Note: Front Cover -- Organicum: Practical Handbook of Organic Chemistry -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface to the First German Edition -- Preface to the Fifth German Edition -- Preface to the First English Edition -- PART A: INTRODUCTION TO LABORATORY TECHNIQUE -- Chapter 1. Means and Methods for the Performance of Organic Chemical Reactions -- 1.1. Types of Glass and Glass Joints -- 1.2. Vessels -- 1.3. Condensers -- 1.4. Standard Apparatus for Organic Reactions -- 1.5. Stirring and Shaking -- 1.6. Metering and Introduction of Gases -- 1.7. Heating and Cooling -- 1.8. Working under Pressure -- 1.9. Working under Reduced Pressure -- 1.10. Drying -- Chapter 2. Separating Processes -- 2.1. Filtration and Centrifuging -- 2.2. Crystallization -- 2.3. Distillation and Rectification -- 2.4. Sublimation -- 2.5. Extraction and Distribution or Partition -- 2.6. Adsorption and Adsorption Chromatography -- Chapter 3. The Determination of the Physical Properties of Organic Compounds -- 3.1. Melting Point -- 3.2. Boiling Point -- 3.3. Density -- 3.4. Refractometry -- 3.5. Polarimetry -- 3.6. Absorption Spectroscopy -- Chapter 4. Storage of Chemicals, Destruction of Dangerous Wastes*) -- 4.1. Storage of Chemicals -- 4.2. Wastes and their Destruction -- Chapter 5. Basic Equipment -- Chapter 6. Literature References -- Handling chemicals -- safety†) -- Working with small amounts of substance -- Distillation and rectification -- Partition -- Chromatography -- Paper chromatography -- Thin-layer chromatography -- Gas chromatography -- Spectroscopy in the visible and UV region -- IR spectroscopy -- NMR spectroscopy -- PART B: THE LITERATURE OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY -- REPORT WRITING -- Chapter 1. Reference Literature -- Chapter 2. Periodical Literature -- Chapter 3. Patent Literature -- Chapter 4. Handbooks, Collections of Methods, Progress Reports. , Chapter 5. Books of Tables -- Chapter 6. Textbooks -- Textbooks of Organic Chemistry -- Textbooks of Theoretical Organic Chemistry -- Textbooks of Industrial Organic Chemistry -- Chapter 7. Report Writing -- Chapter 8. Literature Reference -- PART C: SOME GENERAL PRINCIPLES -- Chapter 1. Classification of Organic Chemical Reactions -- 1.1. According to the Reaction Path -- 1.2. According to the Nature of the Bond Rearrangement -- 1.3. According to the Number of Molecules Involved in the Rate-determining Steps of the Reactions -- Chapter 2. The Acid-Base Concept -- Chapter 3. The Time Factor in Organic Chemical Reactions -- 3.1. Successive Reactions -- 3.2. Competing Reactions -- Chapter 4. The Influence of Substituents on the Electron Density Distribution and on the Reactivity of Organic Molecules -- 4.1. The Distribution of the Electron Density in Organic Molecules -- 4.2. The Influence of Substituents on the Reactivity of Organic Compounds. The Hammett Equation -- Chapter 5. Literature References -- Chapter 6. Abbreviations -- PART D: ORGANIC PREPARATIVE SECTION -- On the Use of Experimental Details and Tables -- Chapter 1. Radical Substitution -- 1.1. Production and Stability of Radicals -- 1.2. Reactions of Free Radicals. Radical Chain Reactions -- 1.3. Reactivity and Selectivity in Radical Substitutions -- 1.4. Detection of Radicals and Indications of Radical Reactions -- 1.5. Radical Halogenations -- 1.6. Oxidations with Molecular Oxygen -- 1.7. Other Radical Substitution Reactions -- 1.8. Literature References -- Chapter 2. Nucleophilic Substitution on a Saturated Carbon Atom -- 2.1. General Course and Molecularity of the Reaction -- 2.2. Factors Affecting the Course of