Note: Front Cover -- Studies in Natural Products Chemistry -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Chapter 1: Fungal Metabolites as Promising New Drug Leads for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease -- Introduction -- Strategies for Obtaining New AChE Inhibitors From Fungi -- OSMAC Approach -- Epigenetic Induction -- High-Throughput Screening -- Genetic Engineering -- AD Pathogenesis -- Amyloid Hypothesis -- Tau Hypothesis -- Cholinergic Hypothesis -- Pharmacological Therapy -- Tacrine -- Donepezil -- Rivastigmine -- Galantamine -- Huperzine A -- Memantine -- Other Therapeutic Approaches and Their Status -- Antibody-Based Immunotherapeutic Approach Against β-Amyloid Fragments -- γ-Secretase Complex Target -- Correlation Between AD and Cholesterol Metabolism -- Fungal Metabolites Active in AD -- Bioactive Natural Products From Endophyte Fungi -- AChE Inhibitors Isolated From Fungi of the Penicillium Genus -- AChE Inhibitors Isolated From Lichenic Fungi -- AChE Inhibitors Isolated From Marine-Associated Fungi -- AChE Inhibitors From Macrofungi -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2: Mushrooms, Seaweed, and Their Derivatives as Functional Feed Additives for Aquaculture: An Updated View -- Introduction -- Antibiotics and Their Effects in Aquaculture -- Functional Feed Additives in Aquaculture -- Mushrooms and Their Derivatives in Aquaculture -- Pleurotus spp. -- Schizophyllum commune -- Coriolus versicolor -- Ganoderma lucidum -- Hericium erinaceum -- Black Hoof Mushroom (Phellinus linteus) -- White Button Mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) -- Chaga Mushroom (Innotus obliquus) -- Lentinula edodes -- Mushroom Stalk Waste -- Seaweed and Their Derivatives -- Brown Seaweed -- Sodium/Sodium Alginate -- Fucoidan -- Laminarin -- Brown Seaweed Powder and Extract -- Red Seaweed -- Gracilaria tenuistipitata -- Carrageenan. , Sulfated Galactans -- Low-Molecular-Weight Agar -- Combined Application of Seaweeds -- Research Gaps and Future Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 3: Nanotechnology-Based Drug Delivery of Natural Compounds and Phytochemicals for the Treatment of Cancer and Oth ... -- Introduction -- Biological Properties of Natural Products -- Natural Product-Based Nanotechnology -- Nanotechnology-Based Natural Compounds With Antibacterial Activity -- Nanotechnology-Based Natural Products for Diseases Treatment -- Nanoencapsulation of Phytochemicals for Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease -- Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Nanoformulations of Natural Compounds -- Outlook of Nanotechnology as Applied to Pharmaceuticals -- Therapeutic Benefits of Natural Compounds -- Nanotechnology for Natural Products Against Cancer -- Nanotechnology-Based Therapeutic Applications of Natural Compounds for Cancer -- Biodistribution of Natural Compounds by Nanocarriers -- Issues Concerning Nanocarriers -- Targeting Drug Delivery of Natural Compounds -- Controlled and Selective Release of Natural Compounds -- Nanoparticles to Increase Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics of Natural Compounds -- Conclusions -- Future Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 4: Phytochemistry, Chemotaxonomy, Ethnopharmacology, and Nutraceutics of Lamiaceae -- Introduction -- Taxonomy and Etymology -- General Botany -- Distribution -- Phytochemistry -- Essential Oil -- Polar Fraction Metabolites -- Non-volatile Terpenoids -- Lignans -- Flavonoids -- Iridoids -- Phenyl-Ethanoid Glycosides -- Caffeoyl-Quinic Acids -- Phenolic Acids -- Chemotaxonomy -- Subfamily Level -- Genus Level -- Ajugoideae Subfamily -- Callicarpoideae Subfamily -- Cymarioideae Subfamily -- Lamioideae Subfamily -- Nepetoideae Subfamily -- Peronematoideae Subfamily -- Premnoideae Subfamily -- Prostantheroideae Subfamily. , Scutellarioideae Subfamily -- Symphorematoideae Subfamily -- Tectonoideae Subfamily -- Viticoideae (sensu) Subfamily -- Species Level -- Ethnopharmacology -- Ajugoideae -- Callicarpoideae -- Cymarioideae -- Lamioideae -- Nepetoideae -- Peronematoideae -- Premnoideae -- Prostantheroideae -- Scutellarioideae -- Symphorematoideae -- Tectonoideae -- Viticoideae (sensu) -- Actual Issues -- Nutraceutics -- Nepetoideae -- Other Subfamilies -- Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 5: Moringa oleifera Lam.: A Rich Source of Phytoactives for the Health of Human Being -- Introduction -- Taxonomic Classification and Botanical Description -- Macronutrients and Micronutrients -- Polyphenols -- Glucosinolates and Isothiocynates -- Socioeconomic Relevance of M. oleifera in the Ecosystem -- Economic and Industrial Applications of M. oleifera Products -- M. oleifera as Animal Forage -- Nutritional Properties of the Various Parts of M. oleifera -- Nonnutritional Components -- Plant Growth and Agriculture: A Source of Phytohormones -- Phytohormones: Signaling Molecules in Plants -- Phytohormones in M. oleifera -- Chemical Analysis of Phytohormones -- Potential of M. oleifera Extracts as Biostimulants in Enhancing Plant Growth -- M. oleifera Extracts Support Stress Response in Plants -- Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 6: Protease Inhibitors and Their Applications: An Overview -- Introduction -- Proteases, Their Occurrence, and Their Significance -- Protease Inhibitors -- Classification of PIs -- Serine Protease Inhibitors -- Cystatin Superfamily -- Aspartyl Protease Inhibitors -- Sources of PIs -- Plant PIs -- Animal PIs -- Microbial PIs -- Functional Studies of PIs -- Mechanism of Inhibition -- Purification and Characterization of PIs -- Applications of PIs -- PIs and Crop Protection -- PIs and Therapeutic Medicine. , PIs and Biotechnology Research -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 7: Plant Terpenoids as Lead Compounds Against Malaria and Leishmaniasis -- Introduction -- Malaria -- Background -- Current Antimalarial Drugs and Vaccines Research -- Most Common In Vitro Screening Assays Used for Antimalarial Drug Discovery -- Terpenic Compounds With Antimalarial Activity -- Sesquiterpenes -- Diterpenes -- Triterpenes -- Leishmaniasis -- Background -- Current Antileishmanial Drugs and Vaccines Research -- Most Common In Vitro Screening Assays Used for Antileishmanial Drug Discovery -- Terpenic Compounds With Antileishmanial Activity -- Monoterpenes, Iridoids, and Sesquiterpenes -- Diterpenes -- Triterpenes -- Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 8: Dalea Genus, Chemistry, and Bioactivity Studies -- Introduction -- Dalea Genus -- Chemical and Biological Studies on North and Central American Dalea Species -- Dalea emoryi A. Gray [Syn.: Psorothamnus emoryi (A. Gray) Rydb.] -- Dalea polyadenia F. Heller, and Dalea tinctoria Brandegee ... -- Dalea scandens var. paucifolia (J.M. Coult.) Barneby [Syn.: D. thyrsiflora A. Gray] -- Dalea purpurea Vent. [Syn.: Petalostemon purpureum (Vent.) Rydb] -- Dalea filiciformis B.L. Rob. & -- Greenm [Syn.: Parosela filiciformis (B.L. Rob. & -- Greenm) Rose] -- Dalea carthagenensis var. barbata (Oerst.) Barneby [Syn.: Psoralea carthagenensis Jacq] -- Dalea aurea Nutt. ex Fraser [Syn.: Parosela aurea (Nutt. ex Pursh) Britton] -- Dalea formosa Torr. [Syn.: Parosela formosa (Torr.) Vail] -- Dalea spinosa A. Gray [Syn.: Psorothamnus spinosus (A. Gray) Barneby] -- Dalea searlsiae (A. Gray) Barneby [Syn.: Petalostemon searlsiae A. Gray] -- Dalea frutescens A. Gray [Syn.: Parosela frutescens (A. Gray) Vail Ex Rose] -- Dalea ornata (Hook.) Eaton &. , J. Wright [Syn.: Petalostemon lagopus Rydb] -- Dalea versicolor Zucc. var. sessilis (A. Gray) Barneby [Syn.: Dalea sessilis (A. Gray) Tidestr] -- Dalea greggii A. Gray [Syn.: Dalea fulvosericea (Rydb.) Gentry], Dalea lumholtzii Robins and Fern. [Syn.: Dalea arizonica ( ... -- Dalea foliolosa (Aiton) Barrneby [Syn.: Dalea citriodora (Cav.) Willd] -- Chemical and Biological Studies on South American Dalea Species -- Dalea caerullea L. f. [Accepted Name: Dalea coerulea (L. f.) Schinz & -- Thell] -- Dalea strobilacea Barneby -- Dalea boliviana Britton [Syn.: Dalea calliantha Ulbr] -- Dalea elegans Gillies Ex Hook. & -- Arn. [Syn.: Parosela eosina J.F. Macbr] -- Dalea pazensis Rusby [Syn.: Parosela pazensis (Rusby) J.F. Macbr] -- Discussion -- Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 9: Natural Bioactive Cyclic Peptides and Peptidomimetics -- Introduction -- Naturally Occurring Cyclic Peptides and Peptidomimetics as Antitumor Agents -- Cyclodepsipeptides as Antitumor Agents -- N-Methyl Amino Acid Containing Cyclic Peptides With Antitumor Activity -- Antitumor Natural Cyclic Peptides With Natural and Unnatural Amino Acid Residues -- Natural Antitumor Cyclic Peptides With Disulfide Linkages -- Antimicrobial Natural Cyclic Peptides and Peptidomimetics -- Antibacterial and Antifungal Natural Cyclic Peptides -- Antibacterial and Antifungal Natural Cyclic Lipopeptides and Depsipeptides -- Antibacterial and Antifungal Natural Cyclic Peptides With N-Methyl Linkages -- Antibacterial Natural Cyclic Peptides With Thiazole and Thiazoline Heterocycles -- Antiviral Natural Cyclic Lipopeptides and Cyclodepsipeptides -- Antimalarial Natural Cyclic Peptides and Peptidomimetics -- Antiinflammatory Natural Cyclic Peptides and Peptidomimetics -- Miscellaneous Biological Activities -- Conclusions and Future Directions -- Acknowledgments. , References.

