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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cambridge :Cambridge University Press,
    Keywords: Communication in science. ; Electronic books.
    Description / Table of Contents: Bringing together more than 30 experienced and successful science communicators from across the academic, commercial and media worlds 'telling it like it is', this practical, one-stop resource is essential reading for practising scientists and other professionals who want to share their knowledge.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (502 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9781139157544
    DDC: 501/.4
    Language: English
    Note: Cover -- Successful Science Communication -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Foreword -- Authors' biographies -- John Adams -- David Bennett -- Hayley Birch -- Sir Walter Bodmer -- Tracey Brown -- Nicola Buckley -- Michel Claessens -- Sue Davies -- Peter Evans -- George Gaskell -- Laura Grant -- James Hannam -- Richard Hayhurst -- Wolfgang M. Heckl -- Paul Hix -- Sue Hordijenko -- Richard Jennings -- Richard Jones -- Alastair Kent -- Lise Kingo -- Rikke Schmidt Kjærgaard -- Tanja Klop -- Nicole Kronberger -- Simon Lock -- Chris Mooney -- Alfred Nordmann -- Patricia Osseweijer -- Andrew Revkin -- Maarten van der Sanden -- Piet Schenkelaars -- James Shepherd -- Chris Smith -- Sally Stares -- Susanne Stormer -- Stephen White -- Introduction Public engagement in an evolving science policy landscape -- WHY PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT WITH SCIENCE MATTERS -- THE CASE OF NANOTECHNOLOGY -- CONNECTING PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT TO POLICY -- WHERE NEXT? -- PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT IN AN EVOLVING SCIENCE POLICY LANDSCAPE -- CONCLUSION -- Key resources -- References -- Part 1 What it helps to know beforehand -- 1 Deficits and dialogues: science communication and the public understanding of science in the UK -- INTRODUCTION -- THE BIRTH OF PUBLIC UNDERSTANDING OF SCIENCE -- TAKING PUS FORWARD -- CRITICISMS OF PUS -- THE EXPANSION OF THE PUS AGENDA -- A HARD LESSON TO SWALLOW? -- A NEW MOOD FOR 'DIALOGUE' -- DEFICIT TO DIALOGUE? -- PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT IN PRACTICE -- UPSTREAM ENGAGEMENT -- CONCLUSION -- Key resources -- References -- 2 Explaining the world: communicating science through the ages -- SCIENCE AS STATUS: THE ANCIENT GREEKS -- SCIENCE AS ART: THE ROMANS -- SCIENCE AS HANDMAIDEN: THE MIDDLE AGES -- SCIENCE AS REFORM: THE EARLY-MODERN ERA -- SCIENCE AS ENTERTAINMENT: THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY -- SCIENCE AS PROGRESS: THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. , SCIENCE AS PROFESSION: THE TWENTIETH CENTURY -- Selected further reading -- 3 Science: truth and ethics -- INTRODUCTION -- WHAT IS SCIENCE? -- THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD -- FRANCIS BACON: THE LIGHT OF SCIENCE -- THE VIENNA CIRCLE AND THE QUEST FOR CERTAINTY -- KARL POPPER AND THE GLORIFICATION OF SCEPTICISM -- LOGICAL EMPIRICISM: A COMPROMISE -- THOMAS KUHN AND THE HISTORICAL TURN -- TWO REACTIONS TO KUHN'S THEORY -- WHAT METHOD THEN? -- ETHICS AND THE FRUITS OF SCIENCE -- RESPONSIBLE CONDUCT OF RESEARCH -- THE USE OF SENTIENT BEINGS IN DOING SCIENCE -- THE USE AND APPLICATIONS OF SCIENCE -- Key resources -- References -- 4 The public's view of science -- WHY TAKE THE PUBLIC SERIOUSLY? -- MAPPING PUBLIC PERCEPTIONS -- RISKS: SCIENTIFIC AND PUBLIC LOGICS -- CONFRONTING UNCERTAINTY -- WEIGHING UP GAINS AND LOSSES -- HOW DOES THE PUBLIC ENGAGE WITH SCIENCE? -- PUBLIC ETHICS, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY -- COMMUNICATING SCIENCE TO THE PUBLIC -- Key resources -- References -- 5 The common language of research -- INTRODUCTION -- STARTING WITH THE PUBLIC DEBATE -- HOW DO WE KNOW? -- Help me get to grips with it -- How much do we know? -- Balance of scientific opinion -- Legitimacy -- THE 'SCENE' AND CONTEXT -- SCIENCE AS A PUBLIC