHESIS1 -- B CELL ACTIVATION AND PROLIFERATION -- B CELL DIFFERENTIATION -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 14. THE DISSOCIATION AND REASSEMBLY OF VIRAL CAPSIDE. , DISSOCIATION AND REASSEMBLY OF ROD-SHAPED AND ISOMETRIC VIRUSES -- REASSEMBLY OF THE PROTEIN SUBUNITS OF AN ISOMETRIC VIRUS INTO ROD-SHAPED HELICAL CAPSID STRUCTURE -- REFERENCES -- Part III: Structure and Function Relationships of Blood Proteins -- CHAPTER 15. MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF PLASMA PROTEASE INHIBITOR GENES IN MAN1 -- ANTITHROMBIN III -- α 1-ANTITRYPSIN -- α 1-ANTICHYMOTRYPSIN -- SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY BETWEEN HUMAN α1-ANTICHYMOTRYPSIN, α1- ANTITRYPSIN AND ANTITHROMBIN III -- COMPARISON OF ACTIVE SITE SEQUENCES OF THE THREE PLASMA PROTEASE INHIBITORS -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 16. THE POLYMORPHISM OF SOME SERUM PROTEINS IN THE CHINESE POPULATION -- SERUM ALBUMIN -- TRANSFERRIN -- HAPTOGLOBIN -- CERULOPLASMIN -- α-1-ANTITRYPSIN -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 17. STUDIES ON A NEW THROMBIN DEPENDENT ANTICOAGULANT PATHWAY -- A FUNCTIONAL ASSAY FOR PROTEIN C -- EXPRESSION OF ANTICOAGULANT ACTIVITY -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 18. ACTION OF ANTITHROMBOPLASTIN FROM AGKISTRODON HALYS (PALLAS) VENOM ON BLOOD COAGULATION SYSTEM -- THE ACTION OF THE CRUDE VENOM ON BLOOD COAGULATION SYSTEM -- THE ACTION OF THE ANTICOAGULANT PRINCIPLE ON BLOOD COAGULATION SYSTEM -- HYDROLYSIS OF PLASMA PHOSPHOLIPIDS BY THE ANTICOAGULANT PRINCIPLE -- ACTION OF THE ANTICOAGULANT PRINCIPLE ON MEMBRANE PHOSPHOLIPIDS OF INTACT RED CELLS AND INTACT PLATELETS -- MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES OF RED CELLS AND PLATELETS INDUCED BY THE ANTICOAGULANT PRINCIPLE -- NEUTRALIZATION OF THE ANTICOAGULANT ACTION OF THE PRINCIPLE BY NSTI-AGKISTRODON HALYS (PALLAS) VENOM SERUM -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Index.

Note: e9780123944474v1 -- Front Cover -- Encyclopedia of Cell Biology -- Dedication -- Editors-in-Chief -- Volume Editors -- Section Editors -- Contributors to Volume 1 -- Contents of Volume 1 -- Preface -- Cell Biology: An Overview -- Molecular Cell Biology: An Overview -- Basic Molecular Components and Technology -- Nucleic Acid Synthesis/Breakdown -- Protein Synthesis and Degradation -- Molecular Principles, Components, Technology, and Concepts: Basic Principles: Chemical and Physical PrinciplesMolecular... -- Introduction -- The Laws of Thermodynamics and Living Cells -- Gibbs Free Energy Always Decreases for a Spontaneous Process at Constant Temperature and Pressure -- Gibbs Free Energy Changes are Additive -- Coupling of ATP Hydrolysis to Drive Thermodynamically Unfavorable Reactions -- Reaction Rate and Rate Constant -- Reaction Rate-Limiting Step -- Rate Constant and Activation Energy -- Enzyme Kinetics -- Allosteric Enzymes -- Concerted and Sequential Models -- Water as Life's Aether -- Acid-Base Reactions Play a Central Role in Most Biochemical Processes -- Noncovalent Interactions Play Key Roles in Mediating Functions of Biomacromolecules -- Effect of Molecular Crowding in Living Cells -- Concluding Remarks -- References -- Molecular Principles, Components, Technology, and Concepts: Basic Principles: BiocatalysisMolecular Principles,... -- Introduction -- Biological Catalysts -- Enzymes -- Composition -- Kinetics -- Substrate Selectivity -- Cooperativity and Allosteric Regulation -- Chemical Mechanisms -- Transition State Analogs and Catalytic Antibodies -- Coenzymes and Cofactors -- Ribozymes -- Hammerhead -- Self-Splicing Introns -- RNaseP -- The Ribosome -- See also -- References -- Relevant Websites -- DNA, RNA Chemical Properties (Including Sequencing and Next-Generation Sequencing)DNA, RNA Chemical Properties (Including... -- Glossary. , Introduction -- Physical Structure of Nucleic Acid -- Chemical Modification of Nucleic Acids -- DNA Modification by Radiation -- DNA Mapping -- Nucleic Acid Sequencing -- Sanger DNA Sequencing -- NGS -- Library Preparation -- Sequencing through DNA Synthesis -- Data Analysis -- Future Directions -- See also -- References -- Further Reading -- The Chemical Synthesis of DNA and RNA Oligonucleotides for Drug Development and Synthetic Biology ApplicationsThe... -- Introduction -- The Chemical Synthesis of Oligodeoxyribonucleotides -- The Phosphoramidite Approach -- The H-Phosphonate Approach -- The Chemical Synthesis of Oligoribonucleotides via the Phosphoramidite Approach -- Ether Protecting Groups -- The tert-butyldimethylsilyl group -- The 2-cyanoethyl group -- Acetal Protecting Groups -- The 1-aryl-4-alkoxypiperidin-4-yl groups -- The triisopropylsilyloxymethyl group -- The 2-cyanoethyloxymethyl group -- Orthoester and Ester Protecting Groups -- The bis-(2-acetoxyethoxy)methyl group -- The pivaloyloxymethyl group -- DNA and RNA Microarrays -- DNA Microarrays -- Photolithography with physical or digital masks -- Inkjet printing -- Electrochemical arrays -- Gene assembly from DNA microarrays -- Microfluidics -- Ultraviolet light-emitting diode-mediated DNA synthesis in glass capillaries -- RNA microarrays -- Concluding Remarks -- See also -- References -- Molecular Principles, Components, Technology, and Concepts: Proteins: Expression SystemsMolecular Principles, Components,... -- Glossary -- Overview of Expression Systems -- Bacterial Expression Systems -- Yeast Expression Systems -- Cell-Free Expression Systems -- Insect Expression Systems -- Mammalian Expression Systems -- Summary/Conclusion -- See also -- References -- Further Reading -- Relevant Websites. , Molecular Principles, Components, Technology, and Concepts: Proteins: Isolation/Purification of ProteinsMolecular... -- Glossary -- Introduction -- The Protein Source -- Assays -- Considerations -- Accountability -- Accessibility -- Stabilization -- Repeatability -- Initial Steps -- Differential Precipitation -- Batch Adsorption -- Centrifugation -- Concentration -- Chromatography -- Ion-Exchange Chromatography -- Size Exclusion Chromatography -- Adsorption Chromatography -- Dye-ligand chromatography -- Hydrophobic interaction chromatography -- Inorganic adsorbent chromatography -- Affinity Chromatography -- Immunoaffinity chromatography -- Lectin affinity chromatography -- Metabolite affinity chromatography -- Affinity tag chromatography -- Migration in an Electric Field -- Protein Crystallization -- Evaluating Purity -- A Final Word -- See also -- References -- Further Reading -- Relevant Websites -- Protein Sequence Determination: Methodology and Evolutionary ImplicationsProtein Sequence Determination: Methodology and... -- Sequencing Proteins by Chemical Techniques -- Early Studies -- The Move to Larger Proteins -- The Role of Separations Methodology -- Challenges and Limitations -- Other Sequencing Methodology -- Mass Spectrometry -- Inferring Protein Sequences from Nucleic Acid Sequences -- Sequence Comparisons -- Concluding Remarks -- See also -- References -- Posttranslational Modifications: Key Players in Health and DiseasePosttranslational Modifications: Key Players in Health... -- Introduction -- Proteolytic PTM of Proteins -- Phosphorylation -- Glycosylation (N- and O-linked) -- N-Acetylation -- Amidation -- Methylation -- Lipid Modification (Lipidation) -- Protein Prenylation -- GPI Anchoring -- Myristoylation and Palmitoylation -- Oxidative Stress-Related PTMs -- Hydroxylation -- Carbonylation -- Nitrosylation. , Ubiquitin and Targeted Protein Degradation -- γ-Carboxylation -- Conclusions: Many More PTMs Exist, and There Is Cross Talk between Them -- See also -- References -- Relevant Websites -- Protein Domains: Structure, Function, and MethodsProtein Domains: Structure, Function, and MethodsMolecular Principles,... -- Introduction -- Protein Structure: Motifs, Folds, and Domains -- Protein Domain Functions -- Interaction and Binding Domains -- DNA-Binding Domains -- Enzymatic and Catalytic Domains -- Intrinsically Disordered Domains -- Identifying and Classifying Protein Domains -- Structural Determination by Protein Crystallography and NMR Spectroscopy -- Bioinformatic Platforms -- Domains in Evolution: Modularity and Combinatorial Protein Structure -- Conclusions -- See also -- References -- Molecular Principles, Components, Technology, and Concepts: Proteins: NMR in Structural and Cell BiologyMolecular... -- Introduction -- Brief Historical Perspective of NMR and Solution Structure Determination of Macromolecules -- Fundamentals of NMR Structure Determination -- Place of NMR Spectroscopy in Structural and Cell Biology -- Experimental and Computational Considerations -- Intermolecular Distance Restraints -- Paramagnetic-Based Distance Restraints -- Other Sources of Distance Information -- Orientational Restraints -- Some Computational Methods -- Structural Proteomics of the Bacterial Phosphotransferase System -- Exploring Sparsely Populated States of Proteins and Their Complexes -- Principal NMR Methods to Probe Transient Sparsely Populated States -- Basis of PRE for the Study of Sparsely Populated States -- Basis of Relaxation Dispersion Spectroscopy -- Basis of Lifetime Line Broadening and DEST -- Relevance to Cell Biology -- Acknowledgments -- See also -- References. , Folding, Misfolding, Disordered Proteins, and Related DiseasesFolding, Misfolding, Disordered Proteins, and Related... -- Glossary -- Folding -- General Principles -- Protein Stability, A Delicate Balance between Enthalpy and Entropy -- Protein Folding Mechanisms and the Search for the Native State Conformation -- Misfolding -- Disordered Proteins -- Related Diseases -- See also -- References -- Diseases of Protein Folding: Huntington's Disease and Amyotrophic Lateral SclerosisDiseases of Protein Folding:... -- Introduction -- Genetic Basis of HD and ALS -- Effects of Protein Products on Protein Homeostasis -- Clearance Pathways of Aggregates - Cellular UPS -- Clearance Pathways of Aggregates - Autophagy Pathway -- Cellular Transfer of Aggregates on Toxic Fragments -- Cell Specificity and Susceptibility -- Symptoms and Treatments of the Disease -- Potential Treatments and Therapies -- See also -- References -- Further Reading -- Molecular Principles, Components, Technology, and Concepts: Proteins: Site-Directed MutagenesisMolecular Principles,... -- Background -- Methods -- Applications -- Protein Structure-Function -- Catalytic residues -- Binding sites -- Regulatory elements -- Protein Engineering -- Altered function -- Stability -- Thermal -- pH -- Oxidative -- Site-selective conjugation -- Summary -- See also -- References -- Molecular Principles, Components, Technology, and Concepts: Proteins: Chemical BiologyMolecular Principles, Components,... -- Glossary -- Introduction -- Imaging -- Metabolic Labeling -- Affinity Labeling -- Activity-Based Probes -- Bioorthogonal Labeling -- Chemical Biology and Drug Development -- See also -- References -- Further Reading -- Molecular Principles, Components, Technology, and Concepts: Proteins: Drug DesignMolecular Principles, Components,... -- Glossary -- Introduction -- History of Drug Development. , Evolution of Drug Design.