Note: Front Cover -- Studies in Natural Products Chemistry -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Chapter 1: A Review of Recent Patents Regarding Antithrombotic Drugs Derived From Natural Products -- Introduction -- The Hemostatic System -- Primary Hemostasis -- Secondary Hemostasis -- Hemostasis Control -- Thrombosis -- Drugs to Treat Thrombosis -- Patents -- International Patent Classification and Patent Database -- The Investigation and Searching Strategies -- Patent Analysis -- Sulfated Polysaccharides -- Peptides and Proteins -- Flavonoids -- Saponins -- Polysaccharides -- Terpenes -- Coumarin -- Tannins -- Phenolic Compounds -- Conclusions -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 2: Bioactive Natural Products From the Genus Kalanchoe as Cancer Chemopreventive Agents: A Review -- Introduction -- Overview of Carcinogenesis -- Cancer Epigenetics -- Cancer Chemoprevention -- Chemopreventive Agents -- New Perspectives on Cancer Chemoprevention Research -- Discovery of New Chemopreventive Agents -- Agent Selection -- Biomarkers -- Cohorts -- Trial Design and Endpoints -- Preclinical Studies: In Vitro and In Vivo Assays -- Preclinical Pharmacological and Toxicological Studies -- Clinical Studies -- Phytochemicals With Associated Cancer Preventive Properties -- Cancer Preventive Mechanisms of Phytochemicals -- Signaling Pathways Related to Inflammation, Cell Proliferation, and Apoptosis -- Signaling Pathways Related to Modulation of Oxidative Stress -- Modulation of Cancer Cell Metabolism and Tumor Microenvironment -- Discovery of New Phytochemicals With Chemopreventive Properties -- Genus Kalanchoe (Subgenus Bryophyllum, Crassulaceae) as a Potential Source of Cancer Chemopreventive Agents -- Future Perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Further Reading. , Chapter 3: Patents on Natural Products for Diagnosing/Preventing/Treating Alzheimer's Disease -- Introduction -- Overview of Alzheimer's Disease -- Alzheimer's Disease: Existing Approaches and Strategies -- Role of Metals in Alzheimer's Disease -- Role of Curcumins in Alzheimer's Disease -- Role of Resveratrol in Alzheimer's Disease -- Connection Between Diabetes and Alzheimer's Disease -- Connection Between Cholesterol and Alzheimer's Disease -- Connection Between Sleep and Alzheimer's Disease -- Connection Between Genetics and Alzheimer's Disease -- Drugs Approved by the US FDA for Treating Alzheimer's Disease -- Patents Focusing on Natural Products for Alzheimer's Disease -- Isolation and Extraction of Natural Products -- Methods for Producing Extracts and Products -- Methods for Producing Extracts and Products Containing Phenols -- Methods for Producing Extracts and Products Containing Diterpenes -- Methods for Producing Extracts and Products Containing Triterpenes -- Synthesis of Natural Products -- Synthesis of Curcumins -- Synthesis of Curcumin -- Synthesis of Bisdemethoxycurcumin -- Synthesis of Phenols -- Synthesis of 2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl Acetate -- Synthesis of 2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl Stearate -- Synthesis of 2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl Oleate -- Synthesis of 2-(3,4-Diacetoxyphenyl)ethyl Acetate -- Synthesis of Diterpenes -- Synthesis of Methyl Hydroxypaspalinate -- Synthesis of Paxizoline -- Synthesis of Cryptotanshinone -- Synthesis of Triterpenes -- Synthesis of 2-Cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9(11)-diene-28-nitrile -- Synthesis of Tetra-O-acetyl-β-d-glucopyranoside -- Synthesis of Oleanonic Acid -- Synthesis of Oleanonic Alcohol -- Synthesis of Oleanonic Aldehyde -- Synthesis of Betulone -- Use of Compounds, Compositions, and Extracts for Diagnosing, Preventing, and Treating Alzheimer's Disease. , Use of Compounds and Compositions Containing Curcumins -- Use of Compounds and Compositions Containing Galantamines -- Use of Compounds and Compositions Containing Phenols -- Use of Compounds and Compositions Containing Diterpenes -- Use of Compounds and Compositions Containing Triterpenes -- Use of Compounds and Compositions Containing Curcumin-Polyphenol Hybrids -- Use of Compounds and Compositions Containing Curcumin-Methylene Blue Hybrids -- Use of Compounds and Compositions Containing Galantamine-Statin Hybrids -- Use of Extracts -- Conclusions -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 4: Cannabinoids: Extraction Methods, Analysis, and Physicochemical Characterization -- Introduction -- Cannabinoid Extraction Methods -- Analytical Techniques for Cannabinoid Determination -- Thin Layer Chromatography -- High-Performance Liquid Chromatography -- Gas Chromatography -- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance -- Physical and Chemical Properties of Cannabinoids -- Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 5: High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry and Biological Properties of Grapevine and Wine Stilbenoids -- Stilbenes in Grape and Vine Tissues -- Biological Properties of Grapevine Stilbenoids -- Antioxidant Activity -- Absorption and Metabolism of Resveratrol -- Antiinflammatory and Vasoprotective Activity of Resveratrol -- Antimutagenic, Antiproliferative, and Anticarcinogenic Activity -- Antimicrobial Activity -- Defense Against Alzheimer's Disease -- Liver Protective Effect -- Other Activities of Stilbenoids -- Study of Grapevine and Wine Stilbenoids by High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry -- Sample Preparation for LC/QTOF Analysis -- LC/QTOF Analysis -- Identification of Stilbenoids by HRMS -- Concluding Remarks -- Abbreviations -- References. , Chapter 6: Raman Spectroscopy: A Key Analytical Tool for New Drugs Research and Development -- Introduction -- Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy: Basic Considerations -- Raman Spectroscopy Identification of the Main Triterpenes of the Lupane Group in Birch Bark (Betula pendula Roth) From Roma ... -- Birch Bark Extraction Products: Raman Spectroscopy Analysis -- Pharmaceutical Formulation of Betulin and Birch Bark Extracts -- Evaluation of Betulin's Therapeutic Effect on Mice Skin by Means of Raman Spectroscopy -- Concluding Remarks -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 7: Chemical and Biological Perspectives of Monoterpene Indole Alkaloids From Rauwolfia species -- Introduction -- The Compounds Isolated from Rauwolfia Species -- Biological Activities -- Antioxidant Activity -- Antiinflammatory Activity -- Antibacterial Activity -- Cytotoxicity -- Anti-Prostate Cancer Activity -- Antitumor Activity Against Pancreatic Cancer -- Cardiac Cellular Action -- Antipsychotic Activity -- Cardioprotective Activity -- Alzheimer's Disease -- Ulcerative Colitis (UC) -- Onchocerciasis -- Antidiabetic Activity -- Larvicidal Activity -- Toxicity -- Renal Dysfunction -- Parkinson's Disease -- Anorexia -- Antihypertensive -- Smooth and Cardiac Muscles -- Cerebral Neurohistology and Behavioral Effects -- Olfaction and the Olfactory Effect -- Antiamoebic Activity and Antifeedant Activity -- Gastric Mucosal Lesions -- Total Synthesis of Some Biologically Important