TOOL -- Key resources -- References -- 6 Not 100% sure? The 'public' understanding of risk -- WHAT IS RISK? -- THE RISK THERMOSTAT -- PERCEPTUAL FILTERS -- WHAT KILLS YOU MATTERS -- WHO'S TO BLAME? -- Key resources -- References -- 7 The ethos of science vs. ethics of science communication: on deficit and surplus models of science-society interaction -- INTRODUCTION: DISCOURSE ETHICS, SCIENCE, AND DEMOCRACY -- 1 SINCERITY AND STRATEGIC COMMUNICATION -- 2 COMPREHENSIBILITY AND UNDERTAXING THE PUBLICS -- 3 TRUTH AND RESPONSIBLE REPRESENTATION -- 4 ADEQUACY AND THE COMMUNICATION OF IGNORANCE -- Acknowledgment -- Key resources -- References. , Part II Policy-makers, the media and public interest organisations -- 8 Research and public communication in EU policy and practice -- INTRODUCTION -- EUROPEAN BACKGROUND -- IN PRACTICAL TERMS -- EUROPEAN SCIENTISTS AND THE MEDIA -- THE ASSESSMENT SO FAR -- Key resources -- References -- 9 Tackling the climate communication challenge -- MANY CLIMATE CHALLENGES, MANY PATHS -- 10 Dealings with the media -- BECKHAM'S ACHILLES -- BUT WHAT ABOUT YOUR STORY? -- DO THINGS GO WRONG? -- THE LAST 25 YEARS -- 25 PB -- key resources -- 11 Dealings with the U.S. media -- References -- 12 Relations with public interest organisations: consumers -- INTRODUCTION -- A BRIEF HISTORY -- IDENTIFYING EMERGING ISSUES -- INFLUENCING GOVERNMENT POLICY -- IMPACT OF GLOBALISATION -- TWO-WAY RISK COMMUNICATION -- THE CONSUMER PRINCIPLES -- REPRESENTATION IN POLICY DISCUSSIONS -- MOVING BEYOND THE THEORY -- SHAPING INNOVATION -- INVOLVEMENT IN DECISION-MAKING -- RISK ANALYSIS -- RISK ASSESSMENT -- RISK MANAGEMENT -- A PRECAUTIONARY APPROACH -- REMIT OF REGULATION -- CONCLUSION -- References -- 13 Relations with public interest organisations: patients and families -- INTRODUCTION -- GETTING THE MESSAGE ACROSS -- A CLEAN SLATE? -- CAN IT REALLY BE DONE? -- SIX STEPS TOWARDS A GOAL -- CONCLUSION -- USEFUL RESOURCES/EXAMPLES OF GOOD PRACTICE -- 14 Relations with environmental organisations: a very personal story -- STUDENT YEARS -- ACTIVIST YEARS -- PROFESSIONAL APPRENTICE YEARS -- PROFESSIONAL YEARS -- REFLECTIONS -- Key resources -- References -- Part III What you can do and how to do it -- 15 Building relations with the various groups -- WHY BUILD RELATIONS? -- GOING ABOUT BUILDING RELATIONS -- Family, friends and people one meets every day -- Open days, science festivals and science museums -- Local schools, young people and teachers. , Local and national print, radio and TV journalists -- Business, womens, trade union, special interest and similar g -- Local, national and international politicians and policy-makers -- The web: Twitter, YouTube, Facebook, etc. -- Key resources -- References -- 16 Finding the right words: how to shine in radio and television interviews -- IMPACT IN THE REAL WORLD OF BROADCASTING -- THE MEDIA CULTURE -- RELEVANCE AND COLOUR -- WHAT AN INTERVIEWER REALLY WANTS -- PREPARING FOR INTERVIEWS -- SELECTING YOUR MATERIAL -- COMMON PROBLEMS -- CONVERSATIONAL STYLE -- THE IMPORTANCE OF PICTURES -- PICTURE-MAKING TECHNIQUES -- THE WORST QUESTIONS IN THE WORLD -- DEMANDS OF TELEVISION -- PRACTICE PAYS -- EDITING, VETTING AND OTHER MATTERS -- AN INTERVIEW CHECKLIST -- Key resources -- (1) Programme material -- (2) Media skills -- (3) Science communication in general -- 17 Nanotechnology and the media: front page or no story? -- Key resources -- 18 The power of the podcast: the Naked Scientists' story -- BACKGROUND TO THE NAKED SCIENTISTS -- TO SUM UP -- Key resources -- 19 The social web in science communication -- INTRODUCTION -- DEFINING SOCIAL MEDIA -- THE YOUTUBE GENERATION -- NEW OPPORTUNITIES -- NEW CHALLENGES -- THE SAME RULES APPLY -- CASE STUDIES -- Why Science? -- #COP15 -- Richard Wiseman -- The Tree of Life web project -- IMPACT -- Key resources -- 20 Dealing with dilemmas and societal expectations: a company's response -- SETTING THE SCENE -- NOVO NORDISK AND THE TRIPLE BOTTOM LINE -- A BUSINESS APPROACH IN TRANSIT: NOVO NORDISK'S JOURNEY -- DEALING WITH DILEMMAS AND SOCIETAL