Note: Volume 1 -- Front Cover -- Handbook of Cell Signaling -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Chapter 1. Cell Signaling: Yesterday,Today, and Tomorrow -- Origins of Cell Signaling -- Enter Polypeptide Growth Factors -- Cell Signaling at the Molecular Level -- Lipid Signaling -- Cell Signaling Tomorrow -- References -- Part I: Initiation: Extracelluar and Membrane Events -- Section A: Molecular Recognition -- Chapter 2. Structural and Energetic Basis of Molecular Recognition -- Introduction -- Principles of Binding -- Nonspecific Association with Membrane Surfaces -- Protein-Protein Interactions -- Prospects -- References -- Chapter 3. Computational Genomics: Prediction of Protein Functional Linkages and Networks -- Introduction -- Approaches to Analyzing Protein Functions on a Genome-Wide Scale -- Current Issues and Future Prospects for Computing Functional Interactions -- References -- Chapter 4. Molecular Sociology -- Transmembrane Signaling Paradigms -- Structural Basis of Protein-Protein Recognition -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5. Free Energy Landscapes in Protein-Protein Interactions -- Introduction -- Thermodynamics of Protein-Protein Interactions -- Interaction Kinetics -- The Transition State -- Association of a Protein Complex -- Dissociation of a Protein Complex -- Summary -- References -- Chapter 6. Antibody-Antigen Recognition and Conformational Changes -- Introduction -- Antibody Architecture -- Conformational Changes -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7. Binding Energetics in Antigen-Antibody Interfaces -- Introduction -- Thermodynamic Mapping of Antigen-Antibody Interfaces -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8. Immunoglobulin-Fc Receptor Interactions -- Introduction -- IgG-Receptor Interactions -- IgE-Receptor Interactions -- Summary -- References. , Chapter 9. Plasticity of Fc Recognition -- Introduction -- Structures of the Natural Fc Binding Domains -- The Consensus Binding Site on Fc -- Evolution of an Fc Binding Peptide -- Factors Promoting Plasticity -- Conserved and Functionally Important Molecular Interactions -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10. Ig-Superfold and Its Variable Uses in Molecular Recognition -- Introduction -- The Immunoglobulin Superfamily -- Ig-Superfold-Mediated Recognition -- References -- Chapter 11. T-Cell Receptor/pMHC Complexes -- TCR Generation and Architecture -- Peptide Binding to MHC Class I and II -- TCR/pMHC Interaction -- Conclusions and Future Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 12. Mechanistic Features of Cell-Surface Adhesion Receptors -- Mechanosensory Mechanisms -- Cell-Cell Adhesions/Adherens Junctions -- T-Cell Costimulation -- Axon Guidance and Neural Development -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 13. The Immunological Synapse -- Introduction -- Migration and the Immunological Synapse -- The Cytoskeleton and the Immunological Synapse -- The Role of Self MHCp in T-Cell Sensitivity to Foreign MHCp -- Integration of Adaptive and Innate Responses -- Summary -- References -- Chapter 14. NK Receptors -- Introduction -- Immunoreceptors -- Natural Killer Cells -- Ig-Type NK Receptors: KIR -- C-Type Lectin-Like NK Receptors: Ly49A -- C-Type Lectin-Like NK Receptors: NKG2D -- References -- Chapter 15. Carbohydrate Recognition and Signaling -- Introduction -- Biological Roles of Carbohydrate Recognition -- Carbohydrate Structure and Diversity -- Lectins and Carbohydrate Recognition -- Carbohydrate-Mediated Signaling -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 16. Rhinovirus-Receptor Interactions -- References -- Chapter 17. HIV-1 Receptor Interactions -- Molecular Interactions -- Atomic Details -- Recognition in the Context of a Humoral Immune Response. , References -- Chapter 18. Influenza Virus Neuraminidase Inhibitors -- Introduction -- Flu Virus: Role of NA -- Structure of NA -- Active Site -- Inhibitor Development -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 19. Signal Transduction and Integral Membrane Proteins -- Introduction -- Electrophysiology: Rapid Signal Transduction -- Mechanosensation: How Do We Feel? -- Active Transporters: Rapid Response and Energy Management -- Receptors: Gate Keepers for Cell Signaling -- References -- Chapter 20. Structural Basis of Signaling Events Involving Fibrinogen and Fibrin -- References -- Chapter 21. Structural Basis of Integrin Signaling -- Introduction -- Structure -- Quaternary Changes -- Tertiary Changes -- Tail Interactions -- Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 22. Structures of Heterotrimeric G Proteins and Their Complexes -- Introduction -- Ga Subunits -- Ga-Effector Interactions -- Gßγ Dimers -- GPR/GoLoco Motifs -- Gα-GPCR Interactions -- References -- Section B: Vertical Receptors -- Chapter 23. Structure and Function of G-Protein-Coupled Receptors: Lessons from the Crystal Structure of Rhodopsin -- Introduction -- Introduction to Rhodopsin: a Prototypical G-Protein-Coupled Receptor -- Molecular Structure of Rhodopsin -- Molecular Mechanism of Receptor Activation -- References -- Chapter 24. Human Olfactory Receptors -- References -- Chapter 25. Chemokines and Chemokine Receptors: Structure and Function -- Introduction -- Chemokine Structure and Function -- Chemokine Receptors -- References -- Chapter 26. The Binding Pocket of G-Protein-Coupled Receptors for Biogenic Amines,Retinal,and Other Ligands -- Introduction -- The Binding Pocket of GPCRs -- A Role of the Second Extracellular Loop in Ligand Binding -- References -- Chapter 27. Glycoprotein Hormone Receptors: A Unique Paradigm for Ligand Binding and GPCR Activation -- Introduction. , Molecular Pathophysiology -- Structure Function Relationships of the Glycoprotein Hormone Receptors -- Conclusions and Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 28. Protease-Activated Receptors -- Introduction -- Mechanisms of Activation -- Protease-Activated Receptor Family -- Roles of PARs In Vivo -- References -- Chapter 29. Constitutive and Regulated Signaling in Virus-Encoded 7TM Receptors -- Virus-Encoded Proteins Are Developed through Targeted Evolution In Vivo -- The Redundant Chemokine System Is an Optimal Target for Viral Exploitation -- Multiple Virus-Encoded 7TM Receptors -- Constitutive Signaling through Altered Pathways -- Viral Receptors Recognize Multiple Ligands with Variable Function -- Attempts to Identify the Function of Virus-Encoded Receptors In Vivo -- References -- Chapter 30. Frizzleds as G-Protein-Coupled Receptors for Wnt Ligands -- Introduction -- Wnt Signaling -- Evidence for Frizzleds as G-Protein- Coupled Receptors -- Perspective -- References -- Chapter 31. Agonist-Induced Desensitization and Endocytosis of G-Protein- Coupled Receptors -- Introduction -- General Processes of GPCR Regulation -- Mechanisms of GPCR Desensitization and Endocytosis -- Functional Consequences of GPCR Endocytosis -- References -- Chapter 32. Functional Role(s) of Dimeric Complexes Formed from G-Protein- Coupled Receptors -- References -- Chapter 33. The Role of Chemokine Receptors in HIV Infection of Host Cells -- Introduction -- HIV Entry -- Coreceptor Use In Vivo -- Env Domains Involved in Coreceptor Interactions -- Coreceptor Domains Involved in HIV Infection -- Receptor Presentation and Processing -- Role of Signaling in HIV Infection -- Summary -- References -- Chapter 34. Chemotaxis Receptor in Bacteria: Transmembrane Signaling, Sensitivity, Adaptation, and Receptor Clustering -- Signaling at Periplasmic Ligand Binding Domain. , Signaling at the Cytoplasmic Domain -- Adaptation -- Clustering of the Chemoreceptor and Sensitivity -- Future Studies -- References -- Chapter 35. Overview: Function and Three- Dimensional Structures of Ion Channels -- Introduction -- Studies of Full-Length Ion Channels -- General Pore Features Revealed by Bacterial Channels -- Pore Helices: Electrostatic Aids to Permeation -- Open Channels -- Eukaryotic Ion Channels at High Resolution: Divide and Conquer -- Ion Channel Accessory Subunits: Soluble and Transmembrane -- The Future: Ion Channels as Electrosomes -- References -- Chapter 36. How Do Voltage-Gated Channels Sense the Membrane Potential? -- Introduction -- The Voltage-Sensing Gating Particle -- S4 Is the Primary Voltage Sensor -- Physical Models of Activation: Turning a Screw through a Bolt -- Coupling Gating to S4 Voltage-Sensing Motions -- References -- Chapter 37. Ion Permeation. Mechanisms of Ion Selectivity and Block -- Aqueous Pore -- Ion Selectivity -- Block -- References -- Chapter 38. Agonist Binding Domains of Glutamate Receptors: Structure and Function -- References -- Chapter 39. Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors -- Function -- Structure -- References -- Chapter 40. Small Conductance Ca2+ -Activated K + Channels: Mechanism of Ca2+ Gating -- Introduction -- Clones Encoding SK Channels -- Biophysical and Pharmacological Profiles -- Mechanisms of Ca2+-gating -- Pantophobiac After All -- References -- Chapter 41. Regulation of Ion Channels by Direct Binding of Cyclic Nucleotides -- Introduction -- The Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Channels -- Other Channels Directly Regulated by Cyclic Nucleotides -- References -- Section C: Horizontal Receptors -- Chapter 42. Overview of Cytokine Receptors -- Chapter 43. Growth Hormone and IL-4 Families of Hormones and Receptors: The Structural Basis for Receptor Activation and Regulation -- Introduction. , The Growth Hormone Family of Hormones and Receptors.

