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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    San Diego :Elsevier Science & Technology,
    Keywords: Nuclear reactors -- Environmental aspects -- Washington (State) -- Hanford Reach. ; Nuclear power plants -- Environmental aspects -- Washington (State) -- Hanford Reach. ; Aquatic organisms -- Effect of radiation on -- Washington (State) -- Hanford Reach. ; Aquatic organisms -- Effect of water pollution on -- Washington (State) -- Hanford Reach. ; Environmental monitoring -- Washington (State) -- Hanford Reach. ; Indicators (Biology) -- Washington (State) -- Hanford Reach. ; Hanford Site (Wash.). ; Electronic books.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (325 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9780080874982
    Series Statement: Issn Series ; v.Volume 39
    Language: English
    Note: Front Cover -- Aquatic Bioenvironmental Studies: The Hanford Experience 1944-84 -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Glossary of Scientific and Common Names -- Chapter 1. Introduction -- The Hanford Site -- Environmental Awareness -- References -- Chapter 2. Hostorical Influences on Hanford Operations -- Genesis of The Hanford Site -- Milestones -- Organizations on The Hanford Site, Early 1980s -- References -- Chapter 3. Operation Areas and Land Use at Hanford -- Original Site Layout -- Site Layout and Activities Today -- Water Quality Considerations -- References -- Chapter 4. Operation of the Single-Purpose Reactors, 1943 to 1971 -- Operational Features -- Background Radiation -- Areas of Concern -- Dilution Capacity of the Columbia River -- References -- Chapter 5. University of Washington Studies, 1943 to 1960 -- The Secret Beginnings -- Studies With X-Radiation -- Studies With Cobalt-60 Gamma Rays -- Significance of the University Effort -- References -- Chapter 6. Setting for Bioenvironmental Studies in the Hanford Reach, 1945 to 1971 -- Opportunities -- Facilities -- Personnel -- Artificial Radioactivity -- Role of Advisory Groups -- References -- Chapter 7. Reactor Effluent Monitoring, 1945 to 1971 -- Monitoring Reactor Effluent With Fish -- Chemical Effects During Monitoring -- Temperature Effects During Monitoring -- Radioactivity Effects During Monitoring -- Significance of Effluent Environmental Monitoring Studies -- References -- Chapter 8. Field Studies With Radioactivity in the Hanford Reach, 1945 to 1971 -- Radionuclide Releases - Early Studies (1941-1962) -- Radionuclide Releases - Later Studies (1961-1971) -- Transport and Behavior of Radionuclides Downstream from Hanford -- Radioactivity in Ecosystem After Reactor Closures -- Significance of Field Studies With Radioactivity -- References. , Chapter 9. Laboratory Studies With Radioactivity and Aquatic Organisms, 1945 to 1971 -- Direct Exposure of Organisms to Radionuclides -- Uptake and Transfer of Radionuclides in Microcosms -- Significance of Laboratory Studies With Radioactivity -- References -- Chapter 10. Thermal Effects Studies in the Hanford Reach, 1960 to 1971 -- Field Studies: Thermal Releases to the Columbia River -- Laboratory Studies: Lethal, Sublethal, and Physiological Effects of Temperature -- Investigations With the Fish Pathogen Columnaris -- Ecological Functions in the Hanford Reach -- Significance of Thermal Studies in the Hanford Reach -- References -- Chapter 11. Generic Studies at Hanford After Closure of the Single-Purpose Reactors, 1971 to 1981 -- Studies With Radioactivity After Reactor Closure -- Thermal Effect Studies With Aquatic Biota -- Combined Effect Studies Involving Temperature -- Effects of Hydroelectric Generation -- Site Characterization Studies -- Significance of Generic Studies at Hanford, 1971 to 1981 -- References -- Chapter 12. Facility-Specific Studies in Hanford Reach After Closure of Single-Purpose Reactors, 1971 to 1984 -- Hanford Generating Project -- N Reactor -- Washington Public Power Supply System Nuclear Plant No. 2 (WNP-2) -- Biological Data From 1970s Assessments -- Significance of Facility-Specific Studies at Hanford, 1971 to 1984 -- References -- Index.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Analytical chemistry 66 (1994), S. 1610-1619 
    ISSN: 1520-6882
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    The @journal of physical chemistry 〈Washington, DC〉 96 (1992), S. 1826-1835 
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A semiempirical model is presented that correlates the broadening of the absorption edge with both transitions below the energy gap and with transitions by the Kane band model. This model correctly fits both the absorption and luminescence spectra of narrow-gap (Hg,Cd)Te samples that have been grown by the traveling heater method as well as by molecular-beam epitaxy. The accuracy of the band-gap determination is enhanced by this model.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 73 (1993), S. 3305-3312 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The structural and electrical properties of (100) Hg1−xCdxTe epilayers grown by molecular beam epitaxy have been systematically investigated for different Hg/Te flux ratios. The hillock density, electron concentration and the electron mobility depend strongly on the Hg/Te flux ratio. A minimum in the hillock density correlates well with the highest mobilities and the lowest concentrations. As is well known electrical properties are strongly influenced by structural defects. Structural defects such as twins and defects due to nonstoichiometry can be largely reduced by optimizing the Hg/Te flux ratio. It is shown that an optimum Hg/Te flux ratio exists within a narrow range between 270 and 360 at the growth temperature of 180 °C, in contrast with the larger range of the Hg/Te flux ratio over which single crystalline growth could be maintained. The difficulties encountered in the x value determination from normal transmission curves, i.e., from E0(x), due to the Burstein–Moss shift are discussed. In order to overcome these difficulties, the x values of the Hg1−xCdxTe epilayers were also determined from E1(x). A calibration of E1(x) resulted in small but significant discrepancies with the literature. Extrinsic As doping using the δ doping technique is demonstrated and a very high atomic sheet density of 1.2×1013 cm−2 is obtained.