CONCERNS: A NEW STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT MODEL -- STAKEHOLDER INNOVATION: CHANGING DIABETES -- Learning with stakeholders to improve diabetes care -- Multi-stakeholder engagement in the fight against diabetes. , DAWNTM advocacy initiative for national guidelines on psychosocial diabetes care -- Changing Diabetes® Leadership Forums -- Changing Diabetes® Barometer -- Communicating with the public on changing diabetes -- Changing Diabetes® World Tour -- Novo Nordisk Media Prize -- ETHICS DILEMMAS: ENHANCING STAKEHOLDERS' MUTUAL UNDERSTANDING -- Novo Nordisk and bioethics -- The ethics e-learning initiative -- How it works: learning through questions and games -- WHERE TO NEXT? -- Key resources -- References -- 21 Science festivals -- WHAT ARE SCIENCE FESTIVALS? - THEIR SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS -- PURPOSES OF SCIENCE FESTIVALS -- RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN SCIENCE FESTIVALS AND CONTEMPORARY OVERVIEW -- ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURES -- OTHER TYPES OF FESTIVALS THAT FEATURE SCIENCE -- SCIENTIST MOTIVATIONS AND BENEFITS -- HOW TO GET INVOLVED -- TRAINING -- EVALUATION -- CONCLUSION -- Key resources -- References -- 22 Things to see and do: how scientific images work -- INTRODUCTION -- HOW DO WE VISUALISE SCIENTIFIC DATA? -- DYNAMIC DESIGN THROUGH INTERACTIVITY -- AESTHETIC AND FUNCTIONAL -- ARTISTIC SCIENCE OR SCIENTIFIC ART? -- USING COLOUR IN VISUAL REPRESENTATIONS -- SCIENTIFIC IMAGES IN THE MEDIA -- WHY ARE SOME REPRESENTATIONS BETTER THAN OTHERS? -- WHAT YOU CAN DO -- Data -- Context -- Design -- Colour -- Key resources -- References -- 23 The Triple Helix: the undergraduate student-run face of science communication -- WHAT WE'RE ABOUT -- THE BIGGER PICTURE -- SOCIETIES -- HOW TO GET PEOPLE INVOLVED -- HOW TO KEEP PEOPLE KEEN -- THE SCIENCE IN SOCIETY REVIEW -- PANEL EVENTS: A MEDIUM FOR PARTICIPATION -- SCHOOLS OUTREACH -- DEBATING COMPETITION -- CAFÉ SCIENTIFIQUE: PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- WHY 'THE TRIPLE HELIX'? -- Acknowledgements -- Key resources -- 24 Public understanding of research: the Open Research Laboratory at the Deutsches Museum. , Key resources.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: We tested whether regeneration of transected rubrospinal tract (RST) axons is facilitated by a prolonged electrical stimulation of these axons. A peripheral nerve was grafted to the transected RST at the cervical level (C4/5) of adult rats, providing a permissive environment for regeneration of rubrospinal axons. Direct antidromic stimulation of the RST was applied immediately after grafting through a microwire inserted just rostral to the RST lesion, using a 1-h 20-Hz supramaximal stimulation protocol. Stimulation caused no direct damage to rubrospinal axons, and was sufficient to recruit the entire rubrospinal tract. In control animals that had a nerve graft and implanted microwire with no stimulation, there were 42.7 ± 10.2 rubrospinal neurons regenerated into the graft at 8 weeks, as assessed by retrograde labelling. In test animals that were stimulated there were 28.2 ± 7.4 backlabelled neurons, not significantly different from control, indicating that this stimulation did not improve the regenerative capacity of rubrospinal neurons. Furthermore, reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and/or growth-associated protein-43 (GAP-43) expression in rubrospinal neurons revealed no significant difference between stimulated and unstimulated groups at 48 h after injury, with either 1 or 8 h of stimulation. In summary, direct stimulation of the injured RST axons for the periods tested does not increase expression of GAP-43 and BDNF, and ultimately does not promote regeneration of these central nervous system axons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Company
    Nature biotechnology 12 (1994), S. 1313-1313 
    ISSN: 1546-1696