Note: Front Cover -- Regulation of Organelle and Cell Compartment Signaling -- Copyright Page -- Editorial Advisory Board -- Contents -- Preface -- Contributors -- Section A: Overview -- Chapter 1: Organelle Signaling -- Origins of Cell Signaling Research -- Receptors and Intracellular Signaling -- Transcriptional Responses -- Organelle Signaling -- Focus and Scope of this Volume -- References -- Section B: Nuclear Signaling -- Part 1: Transcription -- Chapter 2: Signaling at the Nuclear Envelope -- Introduction -- Lamins and Lamin Associated Proteins in Cell Signaling -- The Npc in Cell Signaling -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 3: Nuclear Receptor Coactivators -- Introduction -- Ligand-Dependent Interaction between Nuclear Receptors and Coactivators -- Posttranslational Modifications Performed by Coactivator Complexes -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4: Corepressors in Mediating Repression by Nuclear Receptors -- Introduction -- Corepressors Bound to Unliganded Receptor -- Transrepression Strategies -- Corepressors as Metabolic Sensors -- Disease Mechanisms of Nuclear Receptor Dependent Transrepression -- Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 5: Steroid Hormone Receptor Signaling -- Introduction -- Activation by the Hormone -- Hormone Independent Activation -- Cross-Talk with Other Transcription Factors -- Non-Genomic Action of Steroid Hormones -- The Errs -- Selective Steroid Hormone Receptor Modulators -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 6: FOXO Transcription Factors: Key Targets of the PI3K-Akt Pathway that Regulate Cell Proliferation, Survival,and Organismal Aging -- Introduction -- Identification of the Foxo Subfamily of Transcription Factors -- Regulation of Foxo Transcription Factors by the PI3K-Akt Pathway -- Other Regulatory Phosphorylation Sites in Foxos. , Mechanism of the Exclusion of Foxos from the Nucleus in Response to Growth Factor Stimulation -- Transcriptional Activator Properties of Foxos -- Foxos and the Regulation of Apoptosis -- Foxos are Key Regulators of Several Phases of the Cell Cycle -- Foxos in Cancer Development: Potential Tumor Suppressors -- Role of Foxos in the Response to stress and Organismal Aging -- Foxos and the Regulation of Metabolism in Relation to Organismal Aging -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 7: The Multi-Gene Family of Transcription Factor AP-1 -- Introduction -- General Structure of the AP-1 Subunits -- Transcriptional And posttranslational Control of AP-1 Activity -- Function of Mammalian AP-1 Subunits During Embryogenesis and Tissue Homeostasis: Lessons From Loss-of-Function and Gain-of-Function Approaches in Mice -- Function of Mammalian AP-1 Subunits During Cancer Development and Progression -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 8: NFκB: A Key Integrator of Cell Signaling -- References -- Chapter 9: Ubiquitin-mediated Regulation of Protein Kinases in NFκB Signaling -- Introduction -- The Ubiquitin Pathway -- NFκB Signaling -- Ubiquitin-Mediated Activation of Protein Kinases in the IL-1R and TLR Pathways -- Ubiquitin-Mediated Regulation of NFκB and Apoptosis in the TNFα Pathway -- De-Ubiquitination Enzymes Prevent Protein Kinases Activation in The NFκB Pathway -- Polyubiquitination Regulates Protein Kinase Activation in Diverse NFκB Pathways -- Conclusions And Perspectives -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 10: Transcriptional Regulation via the cAMP Responsive Activator CREB -- The Creb Family of Transcription Factors -- Domain Structure and Function -- Overview of CREB Activation -- Key Phosphorylation Events -- CREB Target Genes -- CBP and P300 -- TORC -- Other Coactivators and Interacting Proteins. , Questions to be Addressed -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 11: The NFAT Family: Structure, Regulation, and Biological Functions -- Introduction -- Structure and DNA Binding -- Regulation -- Transcriptional Functions -- Biological Programs Regulated By NFAT -- The Primordial Family Member: NFAT5 -- Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 12: JAK-STAT Signaling -- Abbreviations -- Introduction -- The JAK-STAT Paradigm -- The JAK Family -- The STAT Family -- A Bright Future -- References -- Part 2: Chromatin Remodeling -- Chapter 13: Histone Acetylation Complexes -- Introduction -- KAT Classification and Diversity -- Bromodomains and Other Interpreters of Histone Modifications -- Kats and Disease -- Conclusion and Future Directions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 14: Regulation of Histone Deacetylase Activities and Functions by Phosphorylation and Dephosphorylation -- Introduction -- Reversible Phosphorylation of Mammalian Class I Hdacs -- Reversible Phosphorylation of Mammalian Class II Hdacs -- Conclusion and Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 15: Histone Methylation: Chemically Inert but Chromatin Dynamic -- Introduction -- Historical Perspective of Chromatin and Histone Methylation -- Enzymes Regulating Arginine and Lysine Methylation States -- Histone Lysine Methyltransferases -- Histone Demethylase Enzymes -- Degree and Location Matter -- References -- Chapter 16: Histone Phosphorylation: Chromatin Modifications that Link Cell Signaling Pathways to Nuclear Function Regulation -- Introduction -- Histone Phosphorylation and Transcriptional Regulation -- Downstream Effects of Transcription Associated H3 Phosphorylation -- Histone Phosphorylation in Response to DNA Damage -- Histone Phosphorylation and Mitosis -- Histone Phosphorylation During Apoptosis -- Histone Phosphorylation and Human Diseases. , Conclusions and Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 17: Histone Variants: Signaling or Structural Modules? -- Introduction -- H2A.Bbd in Search of a Function -- H2A.X: DNA Damage and Beyond -- H2A.Z Function at a Flip of a Coin -- Macro H2A: Phosphorylation Matters -- H2B Variance and Unknown Partners -- H3.3 Providing Transcriptional Memory -- CENP-A: Splitting Nucleosomes in Drosophila -- Histone H1: The Microheterogeneity of Specialized Function -- Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 18: Histone Ubiquitination -- The Mechanism of Ubiquitination -- Histone Ubiquitination -- Mono-Ubiquitination of H2A -- Ubiquitination of Histone H2A Variants -- De-Ubiquitination of Ubh2A -- How does UbH2A Repress Transcription? -- The Role of UbH2A in DNA Repair -- Mono-Ubiquitination of H2B -- H2B Ubiquitination Requires Factors Involved in Transcription Initiation and Elongation -- H2B Ubiquitination is Required for Processive Lys-4 H3 and Lys-79 H3 Methylation -- The 19S Proteasome and the Ccr4-not Complex Link H2B Ubiquitination to Lys-4 and Lys-79 H3 Methylation -- De-Ubiquitination of UbH2B -- De-Ubiquitination of UbH2B is Required for Later Stages of Transcription Elongation -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 19: Chromatin Mediated Control of Gene Expression in Innate Immunity and Inflammation -- Introduction -- Inflammation as a Kinetically Complex Transcriptional Response -- Chromatin and the Kinetic Control of Inflammatory Responses -- Genetic Dissection of Chromatin Remodeling at Inflammatory Genes -- Binding of Inflammatory Transcription Factors to Nucleosomal DNA -- Conclusions -- References -- Part 3: Stress Responses -- Chapter 20: Complexity of Stress Signaling -- Abbreviations -- Introduction -- Origin of Stress Response Signals -- Signal Transduction. , Systems Level Deductions of Stress Response Networks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 21: Oxidative Stress and Free Radical Signal Transduction -- Introduction: Redox Biology -- Oxidative Stress Responses in Bacteria: Some Well-Defined Models of Redox Signal Transduction -- Response to Superoxide Stress and Nitric Oxide: SoxR Protein -- Response to H2O2 and Nitrosothiols:Oxyr Protein -- Parallels in Redox and Free Radical Sensing -- Themes in Redox Sensing -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 22: Double-Strand Break Recognition and its Repair by Non-Homologous End-Joining -- Overview of Non-Homologous End-Joining (NHEJ) -- Kinase Activation and Autophosphorylation of DNA-PK -- DNA-PK May Influence the Balance of HR and NHEJ during S Phase -- Local Chromatin Structure at Sites of NHEJ -- References -- Chapter 23: ATM Mediated Signaling Defends the Integrity of the Genome -- Introduction -- Sensing Radiation Damage in DNA -- Atm Activation and Recruitment of DNA Damage Response Proteins to DNA DSB -- ATM Mediated Downstream Signaling -- Cell Cycle Checkpoint Activation -- Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 24: Signaling to the p53 Tumor Suppressor through Pathways Activated by Genotoxic and Non-Genotoxic Stresses -- Introduction -- p53 Protein Structure -- Posttranslational Modifications to p53 -- Regulation of p53 Activity -- p53 Stabilization -- p53 Activation -- Activation of p53 by Genotoxic Stresses -- DNA Doubled-Strand Breaks -- Replication Stress and Singlestranded DNA -- Replicative Senescence -- Oncogene Activation -- Other Genotoxic Agents -- Activation of p53 by Non-Genotoxic Stresses -- The Unfolded Protein Response - ER Stress -- Hypoxia -- Glucose Deprivation - Nutritional Stress -- Ribonucleotide Pool Imbalance -- Nucleolar and Ribosomal Stress -- Microtubule Disruption. , Setting Thresholds and Resetting Activation - p53 Phosphatases.

