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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Public Health 26 (2005), S. 115-140 
    ISSN: 0163-7525
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Clinical trials show that hormone therapy (HT) is an effective treatment for vasomotor symptoms and vaginal dryness. HT improves other symptoms including sleep and quality of life in women who have menopause symptoms. In the Women's Health Initiative controlled clinical trials, both estrogen therapy (ET) and estrogen plus progestin therapy (EPT) reduced fracture risk, neither reduced the risk of heart disease, and both increased the risk of stroke, deep vein thrombosis, and dementia. EPT, but not ET, increased breast cancer risk and reduced colon cancer risk. Differences between EPT and ET may reflect chance, baseline differences between the EPT and ET cohorts, or a progestin effect. Studies of younger women and lower HT doses with intermediate endpoints are beginning.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Public Health 19 (1998), S. 55-72 
    ISSN: 0163-7525
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Multiple observational studies suggest a marked reduction in risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) associated with postmenopausal estrogen use. A new meta-analysis presented here extends these results to estrogen plus progestin regimens. Although the findings from observational studies are strong and consistent, and there are several plausible mechanisms by which estrogen might reduce risk for CHD, most of the known biases would tend to exaggerate estrogen's benefit. Further, estrogen therapy clearly increases risk for endometrial hyperplasia and cancer, venous thromboembolic events and gallbladder disease, and long-term use probably also increases the risk of breast cancer. Therefore, until findings from randomized trials confirm and quantitate the benefit of estrogen therapy for prevention of CHD, we believe it should not be recommended to all postmenopausal women.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
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    New York, N.Y. : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Journal of community health. 15:3 (1990:June) 195 
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 774 (1995), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1433-2965
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Osteoporosis international 11 (2000), S. 626-630 
    ISSN: 1433-2965
    Keywords: Key words:Birth weight – Bone mineral content – Bone mineral density – Osteoporosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: Understanding the determinants of adult bone mass may help to identify women for prevention of osteoporosis. We postulated that birth weight would predict low adult bone mass in old age. Subjects were 305 postmenopausal Caucasian women (mean age 70 years). Bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) were measured at the wrist, forearm, hip and lumbar spine. Birth weight was assessed by self-report. Birth weight was positively correlated with BMC at the forearm (r= 0.15), hip (r= 0.12) and lumbar spine (r= 0.18), and the age-adjusted mean BMC increased significantly from the lowest to the highest birth weight tertile. Adjusting for adult weight diminished this association at the forearm and hip, but not at the spine. Adjustment for multiple other covariates, including height, did not materially change these associations. Adult weight and height were significantly correlated with birth weight (r= 0.19 and r= 0.24, respectively). Birth weight was not independently correlated with BMD. Birth weight was thus positively correlated with adult weight and BMC 70 years later. These findings suggest that low birth weight may be a marker for future low bone mass and that different mechanisms exist for establishing the adult bone envelope (estimated by BMC) versus its density (estimated by BMD).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Sozial- und Präventivmedizin 33 (1988), S. 217-222 
    ISSN: 1420-911X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Nous avons étudié, dans un centre commercial californien, la possibilité de faire un screening de masse du taux de cholestérol plasmatique total (TC), ainsi que l'efficacité d'une telle démarche. Les TC de 429 adultes ont été mesurés par analyseur automatique (Reflotron®) à partir d'échantillons de sang capillaire. Chaque participant a rempli lui-même un questionnaire nous permettant d'établir des variables telles que la répartition démographique, le style de vie et la conscience générale de la relation entre le taux de cholésterol et l'ischémie cardiaque. Selon les critères du NIH (NIH Cholesterol Consensus Conference, 1985) 20% des participants ont montré des TC de risques modérés à élevés, mais plus de la moitié de ce groupe avait déjà une histoire d'hypercholestérolémie avant le test. Une interview téléphonique trois mois plus tard de toutes les personnes ayant un TC supérieur à 220 mg/dl a révélé que seuls 32% ont suivi notre conseil de consulter un médecin. 71% des patients ayant un taux entre 220 et 239 mg/dl et 30% de ceux ayant un taux de 240 mg/ dl et plus n'ont pas été considérés comme cas sérieux par les médecins traitants. Parmi la totalité des participants, 40% ont annoncé des changements dans leur diète à la suite du test. Cependant, les 78% de ce groupe l'ont fait sans le conseil d'un médecin. Cette exérience nous montre que s'il est facile et même populaire de faire un screening de masse du TC dans une communauté, l'efficacité d'un tel test doit être améliorée par l'éducation du public et des médecins.