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: [Auszug] To the editor: Bernhard Zechendorf's most thorough “survey of surveys” on public opinions about biotechnology (Bio/Technology 12: 870–875, September) probably raises more questions than it answers—and they are crucially important questions. These surveys reveal wide ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 95 (1993), S. 488-498 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Movement ; Stiffness ; Muscle ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The stiffness of the human elbow joint was investigated during targeted, 1.0-rad voluntary flexion movements at speeds ranging from slow (1.5 rad/s) to very fast (6.0 rad/s). A torque motor produced controlled step position errors in the execution of the movements. The steps began at the onset of movement, rose to an amplitude of 0.15 rad in 100 ms, and had a duration equal to movement duration. The net joint torque (muscle torque) resisting the step perturbation was computed from the applied torque, the joint acceleration, and the limb inertia. Subjects resisted the imposed step changes with approximately step changes in the net muscle torque. The mean resistance torque divided by the step amplitude was computed and is referred to as the stiffness. The stiffness increased with the voluntary movement speed, over the range of speeds (1.5–6 rad/s). The stiffness increased linearly with the magnitude of the net muscle torque on the unperturbed trials (referred to as “background torque”). The stiffness changed by only 20% when the step amplitude ranged from 0.05 to 0.15 rad. The mechanical resonant frequency (f r), estimated from the average stiffness estimates, ranged from 0.8 to 3.0 Hz. The resonant frequency approximately equaled the principal frequency component of the movement f m. On average: f r = 0.96 f m+0.46. During the fixed, 100-ms rise time of the step, the resistance was not linearly related to the background torque. At slower speeds the resistance was relatively greater during this rise time. However, when the imposed step perturbation was modified so that its rise time occurred in a time proportional to the movement duration (rather than in the fixed, 100-ms, time), the muscle torque resisting the motor during this rise time was proportional to the background torque. When these modified step responses were plotted on a time scale normalized to the movement duration, they all had approximately the same shape. Apparently the muscle viscosity scaled with the stiffness so as to maintain the constant response shape (constant damping ratio). The observed “tuning” of the mechanical properties to the movement speed is suggested to be important in the robust generation of smooth stereotyped voluntary movements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 95 (1993), S. 499-508 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Movement ; Stiffness ; Reflex ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The role of reflexes in the control of stiffness during human elbow joint movement was investigated for a wide range of movement speeds (1.5–6 rad/s). The electromyographic (EMG) responses of the elbow joint muscles to step position errors (step amplitude 0.15 rad; rise time 100 ms) imposed at the onset of targeted flexion movements (1.0 rad amplitude) were recorded. For all speeds of movement, the step position disturbance produced large modulations of the usual triphasic EMG activity, both excitatory and inhibitory, with an onset latency of 25 ms. In the muscles stretched by the perturbation, the early EMG response (25–60 ms latency) magnitude was greater than 50% of the activity during the unperturbed movements (background activity). In all muscles the EMG responses integrated over the entire movement were greater than 25% of the background activity. The responses were relatively greater for slower movements. Perturbations assisting the movement caused a short-latency (25–60 ms) reflex response (in the antagonist muscle) that increased with movement speed and was constant as a percentage of the background EMG activity. In contrast, perturbations resisting the movement