Note: Front Cover -- Intercellular Signaling in Development and Disease -- Copyright Page -- Editorial Advisory Board -- Contents -- Preface -- Contributors -- Section A: Overview -- Chapter 1: Signaling in Development and Disease -- Origins of Cell Signaling Research -- Receptors and Intracellular Signaling -- Intercellular Signaling -- Focus and Scope of this Volume -- References -- Section B: Cell-Cell Signaling -- Chapter 2: Overview of Cell - Cell and Cell - Matrix Interactions -- References -- Chapter 3: Integrin Signaling: Cell Migration, Proliferation, and Survival -- Introduction -- Integrins Nucleate the Formation of Dynamic Multi-Protein Complexes -- Cell Migration: A Paradigm for Studying Integrin Signaling -- Lamellipodia Extension, and Adhesion Formation and Stabilization at the Leading Edge -- Maturation, Detachment, and Release of Adhesions -- Growth Factor Receptor and Integrin Signaling-Synergistic Regulation of Cell Proliferation and Survival -- Integrin Signals and Links to Cancer -- Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 4: The Focal Adhesion: A Network of Molecular Interactions -- Introduction -- Integrin Activation -- Adhesion Strengthening -- Intracellular Signaling and Molecular Scaffolds -- Focal Adhesion Turnover -- Focal Adhesions and Gene Expression -- The Future -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 5: Cadherin Regulation of Adhesive Interactions -- Introduction -- The Cadherin Family -- Cadherin Structure - Function Relationships -- Multiple Modes for Regulating Cadherin Adhesive Activity -- Conclusions and Perspectives -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 6: In vivo Functions of Heterotrimeric G Proteins -- Introduction -- Development -- Central Nervous System -- Immune System -- Heart -- Sensory Systems -- Hemostasis -- Conclusions -- References. , Chapter 7: G-Protein Signaling in Chemotaxis -- Introduction -- Chemotaxis: Membrane Extensions, Directional Sensing, and Polarization -- Chemoattractant Signaling Regulates Multiple Downstream Pathways -- Front and Back Signaling -- Mechanisms of Directional Sensing -- Polarization -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 8: Interactive Signaling Pathways in the Vasculature -- Introduction -- Interactive Networks as Models of Cell Signaling -- Cross-Talk Between FGF and Notch Signaling -- Novel Modulators of TGFß Signaling -- Notch, FGF, and Smad Signaling Interactions -- Feedback Inhibitory Mechanisms in Vascular Cell Signaling -- Implications in Vascular Remodeling -- References -- Chapter 9: Signaling Pathways Involved in Cardiogenesis -- Introduction -- Origin of Cardiomyocyte Precursors -- Cardiomyocyte and Heart Tube Formation -- Complex Regulation of Cardiac Morphogenesis -- Molecular Regulation of Septal Formation -- Microrna Regulation of Cardiomyocyte Differentiation -- Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 10: Calcium Signaling in Cardiac Muscle -- Introduction -- Calcium-Induced Calcium Release -- How is SR Calcium Content Controlled? -- Which Factors Control the Amplitude of the Systolic Calcium Transient? -- Calcium Signaling in Heart Failure -- References -- Chapter 11: Calcium Signaling in Smooth Muscle -- Introduction -- The Role of Calcium Signaling in Smooth Muscle -- Overview of Types of Calcium Signals in Smooth Muscle -- Calcium Entry Mechanisms -- Calcium Efflux Mechanisms -- SR and Calcium Signaling -- Mitochondrial and Other Organellar Contribution to Calcium Signaling -- Global Calcium Transients -- Local Calcium Signals -- Calcium Oscillations and Waves -- Caveolae, Microdomains, and Calcium Signals -- References -- Chapter 12: Trophic Effects of Gut Hormones in the Gastrointestinal Tract. , Introduction -- Trophic Effects of Gut Peptides in the Stomach, Small Bowel, and Colon -- GI Hormone Receptors and Signal Transduction Pathways -- Signaling Pathways Mediating the Effects of Intestinal Peptides -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 13: Cell - Cell and Cell - Matrix Interactions in Bone -- Introduction to Bone and Bone Disease -- Diseases of Bone -- Bone Cells and their Functions -- Mechanical Strain -- Hormones Responsible for Bone Development, Growth and Maintenance -- Growth, Signaling, and Transcription Factors Responsible for Bone Development and Growth -- Bone Extracellular Matrix (ECM) -- Conclusion anSummary -- References -- Chapter 14: Cell - Cell Signaling in the Testis and Ovary -- Introduction -- Cell - Cell Signaling in the Testis -- Cell - Cell Signaling in the Ovary -- Summary -- References -- Chapter 15: Kidney -- Overview of Kidney Function and Cell-to-Cell Interactions -- Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells -- Vascular Endothelial Cells -- Vasoactive Paracrine/Autocrine Agents - Actions in the Renal Vasculature -- Endothelial Cell Connections: Connexins and Gap Junctions -- Paracrine Signaling in Renal-Tubule Epithelial Cells -- Interstitial Cell - Tubule Communication -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter16: Cytokines and Cytokine Receptors Regulating Cell Survival, Proliferation, and Differentiation in Hematopoiesis -- General Aspects of Hematopoiesis -- Hematopoietic Cytokines -- Signaling through Cytokine Receptors -- Concluding Statements -- References -- Chapter 17: CD45 -- Introduction -- Structure -- Function -- Regulation -- Synopsis -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 18: Signal Transduction in T Lymphocytes -- Introduction -- Signaling Receptors in T Cells form Dynamic Macromolecular Signaling Complexes. , Co-receptor and Co-stimulatory Proteins Modulate T Cell Signaling Pathways -- Intracellular Signaling Pathways Induced by Antigen Stimulation of T Cells -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 19: Signal Transduction via the B Cell Antigen Receptor: A Crucial Regulator of B Cell Biology -- Introduction -- Initiation of Signal Transduction through the BCR -- Propagation of Signal Transduction Via the BCR -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 20: Signaling Pathways Regulating Growth and Differentiation of Adult Stem Cells -- Introduction -- Stem Cell Properties -- Signaling Intermediates and Pathways in CD133 Stem Cells -- Conclusions -- References -- Section C: Signaling in Development -- Chapter 21: Wnt Signaling in Development -- Introduction -- Canonical Wnt Signaling -- Wnt Signaling in Invertebrate Development -- Wnt Signaling in Vertebrate Development -- Wnt/Planar Cell Polarity -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 22: Interactions between Wnt/β -Catenin/Fgf and Chemokine Signaling in Lateral Line Morphogenesis -- Introduction -- FGF Signaling Controls Sensory Organ Formation in the Migrating Primordium -- Wnt/ß -Catenin Signaling Restricts Neurogenesis to Trailing Cells and Maintains the Progenitor Zone -- The FGF Pathway Restricts Wnt/ß - Catenin Signaling to the Leading Edge Ensuring Normal Migration -- Chemokine Signaling Guides the Migrating Primordium -- A Feedback Loop Between FGF and Wnt/ß -Catenin Signaling Controls Migration by Localizing Chemokine Receptor Expression -- Cell Migration and Rosettogenesis are Independently Regulated -- Summary -- References -- Chapter 23: Integration of BMP, RTK, and Wnt Signaling Through Smad1 Phosphorylations -- Introduction -- Neural Induction: Linking RTKs and Anti-BMP Signals -- MAPK Activation Explains Heterologous Neural Inducers. , Epidermal Differentiation: Integration of Wnt and BMP Signals -- Smad1 as a Platform for MAPK Integration -- Smad1 as a Platform for Wnt Signals -- A Conserved Mechanism of Signal Integration -- Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 24: Hedgehog Signaling in Development and Disease -- The Hedgehog Proteins: Generation and Distribution -- Transmitting the HH Signal -- HH in Development and Disease -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 25: Regulation of Vertebrate Left-Right Axis Development by Calcium -- Introduction -- Conserved Molecular Pathways Regulating LR Asymmetry -- Initiating a Break in Symmetry -- Conserved Role of Calcium in Left - Right Asymmetry Determination -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 26: LIN-12/Notch Signaling: Induction, Lateral Specification, and Interaction with the EGF/Ras Pathway -- The LIN-12/Notch Pathway -- Inductive Signaling Versus Lateral Specification -- Cellular outcome of the Activation of the LIN-12/Notch Pathway -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Chapter 27: Proteolytic Activation of Notch Signaling: Roles for Ligand Endocytosis and Mechanotransduction -- Introduction -- DSL Ligand Endocytosis is Required for Activation of Notch Signaling -- Ubiquitin and Epsin-Dependent Recycling to Produce an Active DSL Ligand -- Notch Signaling Requires Proteolysis and Nuclear Translocation -- DSL Ligand Endocytosis to Produce a Force for Notch Proteolytic Activation -- Converting DSL Ligand Endocytosis into a Force-Generating Process -- Conclusions and Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 28:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors and Receptors: Signaling in Vascular Development -- Introduction to Vegfs and VEGF Receptors -- Developmental Processes -- Vasculogenesis and Angiogenesis -- VEGFR2 and its Ligands in Vascular Development. , VEGFR1 and its Ligands in Vascular Development and Inflammatory Responses.

