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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Occupational physical activity, socioeconomic status, and risks of 15 cancer sites in Turkey (1993)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 4 (1993), S. 313-321 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Cancer ; case-control ; colon ; larynx ; melanoma ; occupation ; physical activity ; prostate ; rectum ; socioeconomic status ; Turkey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A multiple-site case-control study of 15 cancers (stomach; colon; rectum; larynx; lung; melanoma; skin; female breast; male breast; cervix; ovary; uterus; prostate; testis; and bladder) was conducted to evaluate their association with occupational physical activity and socioeconomic status (SES). A hospital-based study population (3,486 male cases and 379 female cases, and 2,127 male and 244 female controls) was established in an oncological treatment center in Istanbul, Turkey, from 1979–84. Assessment of physical activity and SES was based on job titles held by the study subjects. Two measures of physical activity were developed based on energy expenditure and ‘sitting time’ during working hours. Observed risks were adjusted for age, smoking, and SES. Elevated risks were observed among workers who held sedentary jobs for cancers of the colon (odds ratio [OR=1.6), rectum (OR=1.3), melanoma (OR=1.9), male breast (OR=1.4), prostate (OR=5.0), and ovary (OR=2.0). Cancers of the cervix and uterus showed significantly decreasing risks with decreased activity. Risks of cancers of the colon, rectum, larynx, ovary, and melanoma were enhanced after risks for physical activity indices were adjusted for SES, while the associations between physical activity and cancers of the prostate, cervix, and uterus were weakened after SES adjustment. Risks of melanoma rose significantly with both activity indices after SES adjustment. The results of this study support previously reported associations between physical activity and cancers of the colon and rectum observed in developed countries, and provide additional evidence for cancers of the larynx, prostate, cervix, uterus, and melanoma, and point out the importance of SES in evaluation of physical activity and cancers of the colon, rectum, larynx, prostate, breast, cervix, and melanoma in developing countries.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00051333
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Employment as butcher and cancer risk in a record-linkage study from Sweden (2000)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 11 (2000), S. 627-633 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: butchers ; epidemiology ; lung neoplasms ; occupational exposures ; stomach neoplasms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: To investigate the risk of cancer among butchers and other meat workers in a large record-linkage study from Sweden. Methods: The Swedish Cancer Environment Register III contains nationwide data on cancer incidence during 1971–1989 for all residents, by occupation and industry of employment as reported at the 1960 and 1970 censuses. We identified 25,049 men classified as butchers or meat workers at either census. We used as a comparison group the remaining part of the active male population, after exclusion of workers with direct contact with animals. Results: Butchers in the meat industry had a slight increase in the risk of cancer (relative risk [RR] 1.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.0–1.3), which was due to an increased risk of cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx (RR 1.6, 95% CI 1.0–2.7), stomach (RR 1.6, 95% CI 1.1–2.7), larynx (RR 1.4, 95% CI 0.6–3.4), and lung (RR 1.4, 95% CI 1.1–1.9). The risk of stomach cancer was highest during the first 5 years of the study, and among butchers from urban areas. No temporal or geographic variations were seen for lung cancer risk, with elevations restricted to squamous cell carcinoma. An increased risk of stomach, laryngeal and lung cancers was present in butchers and meat workers outside the meat industry. There was no clear indication of an increased risk of other neoplasms. Conclusions: The increased risk of oral, laryngeal, lung and stomach cancers among Swedish butchers may be at least partly due to confounding by tobacco smoking, alcohol drinking, and other lifestyle factors. However, exposures in the meat industry (e.g., viruses, nitrosamines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) may contribute the elevated cancer risks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008947531573
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Increased Lymphocyte Replicative Index Following 2,4–Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid Herbicide Exposure (2000)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 11 (2000), S. 373-380 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: herbicide ; lymphocytes ; micronucleus ; occupation ; 2,4–D
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: Evaluate peripheral blood lymphocyte proliferation (replicative index:RI) and micronuclei frequency (MF) among 2,4–D herbicide applicators. Methods: Twelve applicators spraying only 2,4–D provided a blood and urine specimen upon enrollment, several urine samples during the spraying season, and a blood specimen at the study's end. Nine controls provided blood and urine specimens upon enrollment and at the study's end. Gas chromatography/tandem mass spectroscopy determined urinary 2,4–D levels and standard in-vitro assays determined RI and MF scores. Applicator RI and MF were compared before and after spraying and with controls. Results: Applicators contributed 45 urine specimens with concentrations ranging from 1.0 to 1700 (μg 2,4–D/g creatinine/L urine) that logarithmically (ln) increased as spraying time increased. Applicator RI increased after spraying (p = 0.016), independent of tobacco and alcohol use, and demonstrated a weak dose-response with increasing urinary 2,4–D levels (p = 0.15). Among 2,4–D applicators, pre-exposure complete blood counts and lymphocyte immunophenotypes were not significantly different from post-exposure measurements. Conclusion: Urinary 2,4–D concentration, an exposure biomarker, may be associated with lymphocyte replicative index, a cell proliferation biomarker.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008925824242