caused a reflex response (in the agonist muscle) that was of the same absolute magnitude at all movement speeds, and thus decreased with movement speed as a percentage of the background EMG activity. There was a directional asymmetry in the reflex response, which produced an asymmetry in the mechanical response during slow movements. When the step perturbation occurred in a direction assisting the flexion movement, the antagonist muscle activity increased, but the main component of this response was delayed until the normal time of onset of the antagonist burst. When the step perturbation resisted the movement the agonist muscles responded briskly at short latency (25 ms). A reflex reversal occurred in two of six subjects. A fixed reflex response occurred in the antagonist muscle, regardless of the perturbation direction. For the extension direction perturbations (resisting movement), this response represented a reflex reversal (50 ms onset latency) and it caused the torque resisting the imposed step (stiffness) to drop markedly (below zero for one subject). Reflex responses were larger when the subject was prevented from reaching the target. That is, when the perturbation remained on until after the normal time of reaching the target, the EMG activity increased, with a parallel increase in stiffness. Similarly, when the perturbations prevented the subject from reaching the target during a 1-rad voluntary cyclic movement, the EMG and stiffness increased markedly. Coactivation of the antagonist muscle with the agonist muscle was not prominent (〈30% of antagonist activity) during unperturbed movements. The perturbations were resisted with reciprocal activity, and thus reflex action did not increase the coactivation. However, as a result of the low-pass properties of muscle, substantial cocontraction of the agonist and antagonists muscle forces may have occurred during rapid movements, thus leading to increased stiffness. As the relative changes in normal EMG activity produced by the perturbation were often comparable with the changes in mean muscle torque (stiffness) reported in the first paper of this series, we conclude that the action of reflexes produced a significant portion of the resistance to perturbations. This reflexive portion was greater for slower movements, it was greater when the subject neared the target, and it was variable according to the perturbation direction and the particular subject. Given that the perturbations were of similar frequency content to the movement itself (though of smaller amplitude) and that the reflexes contributed substantially to the resistance to these perturbations, we suggest that in normal unperturbed movements the observed EMG is likewise substantially determined by the reflex activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2016-10-14
    Description: Integrated quantum light sources in photonic circuits are envisaged as the building blocks of future on-chip architectures for quantum logic operations. While semiconductor quantum dots have been proven to be the highly efficient emitters of quantum light, their interaction with the host material induces spectral decoherence, which decreases the indistinguishability of the emitted photons and limits their functionality. Here, we show that the indistinguishability of in-plane photons can be greatly enhanced by performing resonance fluorescence on a quantum dot coupled to a photonic crystal waveguide. We find that the resonant optical excitation of an exciton state induces an increase in the emitted single-photon coherence by a factor of 15. Two-photon interference experiments reveal a visibility of 0.80 ± 0.03, which is in good agreement with our theoretical model. Combined with the high in-plane light-injection efficiency of photonic crystal waveguides, our results pave the way for the use of this system for the on-chip generation and transmission of highly indistinguishable photons.
    Print ISSN: 0003-6951
    Electronic ISSN: 1077-3118
    Topics: Physics
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