Note: Front Cover -- Transduction Mechanisms in Cellular Signaling -- Copyright Page -- Editorial Advisory Board -- Contents -- Preface -- Contributors -- Section A: Overview -- Chapter 1: Intracellular Signaling -- Origins of Cell Signaling Research -- Intracellular Signaling Mechanisms -- Focus and Scope of this Volume -- References -- Section B: Phosphorylation/Dephosphorylation -- Part 1: Kinases -- Chapter 2: Eukaryotic Kinomes: Genomics and Evolution of Protein Kinases -- Introduction -- The Human Kinome -- Comparative Kinomics -- Saccharomyces cerevisiae -- Caenorhabditis elegans -- Drosophila melanogaster -- Emergence and Diversity of Vertebrate Kinomes -- Coda -- References -- Chapter 3: Modular Protein Interaction Domains in Cellular Communication -- Introduction -- Phosphotyrosine-Dependent Protein - Protein Interactions -- Interaction Domains: a Common Theme in Signaling -- Interaction Domains in the Evolution of Signaling Pathways -- Emergent Properties of Modular Protein Interaction Domain-Driven Signaling Networks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 4: Recognition of Phospho-Serine/Threonine Phosphorylated Proteins by Phospho-Serine/Threonine-Binding Domains -- Introduction -- 14-3-3 Proteins -- FHA Domains -- WW Domains -- Polo-Box Domains -- Tandem Brct-Repeat Domains -- Tandem Brct-Repeat Domains -- Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 5:Protein Kinase Inhibitors -- Signal Transduction Therapy and Protein Kinase Inhibitors -- Protein Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors -- Ser/Thr Kinase Inhibitors -- References -- Chapter 6: Principles of Kinase Regulation -- Introduction -- Protein Kinase Structure -- General Principles of Control -- Regulatory Sites in Protein Kinase Domains -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7: Mammalian MAP Kinases -- Introduction -- The ERK Group of MAP Kinases. , The P38 Group of MAP Kinases -- The JNK Group of MAP Kinases -- MAP Kinase Docking Interactions -- Scaffold Proteins -- KSR -- MP-1 -- MORG1 -- JIP -- POSH -- OSM -- References -- Chapter 8: The Negative Regulation ofJAK/STAT Signaling -- Introduction -- Modulation of JAK Kinase Activity by Extrinsic Kinases -- Protein Inhibitors of Activated Stats (PIAS) -- Suppressors of Cytokine Signaling -- Future Outlook -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 9: Protein Proximity Interactions -- Advances in the Analysis of Protein - Protein Interactions -- Subcellular Structures and Multiprotein Complexes that Contribute to Cell Signaling -- Kinase and Phosphatase Targeting -- Chapter 10: Global Analysis of PhosphoregulatoryNetworks -- Introduction -- Global Mapping of Phosphorylation -- Global Mapping of Phosphorylationglobal Identification of Kinase - Substrate Pairs -- Conclusion -- References -- Part 2: Phosphatases -- Chapter 11: Phosphatase Families DephosphorylatingSerine and Threonine Residues in Proteins -- Current Classification of Protein Serine/Threonine Phosphatases -- Background -- Evolution and Conserved Features of the PPP Family -- Holoenzyme Structures of PPP Family Members -- Catalytic Activities of the PPP Family Members -- Functions of PPP Family Members -- Medical Importance of the PPP Family -- The PPM Family -- The FCP Family -- Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 12: The Structure and Topology of ProteinSerine/Threonine Phosphatases -- Introduction -- Protein Serine/Threonine Phosphatases of the PPP Family -- Protein Serine/Threonine Phosphatases of the PPM Family -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 13: SH2 Domain-Containing Protein-TyrosinePhosphatases -- History and Nomenclature -- Structure, Expression, and Regulation -- Biological Functions of Shps -- Shp Signaling and Substrates. , Determinants of Shp Specificity -- Shps and Human Disease -- Summary and Future Directions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 14: Calcineurin -- Introduction -- Enzymatic Properties -- Structure -- Regulation -- Distribution and Isoforms -- Functions -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 15: Protein Serine/Threonine-Phosphatase2C (PP2C) -- Introduction -- PP2C Functions Conserved in Both Lower and Higher Eukaryotes -- PP2C Functions Specific in Higher Eukaryotes -- References -- Chapter 16 Inhibitors of Protein TyrosinePhosphatases -- Introduction -- Covalent PTP Modifiers -- Oxyanions as PTP Inhibitors -- Non-Hydrolyzable pTyr Surrogates as PTP Inhibitors -- Bidentate PTP Inhibitors -- Other PTP Inhibitors -- Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Chapter 17: MAP Kinase Phosphatases -- Introduction -- Ser/Thr Protein Phosphatases and the Regulation of MAPK Activity -- MAPK Regulation by Classical Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases (PTPS) -- Mapk Regulation by Dual-Specificity Protein Phosphatases -- Mammalian Dual-Specificity MAPK Phosphatases -- Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 18: Protein Phosphatase 2A -- Introduction -- PP2A Regulatory Subunits Mediate Proximity Interactions -- PP2A-Interacting Proteins -- References -- Section C: Lipid Signaling -- Chapter 19: Lipid-Mediated Localization ofSignaling proteins -- Introduction -- Lipid Modifications on the Cytoplasmic Face of Membranes -- Lipid Modifications in the Lumen of the Secretory Pathway -- Localization of Lipid-Modified Proteins -- Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Structural Principles of Lipid Second Messenger Recognition -- Introduction -- Phospholipid Second Messenger Recognition by Active Sites of Enzymes -- Phosphoinositide-Binding Domains -- Non-Phosphoinositide Lipid Messenger Recognition -- Future Directions -- Acknowledgements. , References -- Chapter 21: Pleckstrin Homology (PH) Domains -- Identification and Definition of PH Domains -- The Structure of PH Domains -- PH Domains as Phosphoinositidebinding Modules -- Highly Specific Recognition of Phosphoinositides (and Inositol Phosphates) by PH Domains -- Binding of PH Domains to Nonphosphoinositide Ligands -- Possible Roles of Nonphosphoinositide PH Ligands -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 22: PX Domains -- History and Overview of PX Domains -- Lipid-Binding Specificity and Structure of PX Domains -- Physiological Function of PX Domains -- References -- Chapter 23: FYVE Domains in Membrane Traffickingand Cell Signaling -- Introduction -- Role For PI(3)P in Membrane Trafficking and Identification of the FYVE Domain -- Structural Basis for PI(3)P Recognition by the FYVE Domain -- Conservation of the FYVE Domain and Localization of PI(3)P -- FYVE Domain-Containing Proteins in Membrane Trafficking -- FYVE Domain-Containing Proteins Involved in PI(3)P Metabolism -- FYVE Domain-Containing Proteins in Signaling -- FYVE-Like Domains -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 24: Type I Phosphatidylinositol 4-Phosphate5-Kinases (PI4P 5-kinases) -- Introduction -- Basic Properties -- Regulation -- Function -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 25: Phosphoinositide 3-Kinases -- Introduction -- The Enzymes -- The Products -- Phosphatases -- Lipid Binding Domains -- Effectors and Responses -- Genetics -- Pharmacology -- Synopsis -- References -- Chapter 26: Inositol Pentakisphosphate: A SignalTransduction Hub -- Introduction -- Synthesis of Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P5 -- Functions of Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P 5 as a Precursor Pool -- Dephosphorylation of Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P 5 To Ins(3,4,5,6)P4 -- Phosphorylation of Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P5 To PP-Insp4 -- Phosphorylation of Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P5 to Insp6. , Other Functions for Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P 5 : Regulation of Pten -- An Expanding List of Further Proposed Functions for Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P5 -- Concluding Statement -- References -- Chapter 27: IP3 Receptors -- Introduction -- Diversity of IP 3 RS -- Structure of IP 3 R -- Regulation of IP 3 Rs by IP3 and Ca2+ -- Modulation of IP 3R -- Protein Interactions with IP3 R -- References -- Chapter 28: PTEN -- Introduction -- PTEN Discovery and Function -- PTEN and Cancer -- Mouse Models for PTEN Function -- PTEN Structure -- The PTEN Signaling Pathway -- Haploinsufficiency and Senescence in Cancer -- PTEN in Cancer Therapy -- References -- Chapter 29: PTEN/MTM PhosphatidylinositolPhosphatases -- PTEN -- Myotubularin: A Novel Family of Phosphatidylinositol Phosphatases -- References -- Chapter 30: Diacylglycerol Kinases -- Abbreviations -- Introduction -- The DGK Family -- Regulation of DGKS -- Paradigms of DGK Function -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 31: Phospholipase C -- Introduction -- PLC Anatomy -- PLC Activation Mechanisms -- PLC- β -- PLC- γ -- PLC- δ -- PLC- ε -- PLC Physiology -- References -- Chapter 32: Phospholipase D -- Introduction -- THe PLD Gene Family -- Vesicle Trafficking -- Endocytosis -- Exocytosis -- Signal Transduction -- PLD, A Potential Drug Target -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 33: Role of Phospholipase A2 Forms inArachidonic Acid Mobilization and Eicosanoid Generation -- Introduction -- PLA2 Groups -- Cellular Function in AA Release -- Cross-Talk Between Cpla2aα and Spla2 -- References -- Chapter 34: Prostaglandin Mediators -- Introduction -- The Cyclooxygenase Pathway -- Prostanoid Receptors -- Thromboxane A2 (TXA2) -- Prostacyclin (PGI2) -- Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) -- DP Deletion -- Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) -- EP Deletion -- Prostaglandin F2α(PGF2α) -- Concluding Remarks -- References. , Chapter 35: Leukotriene Mediators.