MIAs -- Synthetic Attempts for the Preparation of Reserpine -- The First Total Synthesis of Reserpine -- Woodward's Methodology for the Preparation of Reserpine -- Other Synthetic Reserpine Syntheses -- Pearlman Approach -- Stork Approach -- Fraser-Reid Approach -- Liao Approach -- Hanessian Approach -- Mehta Approach -- Alternative Methods for the Production of Reserpine -- Wender Methodology. , Martin Approach -- Shea Approach -- Synthetic Strategies for Producing Yohimbine -- Van Tamalen Methodology -- Hirai Method -- Aimi Method -- Herlé Method -- Mergott Method -- Synthetic Strategies for Producing Ajmalicine -- Van Tamelen Methodology -- The Synthesis of Allo-Yohimbine -- Synthesis of α-Yohimbine -- The Synthesis of Deserpidine -- The Synthesis of β-Yohimbine -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 8: Alkaloids as Potential Multi-Target Drugs to Treat Alzheimer's Disease -- Introduction -- A Glance at the Neural Targets Considered in This Chapter -- Cholinergic Neurotransmission in the Central Nervous System -- Failure of Cholinergic Neurotransmission in Alzheimer's Disease -- Amyloid Cascade: The Neurotoxicity of Amyloid Beta Plaques -- Tau Hypothesis: Microtubule Disruption as a Consequence of Tau Protein Hyperphosphorylation -- Neuroinflammation and Neuroprotection -- Alkaloids as Potential Multi-target Drugs to Treat Alzheimer's Disease -- Inhibitors of Cholinesterase and Aβ Aggregation -- Inhibitors of Cholinesterase and Tau Protein -- Inhibitors of Cholinesterase, Neuroinflammation and Neuronal Damage -- Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 9: Whole-Cell Bioconversion of Citrus Flavonoids to Enhance Their Biological Properties -- Introduction -- Biological Activities -- Enhancement of Biological Activities -- Whole-Cell Bioconversion -- Kinetics and Engineering Aspects -- The Screening -- The Kinetics -- The Mass Transport Mechanisms -- RSM -- An Overview of Bioreactor Designs -- Conclusions -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 10: Microbiological In Vivo Production of CLNA as a Tool in the Regulation of Host Microbiota in Obesity Control -- Introduction -- Agentic Initiatives -- Structural Strategies: Food Taxes and the Danish Case. , Are Food Taxes Useful?.

Note: Front Cover -- Studies in Natural Products Chemistry -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Chapter 1: Metabolic Syndrome: Preventive Effects of Dietary Flavonoids -- Introduction -- Classification and Properties of Flavonoids -- Metabolic Syndrome Criteria and Pathologic Characteristics -- Effect of Flavonoids on Metabolic Syndrome: Epidemiological Research -- Obesity -- Cardiovascular Disease -- Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus -- Hypertension -- Dyslipidemia -- Arteriosclerosis -- Preventive Effects of Flavonoids on Vascular Endothelial Cell Dysfunction In Vitro -- Flavones (Apigenin and Naringenin) -- Isoflavones (Genistein, Puerarin, S-Equol) -- Flavonols (Quercetin) -- Flavan-3-ols (Epigallocatechin Gallate) -- Anthocyanins (Anthocyanin and Anthocyanidin) -- Conclusion -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 2: An Overview of Synthetic and Semisynthetic Flavonoid Derivatives and Analogues: Perspectives in Drug Discovery -- Introduction -- Synthetic/Semisynthetic Flavonoid Derivatives With Antiviral Activity -- Anti-HIV Agents -- Anti-Coxsackievirus B3 -- Synthetic/Semisynthetic Flavonoid Derivatives With Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity -- Synthetic/Semisynthetic Flavonoid Derivatives With Antiparasitic Activity -- Synthetic/Semisynthetic Flavonoid Derivatives With Anti-Alzheimer Activity -- Multitarget-Directed Agents -- Selective Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors -- Beta Secretase 1 Inhibitors -- Synthetic/Semisynthetic Flavonoid Derivatives With Antidepressant Activity -- Synthetic/Semisynthetic Flavonoid Derivatives With Antiinflammatory Activity -- Synthetic/Semisynthetic Flavonoid Derivatives With Antidiabetic Activity -- Synthetic/Semisynthetic Flavonoid Derivatives With Antiobesity Activity -- Synthetic/Semisynthetic Flavonoid Derivatives With Cardioprotective Activity. , Catecholamine Release Inhibitors and β-Adrenergic Receptor Blockers -- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors -- XO Inhibitors -- Other Mechanisms -- Synthetic/Semisynthetic Flavonoid Derivatives With Hepatoprotective Activity -- Synthetic/Semisynthetic Flavonoid Derivatives With Anticancer Activity -- Protein Kinase Inhibitors -- Tubulin Inhibitors -- Other Enzyme Inhibitors -- Conclusion -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 3: Therapeutic Potentials of the Most Studied Flavonoids: Highlighting Antibacterial and Antidiabetic Functionalities -- Introduction -- Classification and Chemical Structure of Flavonoids and Other Polyphenols -- Biosynthesis of Flavonoids -- Storage Sites of Flavonoids -- Most Studied Flavonoids -- Solubility of Flavonoids -- Extraction Methods -- Antioxidant Activity -- Prooxidant Activity -- Bioavailability of Flavonoids -- Risks and Safety -- Molecular Targets -- Effect on Diabetes -- Flavonoids as Antibacterial Agents -- Flavonoids as Vitamins? -- Therapeutic Perspective for Generating New Drugs -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 4: Synthesis of N-Linked Carbaoligosaccharides: Total Synthesis of Antibiotic Validamycins and Related Compound -- Introduction -- Carbasugars and Pseudo-sugars -- Nomenclature -- NMR Studies -- N-Linked Carbaoligosaccharides and Aminocarbasugars -- Carbahexopyranoses From Diels-Alder endo-Adduct of Furan and Acrylic Acid -- Synthesis of Aminocarbasugars -- Synthesis of Validamine and Its Isomers -- Synthesis of Hydroxyvalidamine -- Synthesis of Valienamine and Its Isomers -- Synthesis of Valiolamine -- Synthesis of N-Linked Carbadisaccharides -- Synthesis of 1-epi-Validoxylamine A (Method 1) -- Synthesis of 2-epi-Validoxylamine A (Method 2) -- Synthesis of 2-Deoxyvalidoxylamine B (Method 3) -- Synthesis of Validoxylamine B (Method 3). , Synthesis of Validoxylamine A -- Route 1 (Method 3) -- Route 2 (Method 4) -- Synthesis of (+)-Validoxylamine G (Method 3) -- Synthesis of (+)-Salbostatin (Method 3) -- Synthesis of N-Linked Dicarba-α,α-trehaloses -- Bis{(+)-validamine} (Methods 3 and 4) -- Bis{(+)-valienamine} (Method 3) -- Bis{(+)-Valiolamine} (Method 3) -- Synthesis of Validamycins -- Formal Synthesis of (+)-Validamycin A -- Total Synthesis of (+)-Validamycin B -- Route 1 -- Route 2 -- Total Synthesis of (+)-Validamycins A, E, and H -- Total Synthesis of (+)-Validamycin C -- Total Synthesis of (+)-Validamycin F -- Route 1 -- Route 2 -- Total Synthesis of (+)-Validamycin D -- Prospect -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 5: Siderophores: Amazing Metabolites of Microorganisms -- Introduction -- Siderophore Types -- Hydroxamate Siderophores -- Catecholate Siderophores -- Carboxylate Siderophores -- Uses of Siderophores -- Siderophore Analysis by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry -- Screening of New Siderophores -- Fresh and See Water -- Soil Environment -- Genomic Approach -- Inhibition of Siderophore Biosynthesis Pathways -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 6: Sources, Chemistry, and Biological Potential of Ellagitannins and Ellagic Acid Derivatives -- Introduction -- Structure, Dietary Sources, and Consumption -- Digestion and Absorption -- Bioactivity -- Cancer -- Cardiovascular Disease -- Diabetes -- Neurological Disorders -- Inflammation -- Other Diseases -- Conclusion Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 7: Antigenotoxic Potential of Some Dietary Non-phenolic Phytochemicals -- Introduction -- Main Genotoxic Agents and Their DNA-Damaging Effects -- Physical Genotoxicants -- Chemical Genotoxicants -- Other Chemical Genotoxic Agents -- Biological Genotoxicants -- Antigenotoxic Properties of Organosulfur Compounds. , Glucosinolates and Isothiocyanates -- Thioalkyl ITCs -- Thioalkenyl ITCs -- Alkenyl ITCs -- Aromatic ITCs -- Allium Organosulfur Compounds -- Antigenotoxic Properties of Terpenoids and Volatile Phenylpropanoids -- Monoterpenoids -- Carvacrol -- Limonene -- Eucalyptol -- Citral -- Borneol -- Volatile Phenylpropanoids -- Anethole -- Eugenol -- Triterpenoids -- Antigenotoxic Properties of Polysaccharides -- Conclusion -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 8: In Vitro Biosynthesis of Polyphenols in the Presence of Elicitors and Upregulation of Genes of the Phenylpropa ... -- Introduction -- In Vitro Callus Culture as a Source of Secondary Metabolites -- Use of Plant Growth Regulators -- Use of Elicitors -- Precursor Feeding -- General Description of the Genus Plantago -- Origin and Natural Habitat of P. ovata -- Production and Role in Indian Economy -- Pharmacological Activity -- Laxative Effect -- Effect on Blood Lipids and Cholesterol Levels -- Antidiabetic Activity -- Effect on Hemorrhoids -- Effect on Ulcerative Colitis -- Antidiarrheal Activity -- Effect on Inhibition of Carcinogenesis -- Plantago as a Source of Secondary Metabolites Including Polyphenols -- Different Types of Polyphenols -- Phenolic Acids -- Lignans -- Stilbenes -- Flavonoids -- Flavones, Flavonols, Flavanones, and Flavanonols -- Overview of the Phenylpropanoid Pathway -- Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase -- Control of PAL Expression -- Chalcone Synthase -- Control of CHS Expression -- Dihydroflavonol-4-reductase -- Control of DFR Expression -- Polyphenol Oxidase -- Regulation of PPO Expression in the Presence of Plant Growth Regulators and Elicitors -- Relation Between Polyphenol Production and Induction of Major Genes (PAL, CHS, DFR) on the Phenylpropanoid Pathway During I ... -- Quantitation of Specific Polyphenols in Callus Culture of P. ovata by HPLC Analysis. , Structural Analysis of PAL and CHS -- Prediction of Putative Protein Structure and Homology Modeling -- Structure Prediction and Homology Modeling of Partial Sequence of DFR -- Structure Prediction and Homology Modeling of Partial Sequence of PPO -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 9: Role Phytochemicals Play in the Activation of Antioxidant Response Elements (AREs) and Phase II Enzymes and Th ... -- Introduction -- Causes and Major Risk Factors for Increase in Global Cancer Incidence -- Cancer Chemoprevention -- Mechanisms of Action of Natural Products Involved in Cancer Chemoprevention -- Antioxidant Phytochemicals That Inhibit Cancer Initiation -- Role of Nrf2 in Cancer Chemoprevention by Phytochemicals -- Nrf2, Inflammation, and Cancer Chemoprevention -- The Role of Plants and Their Phytochemicals in Relation to Cancer Progression and Prevention -- Plant Extracts -- Chrysanthemum zawadskii and Glycyrrhiza uralensis -- Camellia sinensis -- Rubus fruticosus -- Acanthopanax senticosus -- Phyllanthus emblica -- Phytochemicals -- Flavonoids and Related Compounds -- Polyphenolic Compounds -- Terpenoids -- Sulfur-Containing Compounds -- Miscellaneous Compounds and Compounds From Microbial and Marine Sources -- Conclusions and Prospects -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 10: Chemical Diversification of Natural Product Extracts -- Introduction -- Chemically Engineered Extracts With Increased Nitrogen Content -- Chemically Engineered Extracts With Increased Halogen Content -- Chemically Engineered Extracts With Increased Sulfur Content -- Chemically Engineered Extracts Using Solvent Reactions -- Chemically Engineered Extracts Produced by Oxidation, Reduction, and Epoxidation Reactions -- Related Processes -- Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References. , Chapter 11: Endophytic Actinomycetes in the Biosynthesis of Bioactive Metabolites: Chemical Diversity and the Role of Med.

Note: Front Cover -- Stereoselective Synthesis (Part I) -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- FOREWORD -- PREFACE -- CONTRIBUTORS -- Stereoselective Synthesis -- CHAPTER 1. STEREOSELECTIVE SYNTHESES OF DOXORUBICIN AND RELATED COMPOUNDS -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 SURVEY OF STEREOSELECTIVE SYNTHESES -- 3 DERIVATIVES OF DOXORUBICIN -- 4 A NEW SYNTHESIS OF DAUNOMYCINONE AND SOME ANALOGUES -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 2. TOTAL SYNTHESIS OF NOGALAMYCIN CONGENERS AND THEIR RELATED COMPOUNDS -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Synthetic Strategy -- 3. Chrial Synthesis of the DEF-Ring System of Nogalamycin -- 4. Chrial Synthesis of the CDEF-Ring System of Nogalamycin -- 5. Total Synthesis of (+)-Nogarene -- 6. Total Synthesis of (+)-7-Deoxynogarol -- 7. Total Synthesis of (+)-7-con-O-Methylnogarol -- 8. Synthesis and Antitumor Activity of Various Nogalamycin Congeners -- 9. Total Synthesis of (±)-7-con-O-Methylnogarol -- 10. Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References and Notes -- CHAPTER 3. SYNTHESIS OF THE TETRANIIC ACID ANTIBIOTICS -- Introduction -- Characterization -- Biosynthesis -- Biological Activity -- Acknowledgments -- References -- CHAPTER 4. The Syntheses of 3- and 4-Deoxy-hexoses -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The 3'-Deoxy-aminoglycoside Antibiotics -- 3. The 3-Deoxy and 4-Deoxyhexoses as Biochemical Tools -- 4. The Selective Deoxygenation of Common Sugars -- 5. The Homologation of 2-Deoxyrentoses -- 6. Total Asymmetric Syntheses Applying Enzymatic Processes -- 7. Total Syntheses Applying Diels-Alder Additions -- 8. Other Synthetic Approaches to 3- and 4-Deoxyhexoses -- 9. The Syntheses of D- and L-Lividosamine -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 5. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE SYNTHESIS OF POLYSACCHARIDES AND STEREOSPECSFICITY OF GLYCOSYLATION REACTIONS -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. STEREOSPECIPICITY OF GLYCOSYLATION. , 3. PROGRESS IN THE SYNTHESIS OF POLYSACCHARIDES WITH REGULAR STRUCTURE -- 4. ON SYNTHESIS OF POLYSACCHARIDES BY OTHER METHODS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 6. LEVOGLUCOSENONE: A VERSATILE CARBOHYDRATE PRECURSOR FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF NATURAL PRODUCTS -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES -- 3. ISOLATION AND SYNTHESIS -- 4. REACTION OF CARBONYL GROUP -- 5. REACTION OF DOUBLE BOND -- 6.CUCLOADDITION -- 7. MICHAEL ADDITION REACTIONS -- S. MISCELLANEOUS REACTIONS -- 9. CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 7. Chemical Synthesis of Branched Oligoribonucleotides and their Related Compounds -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. THE SYNTHESIS OF BRANCHED RNA BY THE USE OF 2',3'-BISPHOSPHORYLATED RIBONUCLEOSIDE UNITS -- 3. THE SYNTESIS OF BRANCHED RNA BY THE USE OF SYNTHETIC UNIT (16) HAVING 3'-BIS(2-CYANOETHOXY)PHOSPHORYI. GROUP -- 4. OTHER METHODS FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF BRANCHED OLIGORIBONUCLEOTIDES -- 5. SYNTHESIS OF 2'-PHOSPHORYLATED OLIGORIBONUCLEOTIDES -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 8. Oxidation Products of Guaiazulene and Other Azulenic Hydrocarbons -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 OXIDATION OF GUAIAZULENE -- 3 OXIDATION OF AZULENE -- 4 OXIDATION OF MONO-SUBSTITUTED AZULENES -- 5 OXIDATION OF DI-SUBSTITUTED AZULENES -- 6 OXIDATION OF TRI-SUBSTITUTED AZULENES -- 7 OXIDATION OF TETRA-SUBSTITUTED AZULENES -- 8 1H-N.M.R. DATA FOR SELECTED AZULENES AND RELATED COMPOUNDS -- 9 CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 9. Syntheses of Hydroazulene Sesquiterpenes via Rearrangement of Substituted Hydronaphthalene Precursors -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 PHOTOCHEMICAL REARRANGEMENTS -- 3 PINACOL REARRANGEMENTS -- 4 SOLVOLYTIC WAGNER-MEERWEIN REARRANGEMENTS -- 5 BASE-INDUCED AND -DIRECTED REARRANGEMENT OF HYDRONAPHTHALENE TOSYLATES -- 6 TOTAL SYNTHESIS OF (±)-5-epi-NARDOL -- 7 BASE-INDUCED AND -DIRECTED ELIMINATION OF HYDROAZULENE MESYLATES. , 8 TOTAL SYNTHESIS OF (±)-ALLOAROMADENDRANE-4β,10α-DIOL AND(±)-ALLOAROMADENDRANE-4α,10α-DIOL -- REFERENCES AND NOTES -- CHAPTER 10. A CHAPTER IN THUJONE CHEMISTRY - FROM WASTE BY-PRODUCT TO NATURAL PRODUCTS ANDRELATED COMPOUNDS -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. SYNTHESIS OF INSECT JUVENILE HORMONE ANALOGUES. -- 3. SYNTHESIS OF PYRETHRIN ANALOGUES -- 4. SYNTHESIS OF CHIRAL SESQUITERFENES -- 5. SYNTHESIS OF ROSE OIL COMPONENTS -- 6. SYNTHESIS OF CHIRAL STEROID ANALOGUES -- 7. SUMMARY -- 8. Acknowledgements -- References -- CHAPTER 11. The Total Synthesis of Eudesm-11-en-4-ols -- 1 STRUCTURE -- 2 OCCURRENCE and BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY -- 3 SYNTHESES -- REFERENCES AND NOTES -- CHAPTER 12. Asymmetric Synthesis Using Chiral Acetals from C2-Symmetric Diols and Its Application to Natural Product Synthesis -- Introduction -- 1. Asymmetric Reactions Involving Cleavage of C-O Bond of the Acetal -- 2. Asymmetric Reactions on a Prochiral Center Using the Neighboring Chiral Acetals as Chiral Auxiliary -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 13. ASYMMETRIC SYNTHESIS OF SOME NATURAL SPIRO COMPOUNDS UTILIZING CHIRAL SULFOXIDE AUXILIARY -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. STRATEGY FOR STEREOSELECTNE SYNTI{ESIS OF SPIROKETALS -- 3. ASYMMETRIC SYNTHESIS OF NON-SUBSTITUTED 1,7-DIOCASPIRO-[5.5]UNDECANE AND ITS RELATED COMPOUNDS -- 4. SYNTHESIS OF 2-METHYL-i ,6-DIOCASRIRO[4.5]DECANE -- 5. ASYMMETRIC SYNTHESIS OF TALAROMYCIN A AND B -- 6. ASYMMETRIC SYNTHESIS OF (-)-SIBIRINE -- 7. ASYMMETRIC CONSTRUCTION OF CARBOCYCLIC SPIRO COMPOUNDS -- 8. SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 14. ASYMMETRIC CONSTRUCTION OF VERSATILE CHIRAL BUILDING BLOCKS AND THEIR APPLICATION TO THE SYNTHESES OF NATURAL PRODUCTS -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. CONSTRUCTION OF VERSATILE CHIRAL BUILDING BLOCKS VIA AN ASYMMETRIC INTRAMOLECULAR MICHAEL REACTION -- 3. CONSTRUCTION OF PYRROLIDINES USING THE SHARPLESS ASYMMETRIC EPDXIDATION. , 4. CONSTRUCTION OF CIS-α,α-DISUBSTITUTED PIPERIDINES AND PYROLIDINES USING ASYMMETRIC CLEAVAGE OF AZABICYCLO [3.n.1] KETONE SYSTEMS -- 5. CONCLUSION -- References and Notes -- CHAPTER 15. CATIONIC CYCLOPENTANNELATION REACTIONS -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- 3. RELATED WORK -- 4. EPILOGUE -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 16. CHIRAL CONSTRUCTION OF QUATERNARY CARBONS THROUGH ADDITION-ELIMINATION PROCESS: APPLICATION TO THE NATURAL PRODUCT SYNTHESES -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. SYNTHESES OF ALKALOIDS -- 3. DITERPENOIDS -- 4. CLOSING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 17. ORGANIC SYNTHESIS USING HYDROGEN ATOM ABSTRACTION REACTIONS GEORGE A. KRAUS and MARK D. SCHWINDEN -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. AFLATOXIN MODEL SYSTEM -- 3. ALKALOID SYNTHETIC STUDIES -- 4. THE SYNTHESIS OF CARBOHYDRATE DERIYATNES -- 5. REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 18. TAXODIONE SYN'GHE'G1C STUDIES -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. MAJOR CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE SYNTHESIS OF TAXODIONE BY OTHER WORKERS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 19. SYNTHETIC STUDIES IN THE FIELD OF INDOLE ALKALOIDS. PART 2. -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. STEREOREGULATION OF THE C (12b) H-C (1) H, C (12b) H-C (2) H AND C (12b) H-C (3) H RELATIONSHIP IN THE PREPARATION OF INDOLO-[2,3-a]QUINOLIZIDINES -- 3. DIHYDROANTIRHINE AND DIHYDROHUNTERBURNINE SYNTHESES -- 4. CORYNANTHEIDOL AND 3-EPICORUNANTHEIDOL SYNTHESES -- 5. ALLOYOHIMBANE AND EPIALLOYOHIMBANE SYNTHESES -- 6. STEREOSELECTIVE PREPARATION OF INDOLOQUINOLIZIDINE Nb-OXIDES -- 7. INDOLOQUINOLIZIDINE IMINIUM SPECIES -- 8. STEREOSELECTIVE PREPARATION OF INDOLOQUINOLIZIDINE Nb-METHOSALTS -- 9. STEREOCHEMICAL COURSE OF THE ALKALINE DECARBOALKOXYLATIVE CYCLIZATION -- 10. DIMETHYLACETAMIDE DIMETHYLACETAL IN THE PREPARATION OF INDOLO[2,3-a]QUINOLIZIDINES BY THE CLAISEN REARRANGEMENT -- 11. ORTHO ESTERS IN THE CLAISEN REARRANGEMENT -- 12. VINCAMINE SYNTHESIS. , 13. PREPARATION OF INDOLOQUINOLIZIDINE ENAMINES -- 14. EBURNAMONINE SYNTHESIS -- 15. FUNCTIONALIZATION OF C (17) IN THE DESETHYLEBURNAMONINE SERIES -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 20. STEREOSELECTIVITY IN SYNTHESIS AND BIOSYNTHESIS OF LUPINE AND NITRARIA ALKALOIDS -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 QUINOLIZIDINE ALKALOIDS: LUPININE / EPILUPININE -- 3 PIPERIDINE ALKALOIDS FROM NITRARIA SPECIES -- 4 REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 21. BIOMIMETIC SYNTHESIS OF BENZO[C]PHENANTHRIDINE ALKALOIDS FROM PROTOBERBERINES -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 ENAMIDE-ALDEHYDE CYCLIZATION -- 3 OXYGENATTVE CONVERSION OF BENZO[C]PHENANTHRIDINE ALKALOIDS -- 4 ENAMINE-ALDEHYDE CYCLIZATION -- 5 CATIONIC CYCLIZATION -- 6 SYNTHESIS OF 3-ARYLISOQUINOLINE ALKALOID -- 7 SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 22. SYNTHETIC APPROACHES TO VINBLASTINE AND VINCRISTINE - ANTICANCER ALKALOIDS OF CATHARANTHUS ROSEUS -- 1. IN1RODUCTION -- 2. J.P. KUTNEY'S CONTRIBUTIONS -- 3. R.D. MAGNUS'S CONTRIBUTIONS -- 4. M.E. KUENNE'S COlGGRIBUTIONS -- 5. ATTA-UR-RAHMAN'S CONTRIBUTIONS -- 6. G. SCHHOS CONTRIBUTIONS -- 7. M. GORMAN'S CONTRIBUTIONS -- 8. S. TAKANO'S CONTRIBUTIONS -- 9. G. BUCHI'S CONTRIBUTIONS -- 10. R. POTIER'S CONGRIBUTIONS -- 11. REFERENCES -- SUBJECT INDEX.

