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  • 1
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    Earthquake Nucleation Size: Evidence of Loading Rate Dependence in Laboratory Faults (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-10-27
    Description: Recent Global Positioning System observations of major earthquakes such as the 2014 Chile megathrust show a slow preslip phase releasing a significant portion of the total moment (Ruiz et al., 2014, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1256074). Despite advances from theoretical stability analysis (Rubin & Ampuero, 2005, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JB003686; Ruina, 1983, https://doi.org/10.1029/jb088ib12p10359) and modeling (Kaneko et al., 2017, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL071569), it is not fully understood what controls the prevalence and the amount of slip in the nucleation process. Here we present laboratory observations of slow slip preceding dynamic rupture, where we observe a dependence of nucleation size and position on the loading rate (laboratory equivalent of tectonic loading rate). The setup is composed of two polycarbonate plates under direct shear with a 30‐cm long slip interface. The results of our laboratory experiments are in agreement with the preslip model outlined by Ellsworth and Beroza (1995, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.268.5212.851) and observed in laboratory experiments (Latour et al., 2013, https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50974; Nielsen et al., 2010, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.2009.04444.x; Ohnaka & Kuwahara, 1990, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(90)90138-X), which show a slow slip followed by an acceleration up to dynamic rupture velocity. However, further complexity arises from the effect of (1) rate of shear loading and (2) inhomogeneities on the fault surface. In particular, we show that when the loading rate is increased from 10−2 to 6 MPa/s, the nucleation length can shrink by a factor of 3, and the rupture nucleates consistently on higher shear stress areas. The nucleation lengths measured fall within the range of the theoretical limits Lb and urn:x-wiley:jgrb:media:jgrb53198:jgrb53198-math-0001 derived by Rubin and Ampuero (2005, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JB003686) for rate‐and‐state friction laws.
    Description: Published
    Description: 689-708
    Description: 2T. Sorgente Sismica
    Description: 2IT. Laboratori analitici e sperimentali
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 04.01. Earth Interior
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Conformational stability, folding, and ligand-binding affinity of single-chain Fv immunoglobulin fragments expressed in Escherichia coli (1991)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Biochemistry 30 (1991), S. 10117-10125 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-4995
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi00106a007
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Exchange of Bound Tritium between DNA and Water at Different Temperatures (1970)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 225 (1970), S. 1043-1045 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Fig. 1. Loss of 3H from DNA previously equilibrated with 3H,O. DNA samples were equilibrated with 3H20 and passed through a 'Sephadex G-50' column to remove the 3H2O. The eluted DNA was incubated at the indicated temperature and at intervals samples were passed through a 'G-25' column to separate ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2251043a0
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Merged GLORIA sidescan and Hydrosweep pseudo-sidescan: Processing and creation of digital mosaics (1996)
    Springer
    Marine geophysical researches 18 (1996), S. 651-661 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0581
    Keywords: GLORIA ; sidescan sonar ; Hydrosweep ; multibeam bathymetry ; image processing ; transform fault ; Juan Fernandez microplate ; East Pacific Rise
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We have replaced the usual band of poor-quality data in the near-nadir region of our GLORIA long-range sidescan-sonar imagery with a shaded-relief image constructed from swath bathymetry data (collected simultaneously with GLORIA) which completely cover the nadir area. We have developed a technique to enhance these “pseudo-sidescan” images in order to mimic the neighbouring GLORIA backscatter intensities. As a result, the enhanced images greatly facilitate the geologic interpretation of the adjacent GLORIA data, and geologic features evident in the GLORIA data may be correlated with greater confidence across track. Features interpreted from the pseudo-sidescan may be extrapolated from the near-nadir region out into the GLORIA range where they may nt have been recognized otherwise, and therefore the pseudo-sidescan can be used to ground-truth GLORIA interpretations. Creation of digital sidescan mosaics utilized an approach not previously used for GLORIA data. Pixels were correctly placed in cartographic space and the time required to complete a final mosaic was significantly reduced. Computer software for digital mapping and mosaic creation is incorporated into the newly-developed Woods Hole Image Processing System (WHIPS) which can process both low- and high-frequency sidescan, and can interchange data with the Mini Image Processing System (MIPS) most commonly used for GLORIA processing. These techniques are tested by creating digital mosaics of merged GLORIA sidescan and Hydrosweep pseudo-sidescan data from the vicinity of the Juan Fernandez microplate along the East Pacific Rise (EPR).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00313879