Note: Front Cover -- Molecular Architecture of Proteins and Enzymes -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Part I: Structure and Function Relationships of Proteins -- CHAPTER 1. SYNTHETIC MODELS OF THE METASTABLE BINDING SITES OF ALPHA-2 MACROGLOBULIN AND COMPLEMENT COMPONENTS C3 AND C4 -- STRUCTURES PROPOSED FOR THE METASTABLE BINDING SITE -- INTERCONVERSION OF THE SYNTHETIC PEPTIDE MODELS -- COMPETITIVE KINETICS OF ISOMERIZATION AND HYDROLYSIS -- REGIOSELECTIVE HYDROLYSIS OF INTERNAL PYROGLUTAMIC ACID RESIDUES -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 2. KINETICS OF IRREVERSIBLE MODIFICATION OF ENZYME ACTIVITY -- RATE EQUATIONS FOR THE BINDING OF THE MODIFIER TO THE ENZYME -- COMPETITION BETWEEN THE MODIFIER AND THE SUBSTRATE -- SUBSTRATE REACTION IN THE PRESENCE OF THE MODIFIER -- DIFFERENTIATION OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF INHIBITION -- IRREVERSIBLE INHIBITION COMPLEXES -- SUBSTRATE REACTION DURING ENZYME ACTIVATION -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 3. STRUCTURE AND MECHANISM OF DOPAMINE β-HYDROXYLASE -- Cu BINDING AND STOICHIOMETRY -- MECHANISM-BASED INHIBITORS -- STRUCTURE-FUNCTION STUDIES -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 4. STUDIES ON SNAKE MUSCLE FRUCTOSE 1,6-BISPHOSPHATASE -- PURIFICATION -- K+-ACTIVATION KINETICS -- CHEMICAL MODIFICATION -- INHIBITION OF AMP ANALOGS -- COLD INACTIVATION -- LIMITED PROTEOLYSIS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 5. THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURES OF SCORPION NEUROTOXINS -- VARIANT-3 TOXIN -- VARIANT-2 TOXIN -- TOXIN V -- APAMIN -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 6. THE RAPID INACTIVATION AND SLOW CONFORMATIONAL CHANGES OF CREATINE KINASE DURING GUANIDINE AND UREA DENATURATION -- THE DENATURATION OF CREATINE KINASE -- INACTIVATION OF CREATINE KINASE IN GUANIDINE. , CORRELATION OF CONFORMATIONAL CHANGES OF CREATINE KINASE DURING DENATURATION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 7. NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE FOR THE STUDY OF PROTEIN STRUCTURE -- INTRODUCTION -- MATERIALS AND METHODS -- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 8. STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF -- CRYSTALLIZATION AND PROPERTIES OF L-ASPARAGINASE -- POLYMERS AND SUBUNITS OF L-ASPARAGINASE -- EFFECTS OF L-CYSTEINE ON THE ACTIVITY AND CONFORMATION OF L-ASPARAGINASE -- REFERENCES -- Part II: Regulation of Biological Process -- CHAPTER 9. CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC STUDIES ON INSULIN AND ITS ANALOGS -- THE REFINEMENT OF THE STRUCTURE OF 2 Zn PORCINE INSULIN AT 1.2 Ả RESOLUTION -- PRELIMINARY STUDIES ON SOME INSULIN ANALOGS BY X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY -- THE MONOMERIC STRUCTURE OF DES-PENTAPEPTIDE-(B26-30)-INSULIN (DPI) -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 10. PEPTIDE-RECEPTOR INTERACTIONS THAT REGULATE CELL PROLIFERATION: THE EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR SYSTEM -- EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR AND CELL PROLIFERATION -- BINDING OF EGF TO SPECIFIC MOLECULES AT THE CELL SURFACE -- EGF-STIMULATION OF PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION -- EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON PHOSPHORYLATION OF A-43I MEMBRANES -- RECEPTOR STRUCTURE -- PROSPECTUS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 11. STUDIES ON STRUCTURE AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF INSULIN -- EFFECT OF THE SHORTENED B-CHAIN ON THE ACTIVITY OF INSULIN -- EFFECT OF SUBSTITUTION OF THE ε-AMINO GROUP IN B29-LYS ON ACTIVITY OF INSULIN -- PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF HUMAN INSULIN -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 12. CHOLESTEROL INTERACTION WITH AND INFLUENCE ON FUNCTION OF THE NICOTINIC ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTOR -- RESULTS -- DISCUSSION -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 13. TCELL CONTROL OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN SYNTHESIS -- B CELL ACTIVATION AND PROLIFERATION -- B CELL DIFFERENTIATION -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES. , CHAPTER 14. THE DISSOCIATION AND REASSEMBLY OF VIRAL CAPSIDE -- DISSOCIATION AND REASSEMBLY OF ROD-SHAPED AND ISOMETRIC VIRUSES -- REASSEMBLY OF THE PROTEIN SUBUNITS OF AN ISOMETRIC VIRUS INTO ROD-SHAPED HELICAL CAPSID STRUCTURE -- REFERENCES -- Part III: Structure and Function Relationships of Blood Proteins -- CHAPTER 15. MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF PLASMA PROTEASE INHIBITOR GENES IN MAN -- ANTITHROMBIN III -- α 1-ANTITRYPSIN -- α 1-ANTICHYMOTRYPSIN -- SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY BETWEEN HUMAN α1-ANTICHYMOTRYPSIN, α1 - ANTITRYPSIN AND ANTITHROMBIN III -- COMPARISON OF ACTIVE SITE SEQUENCES OF THE THREE PLASMA PROTEASE INHIBITORS -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 16. THE POLYMORPHISM OF SOME SERUM PROTEINS IN THE CHINESE POPULATION -- SERUM ALBUMIN -- TRANSFERRIN -- HAPTOGLOBIN -- CERULOPLASMIN -- α-1-ANTITRYPSIN -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 17. STUDIES ON A NEW THROMBIN DEPENDENT ANTICOAGULANT PATHWAY -- A FUNCTIONAL ASSAY FOR PROTEIN C -- EXPRESSION OF ANTICOAGULANT ACTIVITY -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 18. ACTION OF ANTITHROMBOPLASTIN FROM AGKISTRODON HALYS (PALLAS) VENOM ON BLOOD COAGULATION SYSTEM -- THE ACTION OF THE CRUDE VENOM ON BLOOD COAGULATION SYSTEM -- THE ACTION OF THE ANTICOAGULANT PRINCIPLE ON BLOOD COAGULATION SYSTEM -- HYDROLYSIS OF PLASMA PHOSPHOLIPIDS BY THE ANTICOAGULANT PRINCIPLE -- ACTION OF THE ANTICOAGULANT PRINCIPLE ON MEMBRANE PHOSPHOLIPIDS OF INTACT RED CELLS AND INTACT PLATELETS -- MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES OF RED CELLS AND PLATELETS INDUCED BY THE ANTICOAGULANT PRINCIPLE -- NEUTRALIZATION OF THE ANTICOAGULANT ACTION OF THE PRINCIPLE BY ANTI-AGKISTRODON HALYS (PALLAS) VENOM SÉRUM -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Index.