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Smoking and risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma (1992)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 3 (1992), S. 49-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Case-control study ; cigarettes ; epidemiology ; etiology ; multiple myeloma ; non-Hodgkin's lymphoma ; smoking ; tobacco ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Population-based case-control interview studies of 622 White men with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and 820 controls from Iowa and Minnesota (United States) and 173 White men with multiple myeloma and 452 controls from Iowa offered the opportunity to investigate the relationship of these cancers with smoking. Risks were significantly elevated for all lymphoma (odds ratio [OR]=1.4), high-grade lymphoma (OR=2.3), and unclassified lymphoma (OR=2.8) for cigarette smokers. Dose-response gradients were not seen with intensity of cigarette use, but risks for these subtypes were greatest for cigarette smokers of longest duration. Similar elevations in risks were seen for tobacco users. The risk of multiple myeloma was not significantly elevated for either tobacco users or cigarette smokers. The findings from this study confirm the lack of an association between smoking and multiple myeloma and provide some support for an association between tobacco use and certain subtypes of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00051912
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Occupational risk factors for multiple myeloma among Danish men (1992)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 3 (1992), S. 555-568 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Denmark ; industry ; metalworking ; multiple myeloma ; occupation ; phthalates ; risk factors ; vinyl chloride
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A large population-based case-control study evaluated occupational exposures in 1,098 Danish males diagnosed with multiple myeloma from 1970 to 1984 and in 4,169 age-and gender-matched controls alive at the time of case-diagnosis. Industrial histories were obtained from the Supplementary Pension Fund which, since 1964, has recorded employments of adult Danes; occupation came from subjects' most recent tax records. Four industrial hygienists created a job-exposure matrix for 47 substances based on 15,000 unique industry/occupation combinations in subjects' histories. Risk of myeloma was significantly elevated among road and railroad workers, precision metalworkers, and workers in the transportation and communication industries. Risk increased significantly with duration of employment in: production of synthetic yarns, plastic packaging, and miscellaneous chemical compounds; fabricating structural metal and stationary tanks; body factories; electrical plants; and retail sale of paint and wallpaper. Risks of myeloma were elevated, though statistically nonsignificantly, in all categories of exposure to gasoline and engine exhausts. Risks rose with likelihood and duration of exposure to phthalates, and were statistically significant and nearly fivefold with probable exposure to vinyl chloride for five or more years. After adjusting for multiple exposures and disregarding exposures within 10 years of diagnosis (or selection as a control), probable exposure to vinyl chloride was associated with increased risk of myeloma, which rose to fivefold with longer exposure. Associations with gasoline, engine exhausts, and phthalates persisted, but were inconsistent with duration and probability of exposure. Previously reported associations with agriculture were not confirmed by these data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00052753
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ) (1997)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 8 (1997), S. 473-490 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Cancer ; reactive chemicals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Epidemiologic evidence on the relation between reactive chemicals and cancer is reviewed. These highly reactive chemicals (acrylonitrile; bis[chloromethyl]ether and chloromethyl methyl ether; 1,3-butadiene, ethylene oxide; formaldehyde; mustard gas; sulfuric acid; and vinyl chloride) vary in use and exposure. All are animal carcinogens that also have received considerable epidemiologic attention. Acrylonitrile is a chemical of current economic importance. The epidemiologic evidence is quite weak, but the available studies were very small. Epidemiologic studies clearly demonstrate that bis (chloromethyl) ether and chloromethyl methyl ether cause lung cancer. Continued follow-up of exposed workers is encouraged to provide information on risks for other cancers. Results from epidemiologic studies of butadiene-exposed workers are somewhat inconsistent, but the largest study with the best exposure assessment found the largest relative risk for leukemia. The failure of several larger studies to replicate the early Swedish findings of a very strong association between leukemia and ethylene oxide has not been adequately explained. Epidemiologic studies of formaldehyde provide limited evidence for an association with cancer of the nasopharynx and possibly with nasal cancer. These very rare tumors, however, are difficult to study epidemiologically. Mustard gas is a well-established lung carcinogen, but a recent follow-up of the English cohort suggests that other sites also maybe affected. Sulfuric acid appears to cause laryngeal cancer. A suggested relationship with lung cancer in a few studies is of concern because of the widespread opportunity for exposure from ambient air pollution. Vinyl chloride causes angiosarcoma of the liver, but a large, multi-country study provided no clear evidence that other sites are affected.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018417623867
