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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    DNA-flow cytometry of head and neck carcinoma: the importance of uniform tissue sampling and tumor sites (1992)
    Springer
    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 249 (1992), S. 140-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: DNA-flow cytometry ; Head and neck cancer ; Tissue sampling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Flow cytometric DNA ploidy measurements using deparaffinized tumor specimens were performed on 46 squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck, including 22 carcinomas of the oropharynx, 18 carcinomas of the larynx and six carcinomas of the oral cavity. Aneuploidy was found in 14 of these tumors with carcinomas of the larynx and oral cavity showing almost equal percentages of DNA aneuploidy (10/18 and 3/6, respectively). In contrast, only 1 of the oropharyngeal carcinomas was aneuploid. Accurate microscopy-controlled sampling of tumor tissue from the histological tissue blocks was found to be mandatory in order to obtain reliable ploidy measurements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00183488
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The chemistry of the lowland rice rhizosphere (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 83-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: cation-anion intake balance ; iron oxidation ; lowland rice ; pH change ; rhizosphere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Models and experimental studies of the rhizosphere of rice plants growing in anaerobic soil show that two major processes lead to considerable acidification (1–2 pH units) of the rhizosphere over a wide range of root and soil conditions. One is generation of H+ in the oxidation of ferrous iron by O2 released from the roots. The other is release of H+ from roots to balance excess intake of cations over anions, N being taken up chiefly as NH4 +. CO2 exchange between the roots and soil has a much smaller effect. The zone of root-influence extends a few mm from the root surface. There are substantial differences along the root length and with time. The acidification and oxidation cause increased sorption of NH4 + ions on soil solids, thereby impeding the movement of N to absorbing root surfaces. But they also cause solubilization and enhanced uptake of soil phosphate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024989
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
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    Justifying the Choice of Endpoints for Clinical Trials (2013)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-11-06
    Electronic ISSN: 1460-2105
    Topics: Medicine
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 4
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    Detecting and Exploiting Etiologic Heterogeneity in Epidemiologic Studies (2012)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-09-21
    Description: Contemporary searches for new risk factors frequently involve genome-wide explorations of very large numbers of candidate risk variants. Given that diseases can often be classified into subtypes that possess evidence of etiologic heterogeneity, the question arises as to whether or not a search for new risk factors would be improved by looking separately within subtypes. Etiologic risk heterogeneity inevitably increases the signal in at least one of the subtypes, but this advantage may be offset by smaller sample sizes and the increased chances of false discovery. In this article, the authors show that only a relatively modest degree of etiologic heterogeneity is necessary for the subtyping strategies to have improved statistical power. In practice, effective exploitation of etiologic heterogeneity requires strong evidence that the subtypes selected are likely to exhibit substantial heterogeneity. Further, defining the subtypes that demonstrate the most heterogeneous profiles is important for optimizing the search for new risk factors. The concepts are illustrated by using data from a breast cancer study in which results are available separately for estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) and -negative (ER–) tumors.
    Print ISSN: 0002-9262
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-6256
    Topics: Medicine
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 5
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    Blocking and Randomization for Biomarker Discovery (2014)
    The American Association for Cancer Research (AACR)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-07-02
    Description: Randomization and blocking have the potential to prevent the negative impacts of nonbiologic effects on molecular biomarker discovery. Their use in practice, however, has been scarce. To demonstrate the logistic feasibility and scientific benefits of randomization and blocking, we conducted a microRNA study of endometrial tumors ( n = 96) and ovarian tumors ( n = 96) using a blocked randomization design to control for nonbiologic effects; we profiled the same set of tumors for a second time using no blocking or randomization. We assessed empirical evidence of differential expression in the two studies. We performed simulations through virtual rehybridizations to further evaluate the effects of blocking and randomization. There was moderate and asymmetric differential expression (351/3,523, 10%) between endometrial and ovarian tumors in the randomized dataset. Nonbiologic effects were observed in the nonrandomized dataset, and 1,934 markers (55%) were called differentially expressed. Among them, 185 were deemed differentially expressed (185/351, 53%) and 1,749 not differentially expressed (1,749/3,172, 55%) in the randomized dataset. In simulations, when randomization was applied to all samples at once or within batches of samples balanced in tumor groups, blocking improved the true-positive rate from 0.95 to 0.97 and the false-positive rate from 0.02 to 0.002; when sample batches were unbalanced, randomization was associated with the true-positive rate (0.92) and the false-positive rate (0.10) regardless of blocking. Normalization improved the detection of true-positive markers but still retained sizeable false-positive markers. Randomization and blocking should be used in practice to more fully reap the benefits of genomics technologies. Clin Cancer Res; 20(13); 3371–8. ©2014 AACR .