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 73 (1993), S. 7385-7388 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We have investigated oxygen on CdTe substrates by means of x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED). A Te oxide layer that was at least 15 A(ring) thick was found on the surface of as-delivered CdTe substrates that were mechanically polished. This oxide is not easily evaporated at temperatures lower than 350 °C. Furthermore, heating in air, which further oxidizes the CdTe layer, should be avoided. Etching with HCl acid (15% HCl) for at least 20 s and then rinsing with de-ionized water reduces the Te oxide layer on the surface down to 4% of a monoatomic layer. However, according to XPS measurements of the O 1s peak, 20%–30% of a monoatomic layer of oxygen remains on the surface, which can be eliminated by heating at temperatures ranging between 300 and 340 °C. The RHEED patterns for a molecular beam epitaxially (MBE)-grown CdTe film on a (100) CdTe substrate with approximately one monoatomic layer of oxidized Te on the surface lose the characteristics of the normal RHEED patterns for a MBE-grown CdTe film on an oxygen-free CdTe substrate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 69 (1991), S. 268-272 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We report the results of a detailed investigation on the Te-stabilized (2×1) and the Cd-stabilized c(2×2) surfaces of (100) CdTe substrates. The investigation demonstrates for the first time that both laser illumination and, to a greater extent, high-energy electron irradiation increase the Te desorption and reduce the Cd desorption from (100) CdTe surfaces. Thus it is possible by choosing the proper growth temperature and photon or electron fluxes to change the surface reconstruction from the normally Te-stabilized to a Cd-stabilized phase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We have grown HgTe/CdTe superlattices by molecular beam epitaxy; barrier thicknesses were in the range from 15 to 91 A(ring) and the well thickness was maintained at a constant value of 30 A(ring). The infrared photoluminescence was investigated by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in the temperature range from 4.2 to 300 K. All superlattices showed pronounced photoluminescence at temperatures up to 300 K. To gain more detailed insight into the band structure of the HgTe/CdTe superlattices, band structure calculations were performed. The concept of the envelope function approximation was followed. Employing the transfer matrix method, the calculations were completed taking into account an eight band k⋅p model. An important parameter in these calculations is the natural valence band offset (VBO) between the well and barrier materials. As a general trend, the value for the direct gap decreases with increasing VBO. The experimentally determined energies of the band gap are in reasonable agreement with the values obtained by the theoretical calculations. A comparison between theory and experiment shows that the observed transition energies are closer to calculations employing a large offset (350 meV) as opposed to a small VBO (40 meV).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 79 (1996), S. 748-751 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We report on an investigation of the growth mechanisms of HgTe using a combination of reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). The experiments were carried out on untilted (001) CdTe substrates. Growth rates were determined from RHEED intensity oscillations of the (00) specular spot reflection. The amplitude of these oscillations decrease with increasing substrate temperature. Above 178 °C no RHEED oscillations could be measured. Upon reducing the sample temperature below 178 °C these oscillations could again be observed. This cyclic behavior could be induced several times for each sample, indicating a reversible change in the growth mechanism. In order to correlate the surface structure with RHEED observations, several samples have been investigated with STM. Thus, it could be confirmed that a temperature dependent transition occurs during the MBE growth of HgTe from the island growth mode below the critical temperature of 178 °C to a step flow mode above this temperature. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 77 (1995), S. 5377-5380 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The refractive index and the E0 energy gap has been determined for a number of Zn1−xMgxSySe1−y alloys with x≤0.3 and y≤0.3 at temperatures between 5 and 300 K. It has been shown that the refractive index can be empirically expressed as a function of the E0 energy gap. Furthermore we have determined the temperature dependence of the E0 energy gap and hence the temperature dependence of the refractive index for these alloys. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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