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multiple myeloma among Danish women: employment history and workplace exposures (1992)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 3 (1992), S. 427-432 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Agriculture ; case-control study ; Denmark ; females ; industry ; multiple myeloma ; occupation ; textiles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: To investigate the role of employment history and workplace exposures as risk factors for multiple myeloma among women, a population-based case-control study using the Danish Cancer Registry data linkage system was conducted. All cases of myeloma diagnosed in Danish women between 1970 and 1984 (1,010 cases) and 4,040 age-matched women alive at the time of case-diagnosis were identified. Industrial histories from 1964 forward were obtained from the nationwide Pension Fund for 363 cases and 1,517 controls, and the most recent occupation on the tax record was available for 607 cases and 2,596 controls. Using industry/occupational-code combinations for the cases and controls who had industry employment, Danish industrial hygienists assessed the likelihood of exposure to 47 workplace substances. An increased myeloma risk (odds ratio [OR] = 1.2, 95 percent confidence interval [CI] = 1.0–1.5) was seen for women not in the Pension Fund, but who had an occupational title coded as ‘Mrs/homemaker’. Nonsignificantly elevated risks of 1.3 or greater were observed for employment in: production of agricultural products; orchards/nurseries; spinning/weaving; other textile and plastics manufacturing; hotel, entertainment, and social services industries. Elevated, but nonsignificant risks were observed for possible and probable exposure to exhaust fumes, formaldehyde, wood dust, animals or animal products, and pesticides. The strongest association with myeloma was employment in the agricultural industry (OR = 1.5, CI = 0.8–2.8), however, the number of women who worked on family farms was unknown and could not be included in this risk estimate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00051355
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pesticide exposures and multiple myeloma in Iowa men (1993)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 4 (1993), S. 153-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Case-control study ; epidemiology ; etiology ; farming ; multiple myeloma ; pesticides ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A population-based case-control study of 173 White men with multiple myeloma (MM) and 650 controls was conducted in Iowa (United States), an area with a large farming population, to evaluate the association between MM, agricultural risk factors, and exposure to individual pesticides. A slight nonsignificantly elevated risk for MM was seen among farmers (odds ratio [OR]=1.2, 95 percent confidence interval [CI]=0.8–1.7). Although slight excesses were observed, there were no significant associations between MM and handling either classes of pesticides or specific pesticides. Thus, this study found little evidence to suggest an association between risk of MM and farming or pesticides.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00053156
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dietary factors and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in Nebraska (United States) (1994)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 5 (1994), S. 422-432 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Animal protein ; carotenes ; diet ; milk ; non-Hodgkin's lymphoma ; United States ; vitamin C
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Little is known about dietary factors and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) risk, although high intakes of animal protein and milk have been associated with NHL in two previous studies. As part of a population-based case-control study of agricultural and other risk factors for NHL in eastern Nebraska (USA), we examined the self- and proxy-reported frequency of consumption of 30 food items by 385 White men and women with NHL and 1,432 controls. Animal protein intake was not associated significantly with the risk of NHL, however, there was a nonsignificatly elevated risk of NHL among men with high milk consumption. Vitamin C, carotene, citrus fruit, and dark green vegetable intakes were inversely significantly related to the risk of NHL for men, but not for women. Among men, the odds ratios for the highest quartiles of both vitamin C and carotene intake were 0.6 (95% confidence intervals=0.3–1.0). There were no meaningful fifferences in the associations of nutrientintakes and NHL, risk between B- and T-cell lymphomas and histologic types. Risks for low intakes of vitamin C and carotene were greater among men and women with a family history of cancer, particularly a history of lymphatic or hematopoietic cancer among first-degree relatives.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01694756
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cohort mortality and nested case-control study of lung cancer among structural pest control workers in Florida (United States) (1994)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 5 (1994), S. 310-318 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Brain cancer ; case-control ; cohort ; lung cancer ; males ; mortality ; pesticides ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A previous report on the mortality of this cohort of Florida (United States) pest control workers found the risk of lung cancer was positively associated with the number of years licensed. An additional follow-up (1977–82) of this male cohort confirmed the excess (SMR=1.4) and the rising risk with increasing number of years licensed (SMR=2.2 among workers employed more than 20 years). A nested case-control study was undertaken to determine the effects of smoking and the type of pesticide exposure on lung cancer risk. Occupational histories and other data were obtained on 65 deceased lung cancer cases, 122 deceased controls, and 172 living controls. Interviews were conducted with next-of-kin regardless of the vital status of the subject. Odds ratios (OR) were adjusted by age and smoking. Adjustments for diet and other occupations had no effect on risk estimates and were not included in the final model. Using information from licensing records, ORs for lung cancer were greater for workers first licensed before age 40 (OR=2.4, 95 percent confidence interval [CI]=1.0–5.9 with deceased controls) and increased from 1.4 (CI=0.7–3.0) for subjects licensed 10–19 years to 2.1 (CI=0.8–5.5) for subjects licensed 20 or more years. Using living controls, an association with duration of employment was observed when years of licensure were lagged five years, but was not observed in unlagged analyses. Using information from the questionnaire, the risk of lung cancer was greater among those who worked as pest control operators than non-pest control workers. Although numbers were typically small, lung cancer risk among pest control operators was associated with reported exposure to carbamates, organophosphates, and phenoxyacetic acids and more specifically with diazinon, DDT, carbaryl, and propoxur. These results further suggest that pesticides may play a role in lung cancer risk and underscore the need for research that focuses on specific chemicals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01804981
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