    Print ISSN: 1078-0432
    Electronic ISSN: 1557-3265
    Topics: Medicine
    Published by The American Association for Cancer Research (AACR)
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  • 6
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    Association of Interferon Regulatory Factor-4 Polymorphism rs12203592 With Divergent Melanoma Pathways (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-02-10
    Description: Background: Solar elastosis and neval remnants are histologic markers characteristic of divergent melanoma pathways linked to differences in age at onset, host phenotype, and sun exposure. However, the association between these pathway markers and newly identified low-penetrance melanoma susceptibility loci remains unknown. Methods: In the Genes, Environment and Melanoma (GEM) Study, 2103 Caucasian participants had first primary melanomas that underwent centralized pathology review. For 47 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) previously identified as low-penetrant melanoma risk variants, we used multinomial logistic regression to compare melanoma with solar elastosis and melanoma with neval remnants simultaneously to melanoma with neither of these markers, excluding melanomas with both markers. All statistical tests were two-sided. Results: IRF4 rs12203592 was the only SNP to pass the false discovery threshold in baseline models adjusted for age, sex, and study center. rs12203592*T was associated positively with melanoma with solar elastosis (odds ratio [OR] = 1.47, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.18 to 1.82) and inversely with melanoma with neval remnants (OR = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.48 to 0.87) compared with melanoma with neither marker ( P global = 3.78 x 10 -08 ). Adjusting for phenotypic characteristics and total sun exposure hours did not materially affect rs12203592’s associations. Distinct early- and late-onset age distributions were observed in patients with IRF4 rs12203592 [CC] and [TT] genotypes, respectively. Conclusions: Our findings suggest a role of IRF4 rs12203592 in pathway-specific risk for melanoma development. We hypothesize that IRF4 rs12203592 could underlie in part the bimodal age distribution reported for melanoma and linked to the divergent pathways.
    Electronic ISSN: 1460-2105
    Topics: Medicine
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 7
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    Vitamin D receptor polymorphisms and survival in patients with cutaneous melanoma: a population-based study (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-01-06
    Description: Factors known to affect melanoma survival include age at presentation, sex and tumor characteristics. Polymorphisms also appear to modulate survival following diagnosis. Result from other studies suggest that vitamin D receptor (VDR) polymorphisms (SNPs) impact survival in patients with glioma, renal cell carcinoma, lung, breast, prostate and other cancers; however, a comprehensive study of VDR polymorphisms and melanoma-specific survival is lacking. We aimed to investigate whether VDR genetic variation influences survival in patients with cutaneous melanoma. The analysis involved 3566 incident single and multiple primary melanoma cases enrolled in the international population-based Genes, Environment, and Melanoma Study. Melanoma-specific survival outcomes were calculated for each of 38 VDR SNPs using a competing risk analysis after adjustment for covariates. There were 254 (7.1%) deaths due to melanoma during the median 7.6 years follow-up period. VDR SNPs rs7299460, rs3782905, rs2239182, rs12370156, rs2238140, rs7305032, rs1544410 (BsmI) and rs731236 (TaqI) each had a statistically significant (trend P values 〈 0.05) association with melanoma-specific survival in multivariate analysis. One functional SNP (rs2239182) remained significant after adjustment for multiple testing using the Monte Carlo method. None of the SNPs associated with survival were significantly associated with Breslow thickness, ulceration or mitosis. These results suggest that the VDR gene may influence survival from melanoma, although the mechanism by which VDR exerts its effect does not seem driven by tumor aggressiveness. Further investigations are needed to confirm our results and to understand the relationship between VDR and survival in the combined context of tumor and host characteristics.
