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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relationships between field-measured denitrification losses, CO"2 formation and diffusional constraints
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Soil Biology and Biochemistry 26 (1994), S. 891-899 
    Details
    ISSN: 0038-0717
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(94)90305-0
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of environmental conditions on the amount of N2O released from activated sludge in a domestic waste water treatment plant (1995)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 51 (1995), S. 419-422 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: N2O release ; activated sludge ; nitrification ; denitrification ; ozone destruction ; greenhouse effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Waste water purification is characterized by intensive mineralization and nitrification processes. Because of the high O2 demand, temporarily anaerobic conditions may be produced, and denitrification by nitrifying organisms as well as heterotropic denitrification may contribute to N2O release. In situ measurements (1993–1994) suggest that N2O is released from activated sludge in a domestic waste water treatment plant at an average rate of 1040 μg m−2h−1 with a range between zero and 6198 μg m−2h−1. The production of N2O seems to be related to the concentration of NO 2 − and NO 3 − as well as to the pH. In the waste water about 75–200 μg N2O l−1 is dissolved. This N2O is released after discharge into the receiving waters. The N2O is produced essentially by nitrification rather than by heterotropic denitrification. On a long-term scale the increasing use of mechanical-biological waste water purification plants world-wide may add increasingly to the anthropogenic production of N2O, although the present amount of N2O produced is negligible compared to its global terrestrial production.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01928908
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Incomplete Denitrification (NO and N2O) from Nitrate by Streptomyces violaceoruber and S. nitrosporeus Revealed by Acetylene Inhibition and 15N Gas Chromatography-Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry Analyses (1997)
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 84 (1997), S. 145-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001140050365
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mineralization kinetics and utilization as an N source of dicyandiamide (DCD) in soil (1992)
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 79 (1992), S. 26-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01132276
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    N2O-Freisetzung aus Nitrit (Denitrifikation) durch ubiquitare Pilze unter aeroben Bedingungen (1982)
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 69 (1982), S. 598-599 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00396360
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of denitrification losses by the acetylene inhibition technique in a permanent ryegrass field (Lolium perenne L.) fertilized with animal slurry or ammonium nitrate (1994)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 18 (1994), S. 327-333 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Denitrification ; Acetylene inhibition technique ; Grassland ; Lolium perenne ; Animal slurry ; Dicyandiamide ; Nitrification inhibition ; Ammonium nitrate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In a field experiment, the effect of animal slurry, (with and without the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide on total denitrification losses estimated by the C2H2 inhibition technique was measured over 2 years (1989–1990). During this period, four different plots (each with four replicates) were fertilized six times with 150 kg N ha-1 in the form of cattle-pig slurry or NH4NO3. Soil samples (0–20 cm) were analysed at regular intervals for NH inf4 sup+ and NO inf3 sup− concentrations. The soil water content was determined gravimetrically. During the first year (1989) total denitrification losses from unfertilized, mineral-fertilized, and animal slurry-amended plots (with or without dicyandiamide) were estimated as 0.2, 3.1, 0.7, and 0.6 kg N ha-1, respectively. During the second year (1990) the denitrification losses were 0.4, 1.3, 0.7, and 0.7 kg N ha-1, respectively. There was a clear relationship between the NO inf3 sup− concentration or soil water content and the denitrification rate. The results are siteund experiment-specific and cannot be generalized so far.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00570636