Note: Front cover -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Chapter 1: Metabolic Screening of Wine (Grapevine) Resveratrol -- Introduction -- Resveratrol Concentration in Grapes and Wine -- Bioavailability and Pharmacokinetics -- Antimicrobial Activity -- Antimicrobial Activity of Wine -- Metabolic Engineering of Resveratrol in Plants and Microorganisms -- Analysis -- Soft Ionization MS -- Liquid Chromatography-MS -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 2: Sweet Cherry Phenolic Compounds: Identification, Characterization, and Health Benefits -- Introduction -- Phenolic Composition of Sweet Cherries -- Nonflavonoids -- Phenolic Acids -- Flavonoids -- Flavonols -- Flavan-3-ols -- Anthocyanins -- Flavones, Flavanones, and Flavanonols -- Flavones -- Flavanones -- Flavanonols -- Determination of Phenolics in Sweet Cherries -- Storage Conditions -- Sample Preparation -- Phenolic Extraction Procedures -- Purification and Fractionation -- Methods to Determine Phenolic Compounds -- Spectrophotometric Methods -- Liquid Chromatographic Methods -- Stationary Phase -- Mobile Phase -- Characterization of Phenolic Compounds by HPLC Methods -- Health Benefits of Sweet Cherries -- Antimicrobial and Antifungal Activities -- Antioxidant Capacity -- In Vitro Assays -- Radical Scavenging Capacity -- Reducing Power -- Chelating Ability -- In Vivo Assays -- Antiinflammatory Protection -- Anticancer Activity -- Antidiabetic Capacity -- Neuroprotection -- Cardiovascular Protection -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 3: Phenolic Compounds: A Good Choice Against Chronic Degenerative Diseases -- Introduction -- Main BCs in Plants -- Phenolic Compounds -- Flavonoids -- Potential Health Effects -- Phenolic Acids -- Potential Health Effects -- Tannins -- Potential Health Effects. , Coumarins -- Potential Health Effects -- Lignans -- Potential Health Effects -- Potential Toxicity -- Final Remarks -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 4: Recent Developments in the Quest for Novel Microbial Natural Products -- Introduction -- Classical Approach of Microbial NP Discovery -- Exploring Microbes From Unique Ecological Habitats -- NPs From Cave Microbes -- NPs From Marine Microbes -- NPs From Symbiotic Microorganisms -- NPs From Endophytic Fungi -- Single-Cell Genomics in Microbial NPsDiscovery -- Use of Diverse Culture Conditions -- NPs From Environmental DNA (e-DNA) -- Activation of Cryptic Pathways -- Cocultures -- Use of Environmental Cues -- Use of Abiotic Stressors -- Awakening of Biosynthetic Pathway Activators, Silencing of Repressors, and Use of Strong Promoters -- RNA Polymerase Transcriptional and Ribosome Translational Engineering -- Epigenetic Approaches -- Emerging Dereplication Approaches -- Summary -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 5: Mycosporine-Like Amino Acids as Multifunctional Secondary Metabolites in Cyanobacteria: From Biochemical to Ap ... -- Introduction -- Basic Description of MAAs -- Discovery of MAAs -- Basic Characteristics of MAAs -- Distribution of MAAs -- Molecular Structure of MAAs -- General Structure of MAAs -- Resonance Delocalization in the Molecular Structure of MAAs -- The Effects of Environmental Factors on the Molecular Structure of MAAs -- Determination of the Molecular Structure of MAAs -- Biosynthetic Pathway of MAAs -- Biosynthetic Pathway of 4-Deoxygadusol, the Common Precursor Compound of MAAs -- Gene Clusters for Biosynthesis of MAAs -- Regulations -- Effects of UVR -- Effects of Salt and Thermal Stresses -- Effects of Nutrient Availability -- Biological Activities and Functions -- Photoprotectant and Sunscreen Functions -- Antioxidant and Antiinflammation -- Other Functions. , Potential Applications -- Recent Patents Related to MAAs -- Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 6: Basic and Clinical Studies With Marine LipoFishins and Vegetal Favalins in Neurodegeneration and Age-Related D ... -- Introduction -- LipoEsar (E-SAR-94010) -- HepatoSar -- CabyMar (E-CAB-94011) -- DefenVid (E-JUR-94013) -- AntiGan (E-Congerine-10423) -- MineraXin (E-MHK-0103) -- Atremorine (E-PodoFavalin-15999) -- Conclusions -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 7: Terpenoids as Emerging Therapeutic Agents: Cellular Targets and Mechanisms of Action against Protozoan Parasites -- Introduction -- Chemistry of Terpenoids -- Mechanisms of Action Involving Interaction With Specific Parasite Enzymes and Other Macromolecules -- Terpenoids Interfere With DNA Metabolism -- Terpenoids Interact With Calcium Transporters -- Terpenoids Inhibit Fatty Acid Metabolism -- Terpenoids Inhibit Parasite Proteases -- Terpenoids Interact With Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase -- Terpenoids Inhibit Biosynthesis of Other Structurally Similar Compounds in Parasites -- Terpenoids Induce Oxidative Stress in Parasites -- Terpenoids Induce Morphological and Ultrastructural Changes in Parasites -- Cell Membrane Disruption -- Ultrastructural Changes -- Terpenoids Arrest Parasites Cell Cycle -- Terpenoids Interactions With Parasites Proteins as Predicted In Silico -- Terpenoids Mediate Parasite Killing by the Host -- Future Direction -- Concluding Remarks -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 8: Bioactive Sesquiterpene Coumarins From Plants -- Introduction -- Structure Type and Important Representatives -- Subtype A: Umbelliferone-Derived SCs -- Subtype A-1 Umbelliferone-Chain Sesquiterpene -- Subtype A-2 Umbelliferone-Monocyclic Sesquiterpene -- Subtype A-3 Umbelliferone-Bicyclic Sesquiterpene. , Subtype B: Scopoletin-Derived SCs -- Subtype C: Isofraxidin-Derived SCs -- Subtype D: Other Type SCs -- Physical and Chemical Properties and Spectral Characteristics for Identification -- Physical and Chemical Properties -- Spectral Characteristics of SCs -- Biological Activities -- Antitumor Activity -- Antiinflammatory Activity -- Antibacterial and Antivirus Activities -- Antiparasitic Activity -- Biosynthetic Pathway and Biotransformation -- Biosynthetic Pathway -- Biotransformation -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 9: Assessing Herb-Drug Interactions of Herbal Products With Therapeutic Agents for Metabolic Diseases: Analytical ... -- Introduction: Herb-Drug Interactions (HDIs) -- Mechanisms