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  • 1
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: “Oxidative stress” may be of significance in the etiopathogenesis of dementia of Alzheimer type (DAT). Therefore, we measured activities of the enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), which detoxicate reactive oxygen species. Enzyme activities were measured postmortem in basal ganglia, cortical, and limbic brain regions of patients with DAT and age-matched controls. SOD activity increased with age in basal nucleus of Meynert. However, there was no significant difference in SOD activity between DAT and controls. CAT activity was independent of age and postmortem time. There were significant reductions in CAT activity in parietotemporal cortex, basal ganglia, and amygdala in DAT compared with controls (p 〈 0.05 to 0.01). Our findings are in line with the assumption that reactive oxygen species could contribute to the pathogenesis of DAT. Absence of these changes in basal nucleus of Meynert might reflect retrograde degeneration of cholinergic fibers.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1365-2826
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Autoregulation of receptor systems by their own ligands is a well established biological phenomenon. While down-regulation of the glucocorticoid binding capacity by glucocorticoids has been shown in animals and humans, data on up-regulation processes in humans are lacking. To further explore glucocorticoid receptor plasticity in relation to endogenous ligands, glucocorticoid binding parameters were assessed in 15 healthy controls before and after oral administration of 1.5 g metyrapone with and without dexamethasone pretreatment. Administration of metyrapone resulted in blockade of the feedback of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system as shown by the rise in adrenocorticotropin levels, while pretreatment with 1 mg dexamethasone completely suppressed adrenocorticotropin concentrations. Glucocorticoid binding sites per lymphocyte exhibited an increase of 63% following metyrapone administration, which was prevented by dexamethasone pretreatment. Comparison of morning and afternoon glucocorticoid binding sites per cell in 11 healthy volunteers further revealed a diurnal rhythm of glucocorticoid receptor sites. These data suggest that human lymphocyte glucocorticoid receptors are under autoregulatory control.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 71 (1980), S. 79-82 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Diazepam ; Schizophrenia ; Schizoaffective psychosis ; Clinical efficacy ; Lack of sedation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The pharmacological properties and the equivocal antipsychotic effects of diazepam reported in the literature suggested the use of high doses of this drug on schizophrenic patients to re-evaluate its usefulness. Treatment of 15 schizophrenic patients with doses of up to 400 mg/day showed a specific effect on hallucinations and certain forms of delusion. One group (nine patients with paranoid-hallucinatory and one with schizo-affective psychosis) showed a significant reduction in psychopathology as documented in the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) and the Global Clinical Impressions (GCI), whereas five other patients (all of the schizo-affective type with symptoms of depression, euphoria, and/or psychotic anxiety) did not respond and had to be withdrawn from the study. Under the treatment an absence of sedative effects and a development of the feeling of well-being and euphoria were noticed. In three patients with doses of over 260 mg/day a marked loss of inhibitions in sexual and social behaviour was observed. It is concluded that high doses of diazepam may be useful in certain types of schizophrenia.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature genetics 12 (1996), S. 123-123 
    ISSN: 1546-1718
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] Sir — Takahashi et al.1 recently reported in Nature Genetics a null mutation in the human CNTF gene that is not causally related to neurological diseases. We have genotyped 352 unrelated Caucasian individuals (178 females, 174 males; mean age ± SD: 44.2 ± 17.2 years) for this ...
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 228 (1980), S. 205-211 
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Schizophrenia ; HLA antigens ; Psychiatric genetics ; Arthropathies ; Schizophrenie ; HLA-Antigene ; Psychiatrische Genetik ; Arthropathie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Verschiedene Erkrankungen mit offensichtlicher Beteiligung des Autoimmunesystems und gehäuftem familiärem Vorkommen weisen eine Korrelation mit spezifischen Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA) auf. Eine solche Korrelation ergab sich auch zwischen HLA und psychiatrischen Erkrankungen. Allerdings sind die bisher gewonnenen Ergebnisse widersprüchlich. In vorliegender Studie wurden 100 Schizophrene und 472 Kontrollpersonen aus Mannheim auf ihr HLA-Muster untersucht. In der Gesamtgruppe der Schizophrenen fanden wir eine erhöhte Incidenz des HLA B27 (P=0,017). In den Gruppen der paranoiden (P=0,005), der chronisch Schizophrenen (P〈0,001) sowie bei Patienten mit ungünstiger Prognose (P〈0,001) und Patienten mit Krankheitsbeginn vor dem 20. Lebensjahr fand sich B27 mit erhöhter Incidenz. In den letzteren 3 Gruppen fand sich auch eine erhöhte Incidenz des HLA A9. Die Kombination A9-B27 wurde in 0,63% der Kontrollgruppe und in 7% des Patientenkollektivs gefunden (P〈0,001). 85,7% der Träger dieser Kombination waren chronisch paranoid Kranke mit ungünstiger Prognose. Diese Studie weist auf die Möglichkeit hin, daß die HLA-Bestimmung für genetische Studien, aber auch zur Differentialdiagnose und zur Prognose der Schizophrenie einmal von Nutzen sein könnte.