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Emissions of nitrous oxide from a constructed wetland using a groundfilter and macrophytes in waste-water purification of a dairy farm (1999)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 29 (1999), S. 354-359 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Constructed wetlands ; Waste-water treatment ; Reed ; Phragmites australis ; Released and retained nitrous oxide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  In less populated rural areas constructed wetlands with a groundfilter made out of the local soil mixed with peat and planted with common reed (Phragmites australis) are increasingly used to purify waste water. Particularly in the rhizosphere of the reed, nitrification and denitrification processes take place varying locally and temporally, and the question arises to what extent this type of waste-water treatment plant may contribute to the release of N2O. In situ N2O measurements were carried out in the two reed beds of the Friedelhausen dairy farm, Hesse, Germany, irrigated with the waste water from a cheese dairy and 70 local inhabitants (12 m3 waste water or 6 kg BOD5 or 11 kg chemical O2 demand (CODMn) day–1). During November 1995 to March 1996, the release of N2O was measured weekly at 1 m distances using eight open chambers and molecular-sieve traps to collect and absorb the emitted N2O. Simultanously, the N2O trapped in the soil, the soil temperature, as well as the concentrations of NH4 +-N, NO3 –-N, NO2 –-N, water-soluble C and the pH were determined at depths of 0–20, 20–40 and 40–60 cm. In the waste water from the in- and outflow the concentrations of CODMn, BOD5, NH4 +-N, NO3 –-N, NO2 –-N, as well as the pH, were determined weekly. Highly varying amounts of N2O were emitted at all measuring dates during the winter. Even at soil temperatures of –1.5  °C in 10 cm depth of soil or 2  °C at a depth of 50 cm, N2O was released. The highest organic matter and N transformation rates were recorded in the upper 20 cm of soil and in the region closest to the outflow of the constructed wetland. Not until a freezing period of several weeks did the N2O emissions drop drastically. During the period of decreasing temperatures less NO3 –-N was formed in the soil, but the NH4 +-N concentrations increased. On average the constructed wetlands of Friedelhausen emitted about 15 mg N2O-N inhabitant equivalent–1 day–1 during the winter period. Nitrification-denitrification processes rather than heterotrophic denitrification are assumed to be responsible for the N2O production.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050565
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    N2O emissions from different cropping systems and from aerated, nitrifying and denitrifying tanks of a municipal waste water treatment plant (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 257-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: N2O release ; Cropping systems ; Waste water treatment ; Activated sludge ; Nitrification ; Demitrification ; Carbon availability ; Available carbon-to-nitrate ratio
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nitrous oxide emissions, nitrate, water-soluble carbon and biological O2 demand (BOD5) were quantified in different cropping systems fertilized with varying amounts of nitrogen (clayey loam, October 1991 to May 1992), in an aerated tank (March 1993 to March 1994), and in the nitrification-denitrification unit (March to July 1994) of a municipal waste water treatment plant. In addition, the N2O present in the soil body at different depths was determined (February to July 1994). N2O was emitted by all cropping systems (mean releases 0.13–0.35 mg N2O m-2 h-1), and all the units of the domestic waste water treatment plant (aerated tank 0–6.2 mg N2O m-2 h-1, nitrification tank 0–204,3 mg N2O m-2, h-1, denitrifying unit 0–2.2 mg N2O m-2 h-1). During the N2O-sampling periods estimated amounts of 0.9, 1.5, 2.4 and 1.4 kg N2O−N ha-1, respectively, were released by the cropping systems. The aerated, nitrifying and denitrifying tanks of the municipal waste water treatment plant released mean amounts of 9.1, 71.6 and 1.8 g N2O−N m-2, respectively, during the sampling periods. The N2O emission were significantly positively correlated with nitrate concentrations in the field plots which received no N fertilizer and with the nitrogen content of the aerated sludge tank that received almost exclusively N in the form of NH 4 + . Available carbon, in contrast, was significantly negatively correlated with the N2O emitted in the soil fertilized with 80 kg N ha-1 year. The significant negative correlation between the emitted N2O and the carbon to nitrate ratio indicates that the lower the carbon to nitrate ratio the higher the amount of N2O released. Increasing N2O emissions seem to occur at electron donorto-acceptor ratios (CH2O or BOD5-to-nitrate ratios) below 50 in the cropping systems and below 1200–1400 in the waste water treatment plant. The trapped N2O in the soil body down to a depth of 90 cm demonstrates that agricultural production systems seem to contain a considerable pool of N2O which may be reduced to N2 on its way to the atmosphere, which may be transported to other environments or which may be released at sometime in the future.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335953