of HDIs -- Pharmacokinetic Interactions -- Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes (DMEs) -- Drug Transporters (DTs) -- Pharmacodynamic Interactions -- Chemical Complexity in NPs -- Novel In Silico, In Vitro, and In Vivo Approaches in HDI Screening -- In Silico Prediction of HDIs -- In Vitro Screening of HDIs -- Protein-Binding Studies -- Metabolism Studies -- CYP Phenotyping by Chemical Inhibition Assay -- Phase II Conjugation Metabolism Study -- Metabolism Study Using Hepatocytes -- Transporter Assays -- Caco-2 Assay -- In Vivo HDI Screening -- Analytical Tools in HDI Screening -- Fluorometric High-Throughput Screening (HTS) Assays -- Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry in HDIs Screening -- Metabolic Disorders -- A Study on HDIs of Diabetes -- A Study on HDIs in CVDs -- Current Regulatory Scenario in DI Reporting of HPs -- Conclusion and Future Perspective -- Acknowledgments -- Conflict of Interest -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 10: Natural Products for the Management of Diabetes -- Introduction -- Natural Products Which Control Glucose Absorption -- Serotonin Derivatives -- Butyl-isobutyl-phthalate -- Allium sativum and Allium cepa. , Elatosides E and F -- Bauhinia candicans and Bauhinia forficata -- Natural Products Which Control GLP-1 Homeostasis -- Monounsaturated Fatty Acid -- Fructans -- Natural Products Which Improve β-Cell Function -- Anacardium occidentale -- Gymnema sylvestre -- Polyynes and Bidens pilosa -- Silymarin -- Nymphayol -- Kinsenoside -- Conophylline -- Carica papaya and Pandanus amaryllifolius -- Picrorhiza kurroa -- Morus alba -- Natural Products Which Improve Insulin Sensitivity -- Astragalus Polysaccharides and Astragalus -- Lychee -- Fenugreek -- Cinnamon -- Gastrodia elata -- Dioscorea and Its Polysaccharides -- Blueberry and Anthocyanins -- Amorfrutins -- Psidium guajava -- Antidiabetic Natural Products With Multiple Mechanisms -- Resveratrol -- Quercetin -- Aspalathin/Rutin Mixture -- Genistein and Glyceollins -- Diphlorethohydroxycarmalol -- Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate and Chinese Tea -- Gingerol and Ginger -- Dicaffeoylquinic Acids and Mate -- Curcumin -- Berberine -- Capsaicin -- Bitter Melon -- Ginseng -- Aloe vera -- Coffee -- Tinospora cordifolia -- Pterocarpus marsupium -- Ocimum sanctum -- Murraya koeingii -- Ficus benghalensis -- Syzygium densiflorum -- Examples of Clinical Trials on Antidiabetic Plants and Natural Products -- G. sylvestre (Gurmar) -- Trigonella foenum-graecum (Fenugreek) -- M. charantia (Bitter Melon) -- Ginseng Species -- Turmeric -- Tea and Catechins -- Soybean -- Sage -- Guava -- Coffee -- Cocoa and Flavanols -- Cinnamon -- Caper -- Banaba and Corosolic Acid -- Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) -- Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 11: Limonoids: Structure-Activity Relationship Studies and Anticancer Properties -- Introduction -- SAR and Anticancer Activity -- Concluding Remarks -- Abbreviations -- References. , Chapter 12: Anticancer Potential of Flavonoids: Chemistry, Biological Activities, and Future Perspectives.

Note: Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- End User License Agreement -- Contents -- Preface -- List of Contributors -- "On Water" and "In Water" Strategies for Heterocyclic Transformations -- Nusrat Sahiba1, Pankaj Teli1 and Shikha Agarwal1,* -- INTRODUCTION -- ON-WATER AND IN-WATER SYNTHESIS -- WATER-BASED HETEROCYCLIC TRANSFORMATIONS -- Organocatalyzed Reactions -- Acid-catalyzed Reactions -- Base-catalyzed Reactions -- Other Organocatalysis Reaction -- Metal Catalyzed Reactions -- Nanocatalyst Supported Reactions -- Catalyst-free Reactions -- Miscellaneous Synthesis -- Salt-mediated Reactions -- Others -- CONCLUSION AND OUTLOOK -- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Ionic Liquid Based Polyoxometalates as Functionalized Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Materials for Catalytic Organic Reactions -- Susmita Saikia1 and Ruli Borah1,* -- INTRODUCTION -- Polyoxometalates (POMs) and Their Structural Significance -- Ionic Liquids Based Functionalized POMs -- Advantages as Catalysts: Importance of Organic-Inorganic Hybrids -- Catalytic Variation of Ionic Liquid-Polyoxometalates (IL-POMs) -- IMPORTANCE OF FUNCTIONALIZED IL-POMS IN VARIOUS ORGANIC REACTIONS -- CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPES -- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Recent Advances in the Synthesis and Bio-applications of Some Oxygen and Sulphur Containing Seven Membered Heterocyclic Compounds -- Sonali Garg1, Manvinder Kaur1, Dharambeer S. Malhi1, Harvinder S. Sohal1,* and Ajay Sharma1 -- INTRODUCTION TO O & -- S CONTAINING SEVEN MEMBER HETEROCYCLICS -- O-CONTAINING SEVEN-MEMBERED HETEROCYCLES -- Synthesis of Oxepin and its Homologous -- Intramolecular Ring Cyclization -- Intermolecular Reaction -- Reaction of Oxepines -- S-CONTAINING SEVEN-MEMBERED HETEROCYCLES -- Synthesis of Thiepine and its Derivatives. , Intramolecular Synthesis -- Intermolecular Reaction -- Reactions of Thiepine -- REACTION CONTAINING BOTH O, S-SEVEN MEMBERED HETEROCYCLIC -- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Application of Nitriles on the Synthesis of 5-Membered Azaheterocycles: An Update from 2014 to 2020 -- Victor Facchinetti1, Claudia R. B. Gomes1 and Marcus V. N. de Souza1,* -- INTRODUCTION -- PYRROLE AND INDOLE -- Synthetic Methods -- PYRAZOLE AND IMIDAZOLE -- Synthetic Methods -- TRIAZOLE -- Biological Applications -- Synthetic Methods -- TETRAZOLE -- Biological Activity -- Synthetic Methods -- Lewis Acids as Catalysts -- Transition Metals as Catalysts -- Other Catalysts -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- The Role of Carbon-based Solid Acid Catalysts in Organic Synthesis -- Jay Soni1, Ayushi Sethiya1 and Shikha Agarwal1,* -- INTRODUCTION -- CARBON-BASED SOLID ACID CATALYST -- Role of Carbon-based Solid Acid Catalysts in Organic Transformations -- Esterification and Biodiesel Generation -- Synthesis of Five-Membered Heterocycles -- Six Membered Heterocycles -- Miscellaneous usage of CBSA in Organic Reactions -- CONCLUSION -- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- FUNDING SOURCE -- REFERENCES -- Subject Index -- Back Cover.

