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  • 1
    ISSN: 1435-0157
    Keywords: Key words Mexico ; groundwater recharge/water budget ; overexploitation ; urban groundwater
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le bassin de la vallée de Mexico est un bassin fermé de 9600 km2, avec une précipitation moyenne annuelle (1980–85) de 746 mm (226.7 m3/s). L'ETR calculée représente 72 à 79% des précipitations. Les montagnes environnantes, Sierra de Las Cruces, Sierra Nevada et Sierra Chichinautzin, sont, par ordre d'importance, les principales zones de recharge de ce bassin fermé. La recharge calculée est au maximum 19 m3/s dans la zone métropolitaine de la vallée de Mexico, tandis qu'une estimation récente évalue les prélèvements souterrains à 51,35 m3/s, ce qui conduit à un déficit supérieur à 30 m3/s. Si l'on prend en compte l'infiltration à partir des fuites des réseaux d'eau potable, le déficit calculé se réduit à 20,5 m3/s. Cette surexploitation des systèmes aquifères se traduit par un abaissement annuel moyen d'un mètre du niveau piézométrique des nappes phréatiques. Parmi les remèdes possibles à cette surexploitation, il faut retenir: (1) le recours pour la consommation aux eaux de ruissellement de surface (en 1995, 17,6 m3/s n'étaient pas utilisés), habituellement pompées vers des secteurs hors de la vallée, (2) un accroissement du nombre et de la capacité des stations d'épuration, (3) la remise en état du réseau de distribution d'eau, (4) la recharge artificielle par l'eau traitée, enfin (5) l'exploitation de systèmes aquifères régionaux profonds.
    Abstract: Resumen El Valle de México es una cuenca cerrada de 9600 km2, donde la precipitación anual media (1980–85) es de 746 mm (226.7 m3/s). La evapotranspiración calculada es del 72–79% de la precipitación. Las cadenas montañosas colindantes, la Sierra de Las Cruces, Sierra Nevada, y la Sierra Chichinautzin son las principales áreas de recarga de la cuenca, en orden de importancia decreciente. La tasa de recarga calculada es de un máximo de 19 m3/s en la Zona Metropolitana del valle, mientras que una estimación reciente de la tasa de explotación de los acuíferos del valle daba valores de 51.35 m3/s, con un déficit de más de 30 m3/s. Si se tiene en cuenta la infiltración debida a las pérdidas de la red de abastecimiento, el déficit se reduce a 20.5 m3/s. La sobreexplotación de los acuíferos se refleja también en el descenso medio anual de los niveles piezométricos en los acuíferos más superficiales, que es de 1 m por año. Algunas posibles soluciones incluyen: (1) el uso de la escorrentía superficial (la cantidad no usada en 1995 fue de 17.6 m3/s) para suministro, un agua que actualmente se bombea hacia fuera del valle; (2) un incremento en el número y la capacidad de las plantas de tratamiento; (3) la renovación de la red de distribución de agua; (4) la reinyección del agua tratada; y (5) la explotación de los acuíferos profundos, de extensión regional.
    Notes: Abstract  The Basin of the Valley of Mexico is a closed basin of 9600 km2, where average annual precipitation (1980–85) is 746 mm (226.7 m3/s). Calculated actual evapotranspiration is 72–79% of the precipitation. The surrounding mountain ranges of the Sierra de Las Cruces, Sierra Nevada, and Sierra Chichinautzin are the main recharge areas for the enclosed Basin, in decreasing order. Calculated recharge rate is a maximum of 19 m3/s in the Metropolitan Zone, whereas a recent estimate of the groundwater exploitation rate indicates that 51.35 m3/s is being withdrawn from the Basin aquifer systems, resulting in a deficit of more than 30 m3/s. Taking into account infiltration processes by leaking water-supply systems, the calculated deficit is reduced to 20.5 m3/s. Overexploitation of the natural aquifer systems is also indicated by an average annual decline of 1 m of the potentiometric levels of the shallow groundwater systems. Possible solutions include: (1) the use of surface runoff water (unused amount in 1995 : 17.6 m3/s) for consumption purposes, which is currently pumped to areas outside the Basin; (2) an increased number and capacity of treatment plants; (3) the renovation of the leaky water-distribution network; (4) the reinjection of treated water; and (5) possible exploitation of deep regional aquifer systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 124 (2000), S. 371-410 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: brine spill ; environmental impact ; Geothermal field ; Los Azufres ; Mexico ; surface contamination ; trace elements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Monitoring of surface water and shallow aquifers inside and outside of the Los Azufres geothermal fieldduring the period November 1994 to May 1996 led to thedetection of some contamination of surface water andshallow aquifers due to exploitation of the deepbrines. Leaking of evaporation ponds and pipelines,occasionally overflowing of reinjection wells and pondrims as well as outflowing of brines duringrehabilitation or drilling operations, are potentialcontamination sources within the cycle of geothermalproduction.Temporarily and/or permanently increased traceelements concentrations, especially Fe, Mn, F, B, andAs in surface waters within the geothermal field aswell as up to 10 km outside, were observed. Maximumvalues of 125 and 8 mg L-1 were observed for B and As,respectively. The discharge of hypersaline geothermalbrines also causes salinization of surrounding soils.It occasionally happens that cattle drink from thebrines. The use of the river for irrigation anddrinking water supply in the surrounding regions maycause accumulation of toxic elements in the human foodchain or may endanger the public health.The establishment of a closed geothermal productioncycle can be achieved by simple remediationtechniques, such as sealing of the pond walls, removalof overflow channels, direct reinjection without anyreposal time in evaporation ponds, as well as animproved security and control system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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