    Notes: Summary Various diseases with a noticeable autoimmune component and frequent occurrence within one family show a statistically significant correlation with specific human leukocyte antigens (HLA). This correlation was also shown in studies of HLA in psychiatric disorders. However, results have been contradictory. The phenotype frequencies of HLA specificities were investigated in 100 schizophrenic patients and 472 controls from the same geographic area in Germany. The frequency of HLA B27 was significantly increased in the patient group as a whole (P=0.017) and in the subgroups of paranoid patients (P=0.005), chronic schizophrenics (P〈0.001), patients with poor prognosis (P〈0.001), and in patients with onset of the disease before the age of 20 years (P=0.004). In the latter three groups an elevated incidence of HLA A9 was also found. The combination A9-B27 was detected in 0.63% of our control group and in 7% of the patients (P〈0.001). Of these patients 85.7% were chronic paranoid patients with poor prognostic features. This study gives support to the possibility of using HLA typing in genetic studies of schizophrenia, as well as in the differential diagnosis and prognosis.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 231 (1982), S. 221-225 
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Schizophrenia ; CSF ; Glutamate ; Neuroleptic drugs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei 28 paranoid Schizophrenen und 15 psychisch gesunden Kontrollen wurde die Glutamatkonzentration im Liquor cerebrospinalis gemessen. Fünfzehn der 28 Patienten standen unter neuroleptischer Therapie, 13 waren völlig ohne Medikamente. Es ergab sich kein signifikanter Unterschied zwischen Patienten ohne Neuroleptika und Kontrollen. Allerdings war die Glutamatkonzentration bei Patienten, die Neuroleptika erhielten, signifikant höher als bei Patienten ohne Neuroleptika (P〈0.01) oder Kontrollen (P〈0.001). Dieses Ergebnis, zusammen mit anderen Befunden aus der Literatur, läßt daran denken, daß die Steigerung der cerebralen Glutamatkonzentration nicht ohne Bedeutung für die antipsychotische Wirksamkeit der Neuroleptika sein mag.
    Notes: Summary Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) glutamate levels were measured in 28 paranoid schizophrenic patients and 15 healthy individuals. From the 28 patients 15 were treated with neuroleptic drugs and 13 did not take any drugs. No significant difference was found between glutamate in patients without neuroleptics and controls. However, CSF glutamate was significantly higher in patients taking neuroleptics than in controls (P〈0.001) or in patients without neuroleptics (P〈0.01). This and other data from the literature indicate that enhanced levels of cerebral glutamate may be significant for the antipsychotic efficacy of neuroleptic drugs.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 230 (1981), S. 81-89 
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Schizophrenia ; Stereotyped behavior ; Ethology ; Schizophrenie ; Stereotypie ; Ethologie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird stereotypes Verhalten bei einem schizophrenen Patienten beschrieben, das durch Gähnen oder durch Bruchstücke dieses Vorgangs in der Umgebung hervorgerufen wird. Es besteht aus Bewegungselementen, die — in ethologischer Betrachtung — an vigilanzsteigernde Aktivitäten sowie an Reinigungsbewegungen erinnern. Es wird erwogen, ob es durch den Gähnvorgang zu einer Stimmungsübertragung kommt, die unter der Einwirkung des schizophrenen Prozesses das zwangsähnlich empfundene stereotype Verhalten auslöst. Die Angemessenheit ethologischer Deutungen für derartige Krankheits-symptome wird kurz erörtert.