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    N2O emissions from different cropping systems and from aerated, nitrifying and denitrifying tanks of a municipal waste water treatment plant (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 257-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words N2O release ; Cropping systems ; Waste water treatment ; Activated sludge ; Nitrification ; Denitrification ; Carbon availability ; Available ; carbon-to-nitrate ratio
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nitrous oxide emissions, nitrate, water-soluble carbon and biological O2 demand (BOD5) were quantified in different cropping systems fertilized with varying amounts of nitrogen (clayey loam, October 1991 to May 1992), in an aerated tank (March 1993 to March 1994), and in the nitrification-denitrification unit (March to July 1994) of a municipal waste water treatment plant. In addition, the N2O present in the soil body at different depths was determined (February to July 1994). N2O was emitted by all cropping systems (mean releases 0.13–0.35 mg N2O m–2 h–1), and all the units of the domestic waste water treatment plant (aerated tank 0–6.2 mg N2O m–2 h–1, nitrification tank 0–204,3 mgN2O m–2 h–1, denitrifying unit 0–2.2 mg N2O m–2 h–1). During the N2O-sampling periods estimated amounts of 0.9, 1.5, 2.4 and 1.4 kg N2O-N ha–1, respectively, were released by the cropping systems. The aerated, nitrifying and denitrifying tanks of the municipal waste water treatment plant released mean amounts of 9.1, 71.6 and 1.8 g N2O-N m–2, respectively, during the sampling periods. The N2O emission were significantly positively correlated with nitrate concentrations in the field plots which received no N fertilizer and with the nitrogen content of the aerated sludge tank that received almost exclusively N in the form of NH4 +. Available carbon, in contrast, was significantly negatively correlated with the N2O emitted in the soil fertilized with 80 kg N ha–1 year. The significant negative correlation between the emitted N2O and the carbon to nitrate ratio indicates that the lower the carbon to nitrate ratio the higher the amount of N2O released. Increasing N2O emissions seem to occur at electron donor-to-acceptor ratios (CH2 O or BOD5-to-nitrate ratios) below 50 in the cropping systems and below 1200–1400 in the waste water treatment plant. The trapped N2O in the soil body down to a depth of 90 cm demonstrates that agricultural production systems seem to contain a considerable pool of N2O which may be reduced to N2 on its way to the atmosphere, which may be transported to other environments or which may be released at sometime in the future.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335953
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Environmental impact of fertilizing soils by using sewage and animal wastes (1994)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 37 (1994), S. 1-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: animal slurries and manures ; applications to soils ; carbon- ; nitrogen- ; phosphorus ; contamination ; crop production ; dissemination ; hazardous organics ; heavy metals ; inputs ; macro- and micronutrients ; pathogens ; sewage sludges ; survival- ; transfer- ; transport and adsorption rates in soils
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The European Community is producing annually about 300 × 106 tons of sewage sludges as well as about 150, 950,160 and 200 tons of domestic, agricultural, industrial and other wastes (street litter, dead leaves etc.). About 20–25% of the German sewage sludges, which contain in average about 3.8,1.6, 0.4, 0.6, 5.3% DM−1 N, P, K, Mg and Ca, 202, 5, 131, 349, 53, 3 and 1446 mg kg−1 DM Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Hg, Zn as well as ca. 37 and 5 mg kg−1 Dm polychlorinated hydrocarbons and biphenyls, are recycled annually as fertilizer. In addition environmental impacts on the arable land of Germany may derive from 76,19.2, 64.7, 33.6, 7.8 and 0.1 kg ha−1 a−1 of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Cu added as animal manures. Besides heavy metals and hazardous organics pathogens are disseminated with organic wastes. Crop production and soil fertility generally profit from the considerable amounts of plant nutrients and carbon in sewage sludges, animal slurries and manures, but the physicochemical soil properties, the composition of microbial, faunal and plant communities as well as the metabolic processes in the soil-, rhizo- and phyllosphere are changed by organic manuring. Consequences for the soil carbon-, nitrogen-and phosphorus-cycle are discussed. Impacts of heavy metals and hazardous organics on the soil biomass and its habitat as well as on transport mechanisms and surival times of disseminated pathogens in soils are reviewed with emphasis on the German situation. A proposal for future strategies (landscape recycling) is made.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750669
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