    Print ISSN: 0143-3334
    Electronic ISSN: 1460-2180
    Topics: Medicine
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 8
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    Risk of Non-Melanoma Cancers in First-Degree Relatives of CDKN2A Mutation Carriers (2012)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-06-20
    Description: The purpose of this study was to quantify the risk of cancers other than melanoma among family members of CDKN2A mutation carriers using data from the Genes, Environment and Melanoma study. Relative risks (RRs) of all non-melanoma cancers among first-degree relatives (FDRs) of melanoma patients with CDKN2A mutations (n = 65) and FDRs of melanoma patients without mutations (n = 3537) were calculated as the ratio of estimated event rates (number of cancers/total person-years) in FDRs of carriers vs noncarriers with exact Clopper–Pearson-type tests and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). All statistical tests were two-sided. There were 56 (13.1%) non-melanoma cancers reported among 429 FDRs of mutation carriers and 2199 (9.4%) non-melanoma cancers in 23 452 FDRs of noncarriers. The FDRs of carriers had an increased risk of any cancer other than melanoma (56 cancers among 429 FDRs of carrier probands vs 2199 cancers among 23 452 FDRs of noncarrier probands; RR = 1.5, 95% CI = 1.2 to 2.0, P = .005), gastrointestinal cancer (20 cancers among 429 FDRs of carrier probands vs 506 cancers among 23 452 FDRs of noncarrier probands; RR = 2.4, 95% CI = 1.4 to 3.7, P = .001), and pancreatic cancer (five cancers among 429 FDRs of carrier probands vs 41 cancers among 23 452 FDRs of noncarrier probands; RR = 7.4, 95% CI = 2.3 to 18.7, P = .002). Wilms tumor was reported in two FDRs of carrier probands and three FDRs of noncarrier probands (RR = 40.4, 95% CI = 3.4 to 352.7, P = .005). The lifetime risk of any cancer other than melanoma among CDKN2A mutation carriers was estimated as 59.0% by age 85 years (95% CI = 39.0% to 75.4%) by the kin-cohort method, under the standard assumptions of Mendelian genetics on the genotype distribution of FDRs conditional on proband genotype.
    Electronic ISSN: 1460-2105
    Topics: Medicine
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 9
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    The behavioral turn in flood risk management, its assumptions and potential implications (2020)
    In:  WIREs Water
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-12-14
    Description: Sections PDFPDF Tools Share Abstract Recent policy changes highlight the need for citizens to take adaptive actions to reduce flood‐related impacts. Here, we argue that these changes represent a wider behavioral turn in flood risk management (FRM). The behavioral turn is based on three fundamental assumptions: first, that the motivations of citizens to take adaptive actions can be well understood so that these motivations can be targeted in the practice of FRM; second, that private adaptive measures and actions are effective in reducing flood risk; and third, that individuals have the capacities to implement such measures. We assess the extent to which the assumptions can be supported by empirical evidence. We do this by engaging with three intellectual catchments. We turn to research by psychologists and other behavioral scientists which focus on the sociopsychological factors which influence individual motivations (Assumption 1). We engage with economists, engineers, and quantitative risk analysts who explore the extent to which individuals can reduce flood related impacts by quantifying the effectiveness and efficiency of household‐level adaptive measures (Assumption 2). We converse with human geographers and sociologists who explore the types of capacities households require to adapt to and cope with threatening events (Assumption 3). We believe that an investigation of the behavioral turn is important because if the outlined assumptions do not hold, there is a risk of creating and strengthening inequalities in FRM. Therefore, we outline the current intellectual and empirical knowledge as well as future research needs. Generally, we argue that more collaboration across intellectual catchments is needed, that future research should be more theoretically grounded and become methodologically more rigorous and at the same time focus more explicitly on the normative underpinnings of the behavioral turn.
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
    Format: application/pdf
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