    Notes: Summary Stereotyped behavior in a schizophrenic patient is described, provoked by yawning or fragments of this act in the environment. It consists of elements that, in an ethological sense are reminiscent of activities which increase vigilance and cleanse the body. It is suggested that yawning brings about a certain ‘mood transfer’ which induces this kind of specific stereotyped behavior. The adequacy of an ethological interpretation of these symptoms of disease is briefly discussed.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Phenylethylamine ; Phenylacetic acid ; Schizophrenia ; CSF ; Phenyläthylamin ; Phenylessigsäure ; Schizophrenie ; CSF
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Phenyläthylamin (PEA) ist eine endogene Substanz mit amphetaminähnlichen, stimulierenden Eigenschaften, die auch im menschlichen Organismus vorkommt. Wegen dieser Wirkungen ist ein veränderter PEA Stoffwechsel bei bestimmten Formen von Schizophrenie zu vermuten. In der vorliegenden Studie wurde bei 28 schizophrenen Patienten und 15 psychisch gesunden Kontrollpersonen PEA und Phenylessigsäure (PAA) gemessen. Im Liquor cerebrospinalis unbehandelter und behandelter Patienten mit paranoider Schizophrenie sowie gesunder Kontrollen wurden keine signifikant unterschiedlichen PEA Konzentrationen gefunden. Allerdings zeigten die zwei Patienten mit den höchsten Psychosescores in der Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale extrem hohe PEA Werte im Liquor. Dagegen war die unkonjugierte Phenylessigsäure (PAA), der Hauptmetabolit des PEA, signifikant bei unbehandelten Schizophrenen erniedrigt (P〈0.05). Da PEA vermutlich neuromodulatorische Wirkungen hat, kann angenommen werden, daß schon äußerst geringe und spezifisch lokalisierte Veränderungen im PEA Stoffwechsel (wie in der erniedrigten PAA und der partiellen Erhöhung von PEA zum Ausdruck kommt) veränderte zentrale Neurotransmission in bestimmten Schizophrenieformen bewirken.
    Notes: Summary Phenylethylamine (PEA) is an endogenous substance with amphetamine-like stimulant properties. On the basis of this ability an abnormal brain PEA metabolism has been proposed as an etiological factor in some forms of schizophrenia. In the present study 28 schizophrenic patients and 15 healthy controls were investigated. No significant difference from control values was found in PEA concentration in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of either untreated or neuroleptic-treated schizophrenics. However, 2 schizophrenics with highest BPRS scores had extremely high PEA concentrations. Free phenylacetic acid (PAA), the major metabolite of PEA, was significantly decreased in ummedicated but not in drug-treated schizophrenics. Because of the assumed neuromodulatory properties of PEA, it is suggested that lowered PAA concentrations and the tendency for PEA to be elevated may imply that altered central neurotransmission occurs in certain forms of schizophrenia.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 233 (1983), S. 59-70 
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Antidepressive mechanisms ; Amitriptyline ; Promethazine ; Antihistaminic-cholinolytic properties ; Antidepressive Mechanismen ; Amitriptylin ; Promethazin ; Antihistaminerge-cholinolytische Wirkungen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Gegenwärtig wird angenommen, daß die gebräuchlichen Antidepressiva klinisch durch eine Potenzierung oder eine Verringerung zentraler noradrenerger und serotoninerger Neurotransmission wirken. Allerdings lassen neuere experimentelle Arbeiten erwarten, daß auch antihistaminerge und/oder cholinolytische Effekte beteiligt sein könnten. Diese kontrollierte Studie verglich Amitriptylin (katecholamin-potenzierend, anthihistaminerg, cholinolytisch) mit Promethazin (antihistaminerg, cholinolytisch) bei 50 stark depressiven Patienten über eine 30tägige Behandlungsperiode. Die Analyse der Hamilton Depressionsskala ergab eine signifikante klinische Überlegenheit des Amitriptylin über Promethazin bei depressiven Kernsymptomen wie: gedrückte Stimmung, Suizidneigung, Angst und Schlafstörungen. Bezüglich der vegetativen Nebenwirkungen ergaben sich keine signifikanten Unterschiede. Ähnliche Befunde wurden mit Hilfe des AMP-Systems erhoben. Es wird geschlossen, daß antihistaminerge oder cholinolytische Wirkungen per se nicht die klinischen Effekte der Antidepressiva erklären. Vielmehr scheint die Potenzierung noradrenerger Neurotransmission durch cholinolytische Aktivität der wesentliche antidepressive Mechanismus zu sein.