NucleophiHc Substitution Reactions -- 2.3. Relationship between Type of Substitution and Substitution Productsf) -- 2.4. Nucleophilic Substitution in Alcohols and Ethers. , 2.5. Nucleophilic Substitution in Alkyl Halides and Sulphates and Alkanesulphonates -- 2.6. Literature References -- Chapter 3. Elimination with the Formation of Multiple C-C Bonds -- 3.1. Ionic Eliminations -- 3.2. Thermal cis-Eliminations -- 3.3 Literature References -- Chapter 4. Additions to Non-activated Multiple C-C Bonds -- 4.1. Electrophilic Addition to Alkenes and Alkynes -- 4.2. Nucleophilic Addition -- 4.3. Radical Addition -- 4.4. A Catalytic Hydrogenation -- 4.5. Literature References -- Chapter 5. Electrophilìc and Nucleophilic Substitution in Aromatics -- 5.1. Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution -- 5.2. Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution -- 5.3. Literature References -- Chapter 6. Oxidation and Dehydrogenation -- 6.1. General Features -- 6.2. Oxidation of Methyl and Méthylène Groups -- 6.3. Oxidation of Primary and Secondary Alcohols and Aldehydes -- 6.4. Quinones by Oxidation -- 6.5. Oxidations with C-C cleavage -- 6.6. Dehydrogenation of Hydrocarbons and Hydroaromatics -- 6.7. Literature References -- Chapter 7. Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds -- 7.1. Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds with Bases -- 7.2. Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds with C- H Acidic Compounds -- 7.3. Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds with Cryptobases -- 7.4. Reactions of Vinylogous Carbonyl Compounds -- 7.5. Literature References -- Chapter 8. Reactions of other Hetero-analogous Carbonyl Compounds -- 8.1. Reduction of Nitro Compounds and Nitroso Compounds -- 8.2. Reactions of Nitrous Acid -- 8.3. Reactions of the Diazonium Salts -- 8.4. Some Reactions of Aliphatic Diazo Compounds -- 8.5. Reactions of Sulphonic Acid Derivatives -- 8.6. Literature References -- Chapter 9. Rearrangements -- 9.1. Nucleophilic 1,2-Rearrangements -- 9.2. Aromatic Rearrangements -- 9.3. Literature References -- PART E: THE IDENTIFICATION OF ORGANIC SUBSTANCES. , Chapter 1. Preliminary Tests and Detection of Functional Groups -- 1.1. Preliminary Tests -- 1.2. Testing for Functional Groups -- Chapter 2. Preparation of Derivatives -- 2.1. Ethers -- 2.2. Aldehydes and Ketones -- 2.3. Alcohols -- 2.4. Amines -- 2.5. Amino-acids -- 2.6. Carboxylic Acids -- 2.7. Amides and Nitriles -- 2.8. Carboxylic Acid Esters -- 2.9. Halogenohydrocarbons -- 2.10. Hydrocarbons -- 2.11. Nitro and Nitroso Compounds -- 2.12. Thiols and Thiophenols -- 2.13. Phenols -- 2.14. Sulphonic Acids -- Chapter 3. Separation of Mixtures -- Chapter 4. Problems for Practice -- Chapter 5. Literature References -- Chapter 6. Tables for the Characterization of Organic Compounds -- Alcohols -- Aldehydes -- Amines (primary and secondary) -- Amines (tertiary) -- Amino-acids -- Carbohydrates -- Carboxylic Adds -- Hal ides (aliphatic) -- Halides (aromatic) -- Hal ides (polyhalides) -- Hydrocarbons (aliphatic and cycloaliphatic) -- Hydrocarbons (alkenes and alkynes) -- Hydrocarbons (aromatic) -- Ketones -- Phenols -- Quinones -- Sulphonic Acids -- Thiols and Thiophenols -- PART F: PROPERTIES, PURIFICATION, AND PREPARATION OF IMPORTANT REAGENTS, SOLVENTS, AND AUXILIARIES (REAGENT APPENDIX)†) -- Literature References -- PART G: THE TOXICITY OF IMPORTANT CHEMICALS†) -- Review of the Toxicity of Important Laboratory Chemicals -- APPENDIX TO ORGANICUM -- Review of Common Methods for the Preparation of Important Classes of Compounds (Methods Index) -- Index.