Note: Front Cover -- Functioning of Transmembrane Receptors in Cell Signaling -- Copyright Page -- Editorial Advisory Board -- Contents -- Preface -- Contributors -- Section A: Overview -- Chapter 1: Transmembrane Receptors and Their Signaling Properties -- Origins of Cell Signaling Research -- Transmembrane Receptors -- Focus and Scope of this Volume -- References -- Section B: Biophysical Principles and General Properties -- Chapter 2: Structural and Energetic Basis of Molecular Recognition -- Introduction -- Principles of Binding -- Non-Specific Association with Membrane Surfaces -- Protein - Protein Interactions -- Prospects -- References -- Chapter 3: Free Energy Landscapes in Protein - Protein Interactions -- Thermodynamics of Protein - Protein Interactions -- Interaction Kinetics -- Dissociation of a Protein Complex -- The Modular Structure of Protein - Protein Binding Sites -- Interaction Between Membrane Anchored Proteins -- Summary -- References -- Chapter 4: Molecular Sociology -- Transmembrane Signaling Paradigms -- Structural Basis of Protein - Protein Recognition -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5: FRET Analysis of Signaling Events in Cells -- Introduction -- Fluorescent Probes for Fret -- Fret Detection Techniques -- Conclusions and Prospects -- References -- Chapter 6: Structures of Serine/Threonine and Tyrosine Kinases -- Introduction -- Structural Features of Serine/Threonine and Tyrosine Kinases -- Regulation of Serine/Threonine and Tyrosine Kinase Activity -- Prospects -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 7: Large-Scale Structural Analysis of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases -- Overview -- Structural Coverage of the Family -- Structural Features -- A Shared Catalytic Mechanism -- Receptor Dimerization -- Endnote -- References -- Chapter 8: Transmembrane Receptor Oligomerization -- Introduction. , Tyrosine Kinase-Containing Receptors -- Cytokine Receptors -- Guanylyl Cyclase-Containing Receptors -- Serine/Threonine Kinase-Containing Receptors -- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptors -- Heptahelical Receptors (G-Proteincoupled Receptors) -- Concluding Remarks -- References -- Section C: Major Receptor Families -- Part 1: Receptor Tyrosine Kinases -- Chapter 9: Protein Tyrosine Kinase Receptor Signaling Overview -- Introduction -- PTK Subfamilies -- Mechanism of Activation -- Control of PTK Receptor Activity -- Cross-Talk Between Signaling Pathways -- PTK Receptors and Disease -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 10: Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Signaling and Ubiquitination -- Introduction -- The Ubiquitin Conjugation System -- RTK Signaling and Endocytosis are Molecularly Linked -- Ubiquitination in RTK Endocytosis -- Ubiquitination of Effector Proteins in RTK Signaling -- Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 11: Insulin Receptor Complex and Signaling by Insulin -- Introduction -- Insulin Receptor Domain Structure -- Binding Determinants of the Insulin Receptor -- Insulin Signaling to Glucose Transport -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 12: Structure and Mechanism of the Insulin Receptor Tyrosine Kinase -- Introduction -- Protein Recruitment to the Activated Insulin Receptor -- Prospects -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 13: IRS-Protein Scaffolds and Insulin/IGF Action in Central and Peripheral Tissues -- Introduction -- Insulin, Igfs, and their Receptors -- Insulin Receptor Substrates -- Dysregulation of IRS-Protein Signaling -- Summary and Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 14: The Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Family -- Introduction -- Structure and Activation of ERBB Receptors and their Ligands -- ERBB-Induced Signaling Pathways. , Specificity of Signaling Through the ERBB Network -- Attenuation of the ERBB Signaling Network -- ERBB Proteins and Pathological Conditions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 15: Epidermal Growth Factor Kinases and their Activation in Receptor Mediated Signaling -- Introduction -- EGFR Signaling Network Pathways -- Structural Biology of Receptor Fragments -- Conformations of the ECD Fragments of ErbB Receptors -- Kinase Domain Fragment Structures -- Biophysical Studies of ErbB Activation at the Cell Surface -- ErbB Receptors Exist as Predominantly Pre-Formed Dimers in Cells -- Beyond Dimers: A Ligand-Induced EGFR Tetramer is Formed During Activation -- Activation-Dependent Higher-Order ErbB Oligomers in Cancer Cells -- New Paradigm in ErbB Activation and Signaling -- References -- Chapter 16: Role of Lipid Domains in EGF Receptor Signaling -- Introduction -- Studying Lipid Rafts -- Localization of the EGF Receptor in Lipid Rafts -- Rafts and EGF Receptor-Mediated Signaling -- The EGF Receptor and Caveolin -- References -- Chapter 17: Signaling by the Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor Family -- Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Isoforms -- Physiological Function of PDGF -- Activation of Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptors and Regulation of Kinase Activity -- Interaction of the PDGF Receptors with Downstream Signal Transduction Molecules -- Regulation and Modulation of PDGF Receptor Signaling -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 18: The Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) Signaling Complex -- Introduction -- FGF Polypeptides -- FGFR Tyrosine Kinases -- Heparan Sulfate and Klothos -- The Oligomeric FGF - FGFR - HS Signaling Complex -- Intracellular Signal Transduction by the FGFR Complex -- References -- Chapter 19: The Mechanism of NGF Signaling Suggested by the p75 and TrkA Receptor Complexes -- Introduction. , Neurotrophins -- NGF - TrkA Complexes -- NGF - p75 NTR Complexes -- Neurotrophin Signaling Excursions -- Prospects for Ternary Receptor Complexes -- Neurotrophin Therapeutics -- References -- Chapter 20: The Mechanism of VEGFR Activation by VEGF -- Structural Characterization of VEGF Family Members -- Structural Characterization of VEGFRs -- Pdgfr and Analogies to VEGFRs -- VEGF Co-Receptors: Neuropilins -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 21: Mechanisms and Functions of Eph Receptor signaling -- Introduction -- Eph/Ephrin Protein Structures and Signaling Concepts -- Regulation of Eph/Ephrin Signaling Activity -- Disruption of Cell - Cell Contacts and Internalization of Signaling Complexes -- Eph (Forward) Signaling -- Ephrin (Reverse) Signaling -- Cross-Talk with Other Signal Pathways -- Eph/Ephrin Facilitated Cell - Cell Communication During Vertebrate Development -- Ephs in Oncogenesis: De-Regulated Cell Positioning During Invasion and Metastasis -- References -- Part 2: Cytokine Receptors -- Chapter 22: Overview of Cytokine Receptors -- Chapter 23: Cytokine Receptor Signaling -- Introduction -- Generation of High-Affinity Cytokine - Receptor Complexes -- Architecture of Extracellular Domain -- Receptor Signaling-Utilizing EPO-R as a Model -- Activation of the JAK Tyrosine Kinases -- JAK1 -- JAK2 -- JAK3 -- TYK2 -- Recruitment and Activation of STAT Transcription Factors -- STAT1 -- STAT2 -- STAT3 -- STAT4 -- STAT5 -- STAT6 -- Participation of the Phoshatidylinositol 3' Kinase Pathway in Cell Survival Signaling -- ERK, JNK and P38 are All Activated Downstream of Cytokine Receptor Engagement -- Negative Regulation -- Developmental Regulation of the Cytokine Signaling Pathway -- Involvement of the Cytokine Signaling Pathway in Human Disease -- Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References. , Chapter 24: Growth Hormone and Prolactin Family of Hormones and Receptors: The Structural Basis for Receptor Activation and Regulation -- Introduction -- The Growth Hormone Family of Hormones and Receptors -- Triggering GH and PRL Receptor Activation: Revision to the Dogma -- An Unanticipated Role for Cytokine Hormones as Transcriptional Enhancers -- Structural Basis for Receptor Homodimerization -- Hormone Specificity and Cross-Reactivity Determines Physiological Roles -- Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 25: Erythropoietin Receptor as a Paradigm for Cytokine Signaling -- Introduction -- Structural Studies on EPOR -- Biochemical Studies Supporting Preformed Dimers -- Other Cytokine Receptor Superfamily Members -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 26: Structure of IFNγ and its Receptors -- References -- Part 3: G Protein-Coupled Receptors -- Chapter 27: Structures of Heterotrimeric G Proteins and their Complexes -- Introduction -- G Subunits -- G-Effector Interactions -- GTP Hydrolysis by G and its Regulation by GAPs -- Gβγ Dimers -- Receptor-Independent Regulators of G Protein Activation -- Gα - GPCR Interactions -- References -- Chapter 28: G Protein-Coupled Receptor Structures -- Introduction -- Classification -- Basic Concept of GPCR -- Heterotrimeric G Proteins -- The Vast Complexity of GPCR Signaling -- Models for Receptor Activation -- Structures of Extracellular Domains of GPCRs -- Structures Probing the Inactive State(S): Ligand Entry, Binding, and Modes for Activity Blocking -- Structure of Active State(S) -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 29: Heterotrimeric G-Protein Signaling at Atomic Resolution -- Introduction -- Architecture and Switching Mechanism of the Gα Subunits -- Insight into the GTP Hydrolytic Mechanism from an Unexpected Transition State Mimic -- Gβγ with and without Gα. , Phosducin and Gβγ.