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Effektivität von Cholesterin-Screening mit automatischen Messgeräten (Reflotron®) wurde in einer Pilotstudie in Südkalifornien überprüft. Plasma-Gesamtcholesterin wurde innerhalb von drei Minuten in Kapillarblutproben bestimmt. Von jedem Teilnehmer wurden gleichzeitig anhand eines standardisierten Fragebogens soziodemographische Daten, Lebensgewohnheiten (z.B. Rauch- und Ernährungsverhalten) sowie eine Kurzanamnese erhoben. Eingefügte «Testfragen» zur Beziehung zwischen Nahrungscholesterin und koronarer Herzkrankheit sollten den Informationsstand der Teilnehmer veranschaulichen. Nach Einteilung der gemessenen Cholesterinwerte in die durch das NIH (NIH Cholesterol Consensus Conference, 1985) empfohlenen altersspezifischen Risikokategorien fanden sich unter insgesamt 429 untersuchten Erwachsenen im Alter von 17–81 Jahren (mittleres Alter 58 Jahre) 20% mit Werten der mittleren und hohen Risikogruppe. Bei mehr als der Hälfte hatte ein erhöhter Cholesterinspiegel eigenen Angaben zufolge bereits vor 220 Screening vorgelegen. Allen Teilnehmern mit Messwerten über 220 mg/dl wurde empfohlen, weitere medizinische Betreuung zu suchen. Nach drei Monaten wurde über ein standardisiertes Telefon-interview in Erfahrung gebracht, welche Massnahmen tatsächlich ergriffen worden waren. Danach hatte etwa ein Drittel unserem Rat Folge geleistet, wobei sich die konsultierten Ärzte in 71% der Fälle mit Cholesterinwerten von 220–239 mg% und in 30% der Fälle mit Werten von 240 mg% und darüber nicht besorgt zeigten und ihren Patienten anrieten, sich nicht beunruhigen zu lassen. 40% der Teilnehmer gaben während des Interviews an, ihre Ernährung auf das Screening hin umgestellt zu haben; 78% in dieser Gruppe unternahmen die Änderung nach eigenem Gutdünken und nicht auf ärztliche Enpfehlung. Nach unserer Erfahrung wird Cholesterin-Screening auf Gemeindeebene von der Bevölkerung gut aufgenommen und ist leicht durchführbar. Seine Effektivität erfährt jedoch durch Selektion der Teilnehmer und durch ihre unzureichende Weiterbetreuung Beinträchtigung. Um Cholesterin-Screening wirksam in die Prävention koronarer Herzkrankheit einzubeziehen, bedarf es gezielter Information von Ärzten und Öffentlichkeit.
    Notes: Summary We tested the feasibility and effectiveness of population cholesterol screening in a California shopping center. Total plasma cholesterol (TC) was measured in 429 adults from capillary blood samples, using automatic analyzers (Reflotron®). A self-administered questionnaire was used to ascertain demographic variables, lifestyle, and knowledge about cholesterol and heart disease. According to NIH Consensus Conference criteria, 20% of all screenees showed moderate or high risk TC levels, but over half of these had a history of hypercholesterolemia prior to testing. Follow-up of all screenees with TC levels at 220 mg/dl and greater revealed that 32% had been compliant with our advice to contact their physician. Physicians expressed no concern in 71% of those with TC elevation of 220–239 mg% and in 30% of those with TC levels 240+ mg%. Of all participants, 40% reported dietary changes in response to the screening; 78% of this group, however, made changes without a physician's advice. In our experience community cholesterol screening is popular and feasible. Efficacy, however, must be improved by better education of physicians and the public.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of community health 15 (1990), S. 195-208 
    ISSN: 1573-3610
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In the Rancho Bernardo, California population of older adults, the age-adjusted prevalence rate of self-reported arthritis was higher in women than men for all types combined (38.6 vs. 22.3%, p〈0.05), and for osteoarthritis (18.1 vs 12.9%). Men and women with osteoarthritis and disabling arthritis were significantly more likely to report co-morbid conditions. Women with osteoarthritis were significantly less likely to drink alcohol and more likely to be taking estrogen replacement therapy. At 15 years of follow up, mortality rates were not significantly increased in men or women with arthritis or osteoarthritis compared to those without arthritis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1573-3610
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We evaluated mortality and health services utilization in a prospective study of 630 older residents of a Southern California community. All participants were 65 years or older when initially evaluated in 1973–1975. In addition to being followed for vital status each year, participants were reinterviewed in 1984–1986 and asked about nursing home, hospital, and community-based care for the interim period. Current cigarette use in 1973–1975 was a significant predictor of mortality for both men and women. In addition, former smoking status (before 1973–1975) significantly predicted both mortality and hospital inpatient utilization in men and women combined. However, smoking was not significantly associated with nursing home utilization or use of three categories of community-based care services. More research is necessary to identify the relationship between cigarette smoking and outpatient service use. The findings for mortality and inpatient hospital service utilization reaffirm the hazards of cigarette smoking.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of community health 8 (1982), S. 42-49 
    ISSN: 1573-3610
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The impact of a community-based heart disease risk factor screening program was evaluated after three years. The study population was predominantly white, older, and upper-middle class. Rescreening of the 211 study subjects showed improvements in both health-related behaviors and in risk factor distributions to a degree which would be expected to reduce the risk of heart disease. Although some changes were attributable to secular trends and regression to the mean, direct impact of the survey itself was also demonstrated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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