    Notes: Abstract It is assumed that established antidepressants exert their clinical efficacy by potentiation or decrease of central noradrenergic and serotonergic neurotransmission. However, recent experimental work suggests that antihistaminic and/or cholinolytic effects may also be involved. This double-blind controlled study compared amitriptyline (catecholamine potentiating, antihistaminic, cholinolytic) with promethazine (antihistaminic, cholinolytic) in 50 severely depressed inpatients over a 30-day treatment period. Analysis of the Hamilton depression rating scale revealed significant clinical superiority of amitriptyline over promethazine in such major depressive symptoms as depressed mood, suicidal ideation, psychic anxiety, and sleep disturbances. No significant difference was evident as far as autonomous side effects were concerned. Similar results were found by analysis of the AMP rating system. It is concluded that antihistaminic or cholinolytic effects per se do not explain the antidepressants' efficacy. However, potentiation of noradrenergic neurotransmission by cholinolytic activity might be the major antidepressive mechanism.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 227 (1979), S. 49-58 
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: dl-Phenytalanine as antidepressant ; Double-blind trial with imipramine ; dl-Phenytalanin als Anlidepressivum ; Doppelblindstudie gegen Imipramin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In einer Doppelblindstudie an 40 depressiven Patienten wurde unter stationären Bedingungen entwederdl-Phenylalanin (150–200 mg/die) oder Imipramin (150–200 mg/die) über einen Zeitraum von 30 Tagen appliziert. Die psychiatrischen Diagnosen wurden gemäß der International Classification of Diseases (ICD) gestellt. Zur Dokumentation der psychopathologischen, neurologischen und somatischen Befunde wurde das AMP-System, die Bf-S-Selbsteinschätzungsskala (v. Zerssen et al., 1974) sowie die Hamilton Depressionsskala verwendet. 27 Patienten (14 unter Imipramin-, 13 unter Phenylalanintherapie) vollendeten die Studie. Mit der Bf-S-Skala und Hamilton-Skala konnten keine statistisch signifikanten (Studentst-Test) Unterschiede zwischen den beiden Behandlungsgruppen gefunden werden. Die Angst-Ratings waren auf der Hamilton-Skala in der Imipramin-Gruppe an Tag 10 und 20 niedriger als in der Phenylalanin-Gruppe, jedoch nicht mehr an Tag 30. Überdies wurden in der Imipramin-Gruppe Schlafstörungen an Tag 1, 5 und 10 günstiger beeinflußt, jedoch nicht mehr an Tag 20 und 30. Die getrennt durchgeführte Analyse psychopathologischer Syndrome, wie z. B. somalisch-depressives Syndrom und gehemmt-depressives Syndrom, zeigten keine Gruppen-Differenz auf dem 5%-Niveau (2-Wege-Varianzanalyse). Diese Studie gibt einen weiteren Hinweis auf mögliche antidepressive Eigenschaften vondl-Phenylalanin; gewisse melhodologische Erwägungen jedoch ermöglichen noch nicht eine eindeulige Beurteilung.
    Notes: Summary In a double-blind study,dl-phenylalanine (150–200mg/24h) or imipramine (150–200mg/24h) was administered to 40 depressed patients (20 patients in each group) for 30 days. Diagnoses were established according to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD). The AMP system, the Hamilton Depression Scale and the Bf-S self rating questionnaire (von Zerssen et al., 1974) were used to document psychopathological, neurologic, and somatic changes. Twenty-seven patients (14 on imipramine, 13 on phenylalanine) completed the 30-day trial. No statistical difference could be found between these two drug treatment groups (Student'st-test) using the Hamilton Depression Scale and the Bf-S self rating questionnaire. Ratings for anxiety were significantly lower in the imipramine group on days 10 and 20, but not on day 30; in addition, sleep disturbances were more influenced by imipramine on days 1, 5, and 10, but not on days 20 and 30. Separate analysis of psychopathological syndromes as somatic depressive syndrome and retarded depressive syndrome did not show a group difference (0.05 level of significance using a two-way analysis of variance). It is concluded thatdl-phenylalanine might have substantial antidepressant properties. However, certain methodological considerations still warrant a careful interpretation.
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