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preclassic lowland maize from Cuello, Belize (1981)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 289 (1981), S. 56-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Excavations at Cuello during 1976-1980 revealed superimposed early structures, some of probably ceremonial function1-3. The overall chronology of the site is from about 2000 b.c. in radiocarbon years to about AD700 in calendar years, the early part of the Late Classic period of historically dated ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/289056a0
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of the genusZea (Poaceae) using polymorphic chloroplast simple sequence repeats (1999)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 218 (1999), S. 245-256 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Poaceae ; Zea chloroplast ; simple sequence repeats ; diversity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have used polymorphic chloroplast simple sequence repeats (cpSSRs) to analyse levels of diversity and relationships within the genusZea. Between two and nine alleles were found at 15 polymorphic loci and combining the data from these loci gave 32 haplotypes in the 37 accessions studied. Genetic differentiation between the two sections within the genus was calculated using theρST statistic which showed that ∼70% of the total variation was found to exist between the sections. A phylogenetic analysis based on theδμ 2 distance metric showed a large split between the two sections and suggested multiple origins of modern cultivated maizeZea mays subsp.mays. The agreement of the phylogenetic tree with other molecular, morphological and karyological studies suggests that cpSSRs may have value in phylogenetic studies in plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01089230
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preclinical testing of an anti-erbB-2 recombinant toxin (1996)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 38 (1996), S. 19-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: recombinant immunotoxins ; erbB-2 ; pharmacokinetics ; toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The performance of OLX-209 indicates it should enter phase I clinical testing. OLX-209 is a recombinant toxin targeting theerbB-2 oncoprotein. The design of OLX-209 takes advantage of improvements in immunotoxin technology to produce a molecule that is smaller and more potent than a conventional chemically linked antibody-toxin conjugate. The targeting portion of OLX-209 is a single chain antibody structure derived from the anti-erbB-2 hybridoma, e23. This antibody has unusual specificity in that it does not bind to most normal tissue including peripheral nerve or kidney tissue. Preclinical testing showsin vitro activity against breast cancer cell lines in the pM range. Efficacy testing in five models of human cancer indicates that a dose of 43 µg/kg causes reproducible tumor regressions. Efficacy can be achieved on a variety of schedules of administration. The effective dose results in no measurable change in serum liver enzymes when delivered to mice or primates. The LD10 is over twice the effective dose in mice. The pharmacokinetics indicate a t1/2 of 50 minutes for both mice and cynomolgus monkeys. Serum concentrations of more than ten times those observed at the effective dose can be achieved in monkeys with no evidence of toxicity. Antigenicity of OLX-209 is surprisingly low. These results form the basis for the clinical testing phase for OLX-209.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01803780
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Type IV collagenase(s) and TIMPs modulate endothelial cell morphogenesis in vitro (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 156 (1993), S. 235-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: It has been proposed that proteases are important in endothelial cell behavior. We examined the contribution of the gelatinase/type IV collagenase system in an in vitro model of endothelial differentiation. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells rapidly align and form networks of tubes when cultured on a basement membrane preparation, Matrigel. Zymograms of culture supernates demonstrate a 72-kD and a 92-kD gelatinase activity; the cells produce most of the 72-kD gelatinase, whereas the 92-kD activity is derived entirely from the Matrigel. Addition of antibodies against type IV gelatinase/collagenase decreases the area of the tube network. Both tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2, similarly decrease tube formation when added to cultures. Conversely, exogenous recombinant 72-kD gelatinase increases tube-forming activity. The effects of the anti-gelatinase antibodies and the TIMPs are not additive. Inhibition by either antibodies or TIMPs is greatest when they are added at culture initiation, suggesting that the protease activity is important in the early steps of morphogenesis. However, culture of the cells on Matrigel does not increase early expression of mRNA for the 72-kD gelatinase. Expression of message for the enzyme actually decreases during the course of the assay, while transcription of mRNA for TIMPs increases, further supporting the concept that collagenases facilitate an early event in tube formation. These data demonstrate that gelatinase/type IV collagenase activity is important in endothelial cell morphogenesis on Matrigel, and suggest a role for collagenases in formation of new capillaries in vivo. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1041560204
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  • 9
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    Towards an integrated global framework to assess the impacts of land use and management change on soil carbon: current capability and future vision (2012)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-03-09
    Description: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Tier 1 methodologies commonly underpin project-scale carbon accounting for changes in land use and management, and are used in frameworks for Life Cycle Assessment and carbon footprinting of food and energy crops. These methodologies were intended for use at large spatial scales. This can introduce error in predictions at finer spatial scales. There is an urgent need for development and implementation of higher tier methodologies that can be applied at fine spatial scales (e.g. farm/project/plantation) for food and bioenergy crop GHG accounting to facilitate decision making in the land-based sectors. Higher tier methods have been defined by IPCCand must be well evaluated and operate across a range of domains (e.g. climate region, soil type, crop type, topography), and must account for land use transitions and management changes being implemented. Furthermore, the data required to calibrate and drive the models used at higher tiers need to be available and applicable at fine spatial resolution, covering the meteorological, soil, cropping system and management domains, with quantified uncertainties. Testing the reliability of the models will require data either from sites with repeated measurements, or from chronosequences. We review current global capability for estimating changes in soil carbon at fine spatial scales, and present a vision for a framework capable of quantifying land use change and management impacts on soil carbon, which could be used for addressing issues such as bioenergy and biofuel sustainability, food security, forest protection, and direct/indirect impacts of land use change. The aim of this framework is to provide a globally-accepted standard of carbon measurement and modelling appropriate for GHG accounting that could be applied at project to national scales (allowing outputs to be scaled up to a country level), to address the impacts of land use and land management change on soil carbon.
    Print ISSN: 1354-1013
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2486
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell
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  • 10
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    Functional and phylogenetic evidence of a bacterial origin for the first enzyme in sphingolipid biosynthesis in a phylum of eukaryotic protozoan parasites [Metabolism] (2017)
    The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (ASBMB)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-07-22
    Description: Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate, intracellular eukaryotic apicomplexan protozoan parasite that can cause fetal damage and abortion in both animals and humans. Sphingolipids are essential and ubiquitous components of eukaryotic membranes that are both synthesized and scavenged by the Apicomplexa. Here we report the identification, isolation, and analyses of the Toxoplasma serine palmitoyltransferase, an enzyme catalyzing the first and rate-limiting step in sphingolipid biosynthesis: the condensation of serine and palmitoyl-CoA. In all eukaryotes analyzed to date, serine palmitoyltransferase is a highly conserved heterodimeric enzyme complex. However, biochemical and structural analyses demonstrated the apicomplexan orthologue to be a functional, homodimeric serine palmitoyltransferase localized to the endoplasmic reticulum. Furthermore, phylogenetic studies indicated that it was evolutionarily related to the prokaryotic serine palmitoyltransferase, identified in the Sphingomonadaceae as a soluble homodimeric enzyme. Therefore this enzyme, conserved throughout the Apicomplexa, is likely to have been obtained via lateral gene transfer from a prokaryote.
    Print ISSN: 0021-9258
    Electronic ISSN: 1083-351X
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Published by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (ASBMB)
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