Note: e9780123741455v1 -- Front Cover -- Handbook of Cell Signaling -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface to the Second Edition -- Preface to the First Edition -- Chapter 1. Cell Signaling: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow -- ORIGINS OF CELL SIGNALING -- ENTER POLYPEPTIDE GROWTH FACTORS -- CELL SIGNALING AT THE MOLECULAR LEVEL -- LIPID SIGNALING -- CELL SIGNALING TOMORROW -- REFERENCES -- Part I: Initiation: Extracellular and Membrane Events -- INTRODUCTION -- Section A - Molecular Recognition -- Chapter 2. Structural and Energetic Basis of Molecular Recognition -- INTRODUCTION -- PRINCIPLES OF BINDING -- NON-SPECIFIC ASSOCIATION WITH MEMBRANE SURFACES -- PROTEIN-PROTEIN INTERACTIONS -- PROSPECTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 3. Free Energy Landscapes in Protein-Protein Interactions -- THERMODYNAMICS OF PROTEIN-PROTEIN INTERACTIONS -- INTERACTION KINETICS -- DISSOCIATION OF A PROTEIN COMPLEX -- THE MODULAR STRUCTURE OF PROTEIN-PROTEIN BINDING SITES -- INTERACTION BETWEEN MEMBRANE-ANCHORED PROTEINS -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 4. Molecular Sociology -- TRANSMEMBRANE SIGNALING PARADIGMS -- STRUCTURAL BASIS OF PROTEIN-PROTEIN RECOGNITION -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 5. Antibody-Antigen Recognition and Conformational Changes -- INTRODUCTION -- ANTIBODY ARCHITECTURE -- CONFORMATIONAL CHANGES -- UNUSUAL STRUCTURAL MODIFICATIONS -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 6. Binding Energetics in Antigen-Antibody Interfaces -- INTRODUCTION -- THERMODYNAMIC MAPPING OF ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY INTERFACES -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 7. Immunoglobulin-Fc Receptor Interactions -- INTRODUCTION -- IMMUNOGLOBULIN STRUCTURE -- Fc RECEPTORS AND THEIR STRUCTURES -- IgG-RECEPTOR INTERACTIONS -- IgE-RECEPTOR INTERACTIONS -- IgA-RECEPTOR INTERACTIONS -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES. , Chapter 8. Ig-Superfold and its Variable Uses in Molecular Recognition -- INTRODUCTION -- THE IMMUNOGLOBULIN SUPERFAMILY -- IG-SUPERFOLD-MEDIATED RECOGNITION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 9. T Cell Receptor/pMHC Complexes -- TCR GENERATION AND ARCHITECTURE -- PEPTIDE BINDING TO MHC CLASS IA AND II -- TCR/pMHC INTERACTION -- ORIENTATION OF THE TCR IN TCR/PMHC COMPLEXES -- PEPTIDE RECOGNITION BY THE TCR CDR LOOPS -- DISCREPANCY BETWEEN MAGNITUDE OF STRUCTURAL CHANGES AND BIOLOGICAL OUTCOMES -- ROLE OF BOUND WATER IN TCR/pMHC RECOGNITION -- CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 10. Mechanistic Features of Cell-Surface Adhesion Receptors -- MECHANOSENSORY MECHANISMS -- CELL-CELL ADHESIONS/ADHERENS JUNCTIONS -- T CELL CO-STIMULATION -- AXON GUIDANCE AND NEURAL DEVELOPMENT -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 11. The Immunological Synapse -- INTRODUCTION -- MIGRATION AND THE IS -- THE MEMBRANE-CYTOSKELETON COMPLEX AND THE IS -- REQUIREMENTS FOR TCR TRIGGERING -- INTEGRATION OF ADAPTIVE AND INNATE RESPONSES -- ROLE OF IS IN T CELL DIFFERENTION -- SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 12. NK Receptors -- IMMUNORECEPTORS -- NATURAL KILLER CELLS -- IG-TYPE NK RECEPTORS: KIR -- OTHER IG-TYPE RECEPTORS ON NK CELLS -- C-TYPE LECTIN-LIKE NK RECEPTORS: LY49A -- C-TYPE LECTIN-LIKE NK RECEPTORS: NKG2D -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 13. Carbohydrate Recognition and Signaling -- INTRODUCTION -- BIOLOGICAL ROLES OF CARBOHYDRATE RECOGNITION -- CARBOHYDRATE STRUCTURE AND DIVERSITY -- LECTINS AND CARBOHYDRATE RECOGNITION -- CARBOHYDRATE-MEDIATED SIGNALING -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 14. Rhinovirus-Receptor Interactions -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 15. HIV-1-Receptor Interactions -- MOLECULAR INTERACTIONS -- ATOMIC DETAILS -- RECOGNITION IN THE CONTEXT OF A HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSE -- REFERENCES. , Chapter 16. Influenza Virus Neuraminidase Inhibitors -- FLU VIRUS - ROLE OF NA -- STRUCTURE OF NA -- ACTIVE SITE -- INHIBITOR DEVELOPMENT -- RESISTANCE MUTATIONS -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 17. Structural Basis of Signaling Events Involving Fibrinogen and Fibrin -- SIGNALING EVENTS INVOLVING CELLS AND PLATELETS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 18. Structural Basis of Integrin Signaling -- INTRODUCTION -- STRUCTURE -- QUATERNARY CHANGES -- TERTIARY CHANGES -- TAIL INTERACTIONS -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 19. Structures of Heterotrimeric G Proteins and their Complexes -- INTRODUCTION -- G SUBUNITS -- G-EFFECTOR INTERACTIONS -- GTP HYDROLYSIS BY G AND ITS REGULATION BY GAPs -- G& -- #946 -- & -- #947 -- DIMERS -- RECEPTOR-INDEPENDENT REGULATORS OF G PROTEIN ACTIVATION -- G& -- #945 -- -GPCR INTERACTIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 20. G Protein-Coupled Receptor Structures -- INTRODUCTION -- CLASSIFICATION -- BASIC CONCEPT OF GPCR -- HETEROTRIMERIC G PROTEINS -- THE VAST COMPLEXITY OF GPCR SIGNALING -- MODELS FOR RECEPTOR ACTIVATION -- STRUCTURES OF EXTRACELLULAR DOMAINS OF GPCRs -- STRUCTURES PROBING THE INACTIVE STATE(S): LIGAND ENTRY, BINDING, AND MODES FOR ACTIVITY BLOCKING -- STRUCTURE OF ACTIVE STATE(S) -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 21. Toll-Like Receptors-Structure and Signaling -- STRUCTURE OF TLR3 -- THE dsRNA BINDING SITE IN hTLR3 -- TLR4 -- MD-2 -- TLR1-TLR2 DIMERIZATION BY A TRI-ACYLATED LIPOPEPTIDE -- SIGNALING -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 22. Variable Lymphocyte Receptors -- INTRODUCTION -- VLR GENE ASSEMBLY -- VLR-B ANTIBODY RESPONSES -- MONOCLONAL VLR-B ANTIBODIES -- STRUCTURE OF VLR-B BINDING TO ANTIGEN -- REFERENCES -- Section B - Multi-pass Receptors -- Chapter 23. Structure and Function of G-Protein-Coupled Receptors: Lessons from Recent Crystal Structures. , INTRODUCTION -- RECENT ADVANCES IN STRUCTURAL STUDIES OF G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS -- CRYSTAL STRUCTURES OF HUMAN & -- #946 -- [sub(2)]AR -- UNDERSTANDING LIGAND BINDING SPECIFICITY IN GPCRs -- STRUCTURAL BASIS OF THE ACTIVE STATE -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 24. Chemokines and Chemokine Receptors: Structure and Function -- INTRODUCTION -- CHEMOKINE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION -- CHEMOKINE RECEPTORS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 25. The & -- #946 -- [sub(2)] Adrenergic Receptor as a Model for G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Structure and Activation by Diffusible Hormones -- INTRODUCTION -- A MODEL SYSTEM FOR GPCRS RECOGNIZING DIFFUSIBLE LIGANDS -- CONFORMATIONAL STATES ON THE PATHWAY TO ACTIVATION -- CRYSTAL STRUCTURES OF THE HUMAN & -- #946 -- [sub(2)]AR -- COMPARISON TO THE STRUCTURE OF RHODOPSIN -- MECHANISM OF AGONIST-INDUCED ACTIVATION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 26. Protease-Activated Receptors -- INTRODUCTION -- MECHANISM OF ACTIVATION -- PROTEASE-ACTIVATED RECEPTOR FAMILY -- ROLES OF PARs IN VIVO -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 27. Agonist-Induced Desensitization and Endocytosis of G-Protein-Coupled Receptors -- GENERAL PROCESSES OF GPCR REGULATION -- MECHANISMS OF GPCR DESENSITIZATION AND ENDOCYTOSIS -- FUNCTIONAL CONSEQUENCES OF GPCR ENDOCYTOSIS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 28. Functional Role(s) of Dimeric Complexes Formed from G-Protein Coupled-Receptors -- INTRODUCTION -- HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE -- HETERODIMERIZATION ALTERS RECEPTOR FUNCTION -- RECEPTOR HETERODIMERIZATION IN PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 29. Chemotaxis Receptors in Bacteria: Transmembrane Signaling, Sensitivity, Adaptation and Receptor Clustering -- SIGNALING AT PERIPLASMIC LIGAND BINDING DOMAIN -- SIGNALING AT THE CYTOPLASMIC DOMAIN -- ADAPTATION -- CLUSTERING OF THE CHEMORECEPTOR AND SENSITIVITY -- FUTURE STUDIES -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT. , REFERENCES -- Chapter 30. An Overview of Ion Channel Structure -- INTRODUCTION -- OBTAINING THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURES OF CHANNELS: METHODS AND CHALLENGES -- PROKARYOTIC ION CHANNELS: GATEWAYS TO FULL LENGTH CHANNEL STRUCTURE -- OPEN CHANNELS -- EUKARYOTIC ION CHANNELS AT HIGH RESOLUTION: WHOLE CHANNELS AND EXPLOITATION OF MODULAR STRUCTURE TO DIVIDE AND CONQUER -- DIVIDE AND CONQUER: EXPLOITATION OF THE MODULAR NATURE OF ION CHANNEL STRUCTURE -- ION CHANNEL COMPLEXES -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 31. Molecular Mechanism of Store-Operated Ca[sup(2+)] Signaling and CRAC Channel Activation Mediated by STIM & -- Orai -- INTRODUCTION -- CRAC CHANNEL BIOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES -- STIM SENSES ER CA[sup(2+)] STORE DEPLETION, AGGREGATES, AND TRANSLOCATES TO ER-PLASMA MEMBRANE JUNCTIONS -- ORAI FORMS THE CA[sup(2+)]-SELECTIVE PORE OF THE CRAC CHANNEL -- STIM-INDUCED ACTIVATION OF ORAI CHANNELS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 32. Ion Permeation: Mechanisms of Ion Selectivity and Block -- AQUEOUS PORE -- ION SELECTIVITY -- BLOCK -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 33. Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors -- FUNCTION -- STRUCTURE -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 34. Ion Channels Regulated by Direct Binding of Cyclic Nucleotides -- INTRODUCTION -- 6TM-CNB CHANNEL ARCHITECTURE -- RECEPTOR DOMAIN -- PORE DOMAIN -- VOLTAGE-SENSING DOMAIN -- REFERENCES -- Section C - Horizontal Receptors -- Chapter 35. Overview of Cytokine Receptors -- Chapter 36. Growth Hormone and Prolactin Family of Hormones and Receptors: The Structural Basis for Receptor Activation and Regulation -- INTRODUCTION -- THE GROWTH HORMONE FAMILY OF HORMONES AND RECEPTORS -- TRIGGERING GH AND PRL RECEPTOR ACTIVATION: REVISION TO THE DOGMA -- AN UNANTICIPATED ROLE FOR CYTOKINE HORMONES AS TRANSCRIPTIONAL ENHANCERS -- STRUCTURAL BASIS FOR RECEPTOR HOMODIMERIZATION. , HORMONE SPECIFICITY AND CROSS-REACTIVITY DETERMINES PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLES.