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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Embryologie médicale. (2017)
    Montrouge :Pradel,
    Details
    Keywords: Embryology, Human. ; Electronic books.
    Description / Table of Contents: Manuel de référence qui s'adresse tout autant aux étudiants qu'aux professionnels confrontés aux malformations de l'enfant ● Informations les plus récentes dans le domaine de la génétique et de la biologie moléculaire ● Plus de 400 illustrations : dessins en quadrichromie, photographies d'observation clinique et de microscopie électronique à balayage.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (505 pages)
    Edition: 9th ed.
    ISBN: 9782361100889
    Series Statement: HC
    URL: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/geomar/detail.action?docID=5380500
    DDC: 612.64
    Language: French
    Note: Embryologie médicale -- Préface -- Introduction -- PARTIE 1 - EMBRYOLOGIE GÉNÉRALE -- CHAPITRE 1 - Introduction aux phénomènes de régulation moléculaire et de signalisation -- AUTRES MÉCANISMES DE RÉGULATION DE L'EXPRESSION GÉNIQUE -- INDUCTION ET ORGANOGENÈSE -- SIGNALISATION CELLULAIRE -- PRINCIPALES VOIES DE SIGNALISATION AU COURS DU DÉVELOPPEMENT -- CHAPITRE 2 - Gamétogenèse (transformation des gonocytes en gamètes) -- CELLULES GERMINALES PRIMORDIALES (GONOCYTES PRIMORDIAUX) -- THÉORIE CHROMOSOMIQUE DE L'HÉRÉDITÉ -- TRANSFORMATIONS MORPHOLOGIQUES AU COURS DE LA GAMÉTOGENÈSE -- CHAPITRE 3 - Première semaine du développement (de l'ovulatio nà l'implantation) -- CYCLE OVARIEN -- FÉCONDATION -- SEGMENTATION -- FORMATION DU BLASTOCYSTE -- PRÉPARATION DE L'UTÉRUS À L'IMPLANTATION -- CHAPITRE 4 - Deuxième semaine du développement (disque embryonnaire didermique) -- HUITIÈME JOUR DU DÉVELOPPEMENT -- NEUVIÈME JOUR DU DÉVELOPPEMENT -- ONZIÈME ET DOUZIÈME JOUR DU DÉVELOPPEMENT -- TREIZIÈME JOUR DU DÉVELOPPEMENT -- CHAPITRE 5 - Troisième semaine du développement (disque embryonnaire tridermique) -- GASTRULATION : FORMATION DU MÉSOBLASTE ET DE L'ENTOBLASTE -- FORMATION DE LA NOTOCHORDE -- MISE EN PLACE DES AXES DU CORPS DE L'EMBRYON -- PLANIFICATION DES ÉVOLUTIONS CELLULAIRES AU COURS DE LA GASTRULATION -- CROISSANCE DU DISQUE EMBRYONNAIRE -- ÉVOLUTION DU TROPHOBLASTE -- CHAPITRE 6 - De la 3e à la 8e semaine (période embryonnaire -organogenèse) -- DÉRIVÉS DE L'ECTOBLASTE -- DÉRIVÉS DU MÉSOBLASTE -- DÉRIVÉS DE L'ENTOBLASTE -- STRUCTURATION DE L'AXE ANTÉROPOSTÉRIEUR : RÉGULATION PAR LES GÈNES À HOMÉOBOX ( HOMÉOBOÎTE) -- ASPECT EXTÉRIEUR DE L'EMBRYON AU 2e MOIS -- CHAPITRE 7 - Intestin primitif et coelome interne -- UN TUBE AU-DESSOUS D'UN TUBE : L'INTESTIN PRIMITIF -- FORMATION DU COELOME INTERNE (INTRAEMBRYONNAIRE) -- SÉREUSES. , DIAPHRAGME ET CAVITÉ THORACIQUE -- FORMATION DU DIAPHRAGME -- CHAPITRE 8 - Du 3e mois à la naissance : le foetus et le placenta -- DÉVELOPPEMENT DU FOETUS -- MEMBRANES ET PLACENTA -- ÉVOLUTION DU TROPHOBLASTE -- CHORION VILLEUX ET CADUQUE BASILAIRE -- STRUCTURE DU PLACENTA -- AMNIOS ET CORDON OMBILICAL -- ÉVOLUTION DU PLACENTA EN FIN DE GESTATION -- LIQUIDE AMNIOTIQUE -- MEMBRANES FOETALES CHEZ LES JUMEAUX -- NAISSANCE -- CHAPITRE 9 - Malformations congénitales et diagnostic prénatal -- MALFORMATIONS CONGÉNITALES -- DIAGNOSTIC PRÉNATAL -- THÉRAPIE FOETALE -- PARTIE 2 - ORGANOGENÈSE -- CHAPITRE 10 - Squelette axial -- CRÂNE -- VERTÈBRES ET COLONNE VERTÉBRALE -- CÔTES ET STERNUM -- CHAPITRE 11 - Muscles -- MUSCLES STRIÉS SQUELETTIQUES -- INNERVATION DES MUSCLES STRIÉS SQUELETTIQUES AXIAUX -- MUSCLES SQUELETTIQUES ET TENDONS -- RÉGULATION MOLÉCULAIRE DU DÉVELOPPEMENT MUSCULAIRE -- SPÉCIFICATION DES GROUPES MUSCULAIRES -- MUSCLES DE LA TÊTE -- MUSCLES DES MEMBRES -- MYOCARDE -- MUSCLES LISSES -- CHAPITRE 12 - Membres -- CROISSANCE ET DÉVELOPPEMENT DES MEMBRES -- MUSCULATURE DES MEMBRES -- RÉGULATION MOLÉCULAIRE DE LA DIFFÉRENCIATION DES MEMBRES -- CHAPITRE 13 - Appareil cardiovasculaire -- MISE EN PLACE ET SPÉCIFICATION DES CHAMPS CARDIAQUES -- FORMATION ET MISE EN PLACE DU TUBE CARDIAQUE -- FORMATION DE LA BOUCLE CARDIAQUE -- RÉGULATION MOLÉCULAIRE DU DÉVELOPPEMENT CARDIAQUE -- DÉVELOPPEMENT DU SINUS VEINEUX -- CLOISONNEMENT DU COEUR -- FORMATION DU SYSTÈME DE CONDUCTION DU COEUR -- DÉVELOPPEMENT DES VAISSEAUX -- CIRCULATION AVANT ET APRÈS LA NAISSANCE -- CHAPITRE 14 - Appareil respiratoire -- FORMATION DE L'ÉBAUCHE PULMONAIRE -- LARYNX -- TRACHÉE, BRONCHES ET POUMONS -- MATURATION PULMONAIRE -- CHAPITRE 15 - Appareil digestif -- SUBDIVISIONS DE L'INTESTIN PRIMITIF -- RÉGULATION MOLÉCULAIRE DU DÉVELOPPEMENT DU TUBE DIGESTIF -- MÉSENTÈRE ET MÉSOS. , DÉRIVÉS DE L'INTESTIN ANTÉRIEUR -- RÉGULATION MOLÉCULAIRE DE L'INDUCTION DU FOIE -- PANCRÉAS -- DÉRIVÉS DE L'INTESTIN MOYEN -- DÉRIVÉS DE L'INTESTIN POSTÉRIEUR -- CHAPITRE 16 - Appareil urogénital -- APPAREIL URINAIRE -- APPAREIL GÉNITAL -- CHAPITRE 17 - Tête et cou -- ARCS BRANCHIAUX -- POCHES BRANCHIALES ENTOBLASTIQUES -- POCHES BRANCHIALES ECTOBLASTIQUES -- RÉGULATION MOLÉCULAIRE DU DÉVELOPPEMENT DE LA FACE -- LANGUE -- THYROÏDE -- DÉVELOPPEMENT DE LA FACE -- MASSIF MÉDIAN -- PALAIS SECONDAIRE -- FOSSES NASALES -- DENTS -- RÉGULATION MOLÉCULAIRE DU DÉVELOPPEMENT DES DENTS -- CHAPITRE 18 - Système nerveux central -- MOELLE ÉPINIÈRE (SPINALE) -- ENCÉPHALE -- RÉGULATION MOLÉCULAIRE DU DÉVELOPPEMENT DE L'ENCÉPHALE -- NERFS CRÂNIENS -- SYSTÈME NERVEUX AUTONOME -- CHAPITRE 19 - Oreille -- OREILLE INTERNE -- OREILLE MOYENNE -- OREILLE EXTERNE -- AUDITION -- CHAPITRE 20 - OEil -- CUPULE OPTIQUE ET VÉSICULE CRISTALLINIENNE -- RÉTINE, IRIS ET CORPSCILIAIRE -- CRISTALLIN -- CHOROÏDE, SCLÉROTIQUE ET CORNÉE -- VITRÉ -- NERF OPTIQUE -- RÉGULATION MOLÉCULAIRE DU DÉVELOPPEMENT DE L'OEIL -- CHAPITRE 21 - Téguments et phanères -- PEAU -- POILS -- ONGLES -- GLANDES SUDORIPARES -- GLANDE MAMMAIRE -- ANNEXES -- RÉPONSES AUX QUESTIONS PRATIQUES -- RÉFÉRENCES ICONOGRAPHIQUES -- GLOSSAIRE DES MOTS-CLÉS -- INDEX.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An mRNA Encoding a Putative GABA-Gated Chloride Channel Is Expressed in the Human Cardiac Conduction System (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 68 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: GABA-gated chloride channels are the main inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors in the CNS. Conserved domains among members of previously described GABAA receptor subunits were used to design degenerate sense and antisense oligonucleotides. A PCR product from this amplification was used to isolate a full-length cDNA. The predicted protein has many of the features shared by other members of the ligand-gated ion channel family. This channel subunit has significant amino acid identity (25–40%) with members of GABAA and GABAC receptor subunits and thus may represent a new subfamily of the GABA receptor channel. Although we cannot rule out that this clone encodes a receptor for an unidentified ligand, it was termed GABA χ. This gene is mainly expressed in placenta and in heart; however, placenta appears to express only an unspliced mRNA. In situ hybridization reveals that the GABA χ subunit mRNA is present in the electrical conduction system of the human heart. Our results suggest that novel GABA receptors expressed outside of the CNS may regulate cardiac function.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.1997.68041382.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expression of GABA Receptor ρ Subunits in Rat Brain (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 70 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: The GABA receptor ρ1, ρ2, and ρ3 subunits are expressed in the retina where they form bicuculline-insensitive GABAC receptors. We used northern blot, in situ hybridization, and RT-PCR analysis to study the expression of ρ subunits in rat brains. In situ hybridization allowed us to detect ρ-subunit expression in the superficial gray layer of the superior colliculus and in the cerebellar Purkinje cells. RT-PCR experiments indicated that (a) in retina and in domains that may contain functional GABAC receptors, ρ2 and ρ1 subunits are expressed at similar levels; and (b) in domains and in tissues that are unlikely to contain GABAC receptors, ρ2 mRNA is enriched relative to ρ1 mRNA. These results suggest that both ρ1 and ρ2 subunits are necessary to form a functional GABAC receptor. The use of RT-PCR also showed that, except in the superior colliculus, ρ3 is expressed along with ρ1 and ρ2 subunits. We also raised an antibody against a peptide sequence unique to the ρ1 subunit. The use of this antibody on cerebellum revealed the rat ρ1 subunit in the soma and dendrites of Purkinje neurons. The allocation of GABAC receptor subunits to identified neurons paves the way for future electrophysiological studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.1998.70030899.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adaptive changes in the nigrostriatal pathway in response to increased 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced neurodegeneration in the mouse (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 12 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Although several adaptive mechanisms have been identified that mask the existence of Parkinson's disease and delay the onset and aggravation of motor symptoms, the timescale and implications of this compensatory process remain an enigma. In order to examine: (i) the nature of the dopaminergic adaptive mechanisms that come into action; (ii) their sequential activation in relation to the severity of degeneration; and (iii) their efficacy with regard to the maintenance of a normal level of basal ganglia activity, we analysed the brains of mice treated daily with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP, 4 mg/kg, i.p.) and killed at 5-day intervals from day 0 (D0) to D20. Our results demonstrate the sequential activation of two compensatory mechanisms: (i) an increase in striatal tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) protein content attested by the persistence of TH immunolabelling up to D15, contrasting with the decrease observed in both the number of nigral TH-immunoreactive neurons (−70.2%) and striatal dopamine content (−38.4%); (ii) a downregulation of DA uptake in surviving terminals at D20 (73.4% of nigral degeneration). At this point, the failure of adaptive mechanisms to maintain striatal dopaminergic homeostasis is also illustrated by an increase in the cytochrome oxidase activity of substantia nigra pars reticulata, a marker of neuronal function. It has been postulated that an increase in dopamine release per pulse could constitute an adaptive mechanism. The data we present from our MPTP mice model infirm this hypothesis. This study explores the link between the degree of nigral degeneration and the sequential activation of dopaminergic compensatory mechanisms in the nigrostriatal pathway and, in so doing, proposes a rethink of the paradigm applied to these mechanisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.2000.00180.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chronic morphine exposure and spontaneous withdrawal are associated with modifications of dopamine receptor and neuropeptide gene expression in the rat striatum (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 11 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The influence of chronic morphine and spontaneous withdrawal on the expression of dopamine receptors and neuropeptide genes in the rat striatum was investigated. Morphine dependence was induced by subcutaneous implantation of two morphine pellets for 6 days. Rats were made abstinent by removal of the pellets 1, 2 or 3 days before they were killed. The mRNA levels coding for D1- and D2-dopamine receptors, dynorphin, preproenkephalin A and substance P were determined by quantitative in situ hybridization. The caudate putamen and the nucleus accumbens showed equivalent modifications in dopamine receptor and neuropeptide gene expression. After 6 days of morphine, a decrease in D2-dopamine receptor and neuropeptide mRNA levels was observed (– 30%), but there was no change in D1-dopamine receptor mRNA. In abstinent rats, both D1- and D2-dopamine receptor mRNA levels were decreased 1 day after withdrawal (– 30% compared with chronic morphine). In contrast, neuropeptide mRNA levels were unaffected when compared with those observed after 6 days of morphine. During the second and third day of withdrawal, there was a gradual return to the levels seen in the placebo-treated group, for both dopamine receptor and neuropeptide mRNAs. Phenotypical characterization of striatal neurons expressing μ and κ opioid receptor mRNAs showed that, in striatonigral neurons, both mRNAs were colocalized with D1-receptor and Dyn mRNAs. Our results suggest that during morphine dependence, dopamine and morphine exert opposite effects on striatonigral neurons, and that effects occurring on striatopallidal neurons are under dopaminergic control. We also show that withdrawal is associated with a down regulation of the postsynaptic D1 and D2 receptors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00462.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Levodopa-induced dyskinesia in MPTP-treated macaques is not dependent on the extent and pattern of nigrostrial lesioning (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 22 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The extent of nigrostriatal denervation is presumed to play a role in the genesis of levodopa-induced dyskinesia. Yet some parkinsonian patients who have been treated over a long period do not develop dyskinesia, raising the possibility that the pattern of denervation is as important as the extent of lesioning as a risk factor. Here we study the extent and pattern of nigrostriatal denervation in a homogeneous population of parkinsonian macaque monkeys chronically treated with levodopa. Based on the characteristics of the lesioning, non-dyskinetic animals could not be differentiated from those with dyskinesia. Indeed, the number of tyrosine-hydroxylase (TH)-immunopositive neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, striatal dopamine transporter (DAT) binding and TH immunostaining, as well as the overall TH striatal content measured by Western blotting were identical. Moreover, the patterns of lesioning assessed by a detailed analysis of the TH- and DAT-immunopositive striatal fibers were comparable in all functional quadrants and at all rostro-caudal levels considered. These data indicate that neither the extent nor the pattern of nigrostriatal lesioning are sufficient to explain the occurrence of levodopa-induced dyskinesia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04196.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differential regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase in the basal ganglia of mice lacking the dopamine transporter (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 11 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Mice lacking the dopamine transporter (DAT) display biochemical and behavioural dopaminergic hyperactivity despite dramatic alteration in dopamine homeostasis. In order to determine the anatomical and functional integrity of the dopaminergic system, we examined the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme of dopamine synthesis as well as DOPA decarboxylase and vesicular monoamine transporter. TH-positive neurons in the substantia nigra were only slightly decreased (–27.6 ± 4.5%), which can not account for the dramatic decreases in the levels of TH and dopamine that we previously observed in the striatum. TH mRNA levels were decreased by 25% in the ventral midbrain with no modification in the ratio of TH mRNA levels per cell. However, TH protein levels were decreased by 90% in the striatum and 35% in the ventral midbrain. In the striatum, many dopaminergic projections had no detectable TH, while few projections maintained regular labelling as demonstrated using electron microscopy. DOPA decarboxylase levels were not modified and vesicular transporter levels were decreased by only 28.7% which suggests that the loss of TH labelling in the striatum is not due to loss of TH projections. Interestingly, we also observed sporadic TH-positive cell bodies using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization in the striatum of homozygote mice, and to some extent that of wild-type animals, which raises interesting possibilities as to their potential contribution to the dopamine hyperactivity and volume transmission previously reported in these animals. In conjunction with our previous findings, these results highlight the complex regulatory mechanisms controlling TH expression at the level of mRNA, protein, activity and distribution. The paradoxical hyperdopaminergia in the DAT KO mice despite a marked decrease in TH and dopamine levels suggests a parallel to Parkinson’s disease implying that blockade of DAT may be beneficial in this condition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00764.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fos Immunoreactivity after Stimulation or Inhibition of Muscarinic Receptors Indicates Anatomical Specificity for Cholinergic Control of Striatal Efferent Neurons and Cortical Neurons in the Rat (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 5 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Cholinergic neurons play a major role in the control of striatal activity via muscarinic receptors. The action of acetylcholine also appears to be dependent on the striosome – matrix compartmentalization of the striatum. This study was designed to find out whether modification of acetylcholine tone activates neurons in the striatum and forebrain of the rat. We looked for the appearance of immunoreactivity to Fos, a regulatory protein that is thought to convert synaptic signals into changes in gene expression. Pharmacological manipulation of muscarinic receptors was found to induce specific patterns of Fos immunoreactivity in distinct neuronal populations of the forebrain, including the striatum. Oxotremorine, a non-selective muscarinic agonist, induced Fos immunoreactivity in the striatum with a large predominance in striosomes (mostly in enkephalinergic neurons), in layers 4 and 6 of the cortex, and also in the piriform cortex and septum. The muscarinic agonist pilocarpine had an identical effect in the cortex, but the striosomal prevalence was less clear-cut than that observed after oxotremorine. Treatment with dopamine-depleting agents (6-hydroxydopamine or reserpine) and inhibitors of glutamate and opiate receptor (MK-801 and naloxone respectively) had no effect on the action of oxotremorine. This suggests that the induction of Fos provoked by oxotremorine does not involve dopamine, glutamate or opiates. Atropine, a non-specific muscarinic antagonist, also induced Fos immunoreactivity in the striatum but with matrix predominance (mostly in substance P neurons), as well as in the cingulate cortex, and the olfactory tubercle. Scopolamine, a muscarinic antagonist, induced Fos in both striosomal and matrix compartments in the striatum. No Fos immunoreactivity was observed after change in acetylcholine tone in cholinergic or somatostatinergic neurons of the striatum, or in dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra. Our results demonstrate that stimulation or inhibition of muscarinic receptors induces Fos activation in striatal efferent neurons with topological (striosome/matrix) and phenotypical (enkephalin/substance P) prevalence and specificity and also in cortical neurons with also topological prevalence. These data suggest that in humans, direct or indirect modifications of the cholinergic neurotransmission induced by pathological states or by drugs may lead to neuronal events in the forebrain triggered by Fos activation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.1993.tb00976.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dopamine control of striatal gene expression during development: relevance to knockout mice for the dopamine transporter (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 12 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The aim of this study was to determine at which developmental stage and how dopamine regulates the expression of striatal dopamine receptor and neuropeptide mRNAs. For this, we studied the expression of these mRNAs, in relation to dopamine innervation, in normal mice from gestational day 13 (G13) to adult. Particularly, we investigated the adaptive changes in the expression of these markers in mice lacking the dopamine transporter during development. We detected tyrosine hydroxylase, by immunohistochemistry, in the ventral mesencephalon and the striatal anlage in both genotypes at G13, whereas the dopamine transporter appeared in the striatum of normal mice at G14. By in situ hybridization, we detected striatal dopamine D1, D2, D3 receptor, and substance P mRNAs at G13, preproenkephalin A mRNA at G14 and dynorphin mRNA at G17 in normal mice. Although the time of initial detection and the distribution were not affected in mutant mice, quantitative changes were observed. Indeed, D1 and D2 receptor as well as preproenkephalin A mRNA levels were decreased from G14 on, and dynorphin mRNA level was increased from G17 on. In contrast, substance P mRNA level was unaffected. Our data demonstrate that the influence of dopamine on striatal neurons occurs early during the development of the mesostriatal system as quantitative changes appeared in mutant mice as soon as G14. These findings bring new insights to the critical influence of dopamine on the expression of striatal dopamine receptor and neuropeptide mRNAs during development, and suggest that mesostriatal dopamine transmission functions from G14 on.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.2000.00220.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    D1 and D2 Receptor Gene Expression in the Rat Frontal Cortex: Cellular Localization in Different Classes of Efferent Neurons (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 7 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The dopaminergic input to the frontal cortex has an important role in motor and cognitive functions. These effects are mediated by dopamine receptors both of type D1 and of type D2, although the neural circuits involved are not completely understood. We used in situ hybridization to determine the cellular localization of D1 and D2 receptor mRNAs in the rat frontal cortex. Retrograde tracing was used in the same animals to identify the main cortical efferent populations. Fluorogold was injected into the different cortical targets of the frontal cortex and sections were hybridized with D1 and D2 35S-labelled cRNA probes. D1 and D2 mRNA-containing neurons were present in all the cortical areas investigated, with greater expression in the medial prefrontal, insular and cingulate cortexes and lower expression in the motor and parietal cortexes. Neurons containing D1 mRNA were most abundant in layer Vlb; they were also present in layers Vla and V of all cortical layers and in layer II of the medial prefrontal, cingulate and insular areas. Double labelling with fluorogold demonstrated that D1 mRNA was present in corticocortical, corticothalamic and corticostriatal neurons. Neurons containing D2 mRNA were essentially restricted to layer V, but only in corticostriatal and corticocortical neurons. Neither D1 nor D2 mRNA was found in corticospinal or corticopontine neurons. The present results demonstrate that D1 and D2 receptor genes are expressed in efferent cortical populations, with higher expression for D1. In spite of an overlap in some cortical layers, the expression of D1 and D2 receptor genes is specific for different categories of pyramidal neurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.1995.tb01092.x
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