Note: Intro -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- List of Contributors -- Organocatalytic α-hydroxylation or α-aminoxylation of Carbonyl Compounds -- Armando Talavera-Alemán1, Rosa E. del Río1, Christine Thomassigny*, 2 and Christine Greck2 -- INTRODUCTION -- FUNCTIONALISATION OF ALDEHYDES AND KETONES -- α-Aminoxylation Reactions with Nitrosobenzene or Derivatives -- First Publications: the "Classical Method" -- Generalities -- α-Aminoxylation Reactions in Aqueous Media -- α-Aminoxylation Reactions in Ionic Liquids -- α-Aminoxylation Reactions in Continuous Flow Systems -- Oxidative α-C-H N,O-ketalization of Ketone -- α-Oxybenzoylation Reactions -- α-Aminoxylation Reactions with TEMPO -- First Publications: the "Classical Method" -- TEMPO α-aminoxylation Reactions Without Metal -- Electrochemical Oxidation -- Organophotocatalysis -- Singlet Oxygen -- Α-FUNCTIONALISATION OF 1,3-DICARBONYL COMPOUNDS -- CONCLUSION -- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Achmatowicz Rearrangement Derived Synthons, and their Relevant Bioinspired Chemistry -- Grzegorz Grynkiewicz* -- INTRODUCTION -- NATURAL PRODUCTS CONTAINING SIX-MEMBERED OXYGEN RING SUB-STRUCTURES -- FURYL CARBINOLS AND THEIR REARRANGEMENTS -- ACHMATOWICZ REARRANGEMENT -- REAGENTS, CONDITIONS, AND PROCEDURES -- SOME SYNTHETICALLY USEFUL TRANSFORMATIONS OF PYRANOSULOSES GENERATED VIA AR -- APPLICATIONS OF THE ACHMATOWICZ REARRANGEMENT TO TOTAL SYNTHESES OF NATURAL PRODUCTS -- MONOSACCHARIDES -- NON-CARBOHYDRATE NATURAL PRODUCTS -- AR-DERIVED PYRANOSULOSES AS VERSATILE GLYCOSYLATION AND GLYCO-CONJUGATION SYNTHONS -- CONCLUSIONS -- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION -- CONFLICT OF INTERESTS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -- ABBREVIATIONS -- REFERENCES -- Recent Advances in the Synthesis of N-Glycosyl Compounds -- Nuno M. Xavier1,2,* and Rafael Nunes1,2,3 -- INTRODUCTION. , Free Glycosylamines and their N-alkyl and N-aryl Glycosyl Compounds -- N-Glycosylhydroxylamines and Alkoxyamines -- N-Glycosylamino Acids -- N-Glycosylamides -- N-Glycosylsulfonamides, -sulfamides and -sulfinamides -- N-Glycosylhydrazines -- N-Glycosylphosphoramidates and -phosphonamidates -- N-Glycosylimines and -imides -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Acidic and Basic Functionalized Ionic Liquid Systems for Advanced Synthesis of Five and Six Membered Nitrogenates Heterocycles -- Pinky Gogoi1, Susmita Saikia1, Arup Kumar Dutta2 and Ruli Borah*, 1 -- INTRODUCTION ON IONIC LIQUID SYSTEMS -- Different Classification of Ionic Liquids -- 1. Based on Number of Cation -- 2. Based on Type of Anion -- 3. Based on Acidity -- 4. Based on Physical Properties -- SUSTAINABLE ORGANIC SYNTHESIS AND FUNCTIONALIZED IONIC LIQUIDS -- ADVANTAGES OF ONE-POT PROTOCOL IN ORGANIC REACTIONS -- USE OF FUNCTIONALIZED IONIC LIQUIDS IN ONE-POT SYNTHESIS OF FIVE MEMBERED N- HETEROCYCLES -- Pyrroles -- Pyrazoles -- Imidazoles -- USE OF FUNCTIONALIZED IONIC LIQUIDS IN ONE-POT SYNTHESIS OF SIX MEMBERED N-HETEROCYCLES -- Pyridines -- Quinolines -- Acridines -- Pyrimidines -- CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPES -- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -- REFERENCES -- Mesoporous SBA-15: A Superior Heterogeneous Catalytic Support for Multicomponent Organic Synthesis -- Diganta Bhuyan1, Mrinal Saikia1,2, Pallab Kumar Saikia1 and Lakshi Saikia1,2,* -- INTRODUCTION -- SURFACE MODIFICATIONS OF MESOPOROUS SILICA MATERIALS -- Grafting Methods -- Grafting with Passive Surface Groups -- Grafting with Reactive Surface Groups -- Site-selective Grafting -- Co-condensation Reactions -- MESOPOROUS SBA-15 AS SUPPORT OR HOST. , Encapsulation of Nanoparticles on Mesoporous SBA-15 Support for Catalytic Application -- Immobilization of Transition Metal Complexes/Salts and Organic Species on Functionalized Mesoporous SBA-15 Support for Catalytic Application -- Immobilization of Heteropolyacids on Functionalized Mesoporous SBA-15 Support for Catalytic Application -- MULTICOMPONENT REACTIONS -- Three Component Coupling -- A3 Coupling Reaction -- Biginelli Reaction -- Mannich Reaction -- Some Other Three Component Coupling Reactions -- Four Component Reaction/Pseudo Four Component Reaction -- CONCLUSION -- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- SUBJECT INDEX.

Note: Cover -- Title -- EUL -- Contents -- Preface -- List of contributor -- Section A -- Chapter 01 -- Chapter 02 -- Sention B -- Chapter 03 -- Chapter 04 -- Section C -- Chapter 05 -- Chapter 06 -- Index -- Back Cover.

Note: Intro -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- List of Contributors -- Plant-Based Antiamoebic Natural Products: Literature Review and Recent Developments -- Neelam Bharti1,*, Prabhu P. Mohapatra2 and Shailendra Singh3 -- INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND -- Search for Herbal Antiamoebic Compounds -- Standard Extraction Procedure -- Alkaloids -- Terpenes and Quassinoids -- Flavonoids and Iridoids -- Miscellaneous -- CONCLUSION AND OUTLOOK -- DISCLOSURE -- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- From Plant to Bench: Natural Products as Source for Analgesic Drug Development -- Rita Turnaturi1,*, Lorella Pasquinucci1 and Carmela Parenti2 -- INTRODUCTION -- SALVINORIN A -- Traditional Use and Botanical Description -- Analgesic Effect -- Other Effects -- Constituents of Salvia Divinorum -- Salvinorin A Derivatives -- 1. Structural Derivatization of the C-2 Position. -- MOPr ligands -- 2. Structural Modifications of the Tricyclic Trans-Decalin Core -- Modifications to the C-12 Furan Ring -- MITRAGYNINE -- Botanical Description and Traditional Use -- Analgesic Effect -- Anti-inflammatory Effects -- Putative Addictive Properties -- Constituents of Mitragyna Speciosa -- Structure−Activity Relationship -- Structural Derivatization of the C-9 Position -- Structural Derivatization of the C-7 Position -- Structural Derivatization of the Nb Lone Pair and β-Methoxyacrylate mojety -- Structural Derivatization of the C-19 Position -- Mitragynine Pseudoindoxyl -- CONCLUSIONS -- ABBREVIATIONS -- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION -- CONFLICT OF INTERESTS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Essential Oils and Cognitive Performance -- Snezana Agatonovic-Kustrin1,2 and David W. Morton2,* -- INTRODUCTION -- A Brief History of Aromatherapy -- Aromatherapy with Essential Oils -- The Pharmacological Hypothesis of Aromatherapy -- The Psychological Hypothesis. , The Olfactory Function of Aromatherapy (Smell) -- Improving Mood and Cognitive Function using Essential Oils -- The Cholinergic Hypothesis, Essential Oils, and Alzheimer's Disease -- The Oxidative Stress Hypothesis, Essential Oils, and Alzheimer's Disease -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION -- CONFLICT OF INTERESTS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -- REFERENCES -- Inspired by Nature: Modern Medicines Derived from Cannabis -- Bruno M. Fonseca*, Georgina Correia-da-Silva and Natércia Teixeira -- 1. CANNABIS, CANNABINOIDS AND THEIR MEDICAL USE -- 1.1. A Brief History of Cannabis Use in Medicine -- 1.2. Cannabinoids -- 2. MECHANISMS OF ACTION OF CANNABINOIDS -- 2.1. Cannabinoid Receptors -- 2.2. Cannabinoid Signalling Pathways -- 2.3. The Endocannabinoid System -- 3. CANNABIS AS MEDICINE -- 3.1. Cannabinoid-Based Drugs Metabolism -- 3.2. Cannabinoid Therapeutic Applications -- 3.2.1. Antiemetic and Appetite Stimulant -- 3.2.2. Cannabinoids and Food Intake -- 3.2.3. Multiple Sclerosis -- 3.2.4. Chronic Pain -- 3.2.5. Epilepsy -- 3.3. Main Limitations of Cannabinoids Use -- 4. CONCLUDING REMARKS -- ABBREVIATIONS -- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- Lectins as Biorecognition Elements in Biosensors for Clinical Applications in Cancer -- Maria Luísa Soares da Silva1,2,* -- 1. LECTINS -- 1.1. Definition, History, Occurrence and Isolation -- 1.2. Functions and Properties -- 1.3. Lectin Structures and Classification -- 2. LECTINS AS TOOLS FOR THE SEPARATION AND STUDY OF GLYCOPROTEINS IN BIOLOGICAL FLUIDS -- 2.1. Lectin-affinity Chromatography -- 2.2. Lectin Arrays -- 2.3. Enzyme-linked Lectin Assay -- 2.4. Lectin Biosensors -- 2.4.1. Glycan Biomarkers for Cancer Diagnosis -- 2.4.2. Lectins as Biorecognition Elements in Biosensors for Cancer Biomarkers -- 3. CONCLUDING REMARKS -- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION. , CONFLICT OF INTERESTS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -- REFERENCES -- Brassinosteroids: Occurrence, Structure and Stress Protective Activities -- Indu Sharma1, Renu Bhardwaj2, Vandana Gautam2, Ravdeep Kaur2 and Ashutosh Sharma3,* -- INTRODUCTION -- OCCURRENCE OF BRASSINOSTEROIDS -- STRUCTURES OF BRASSINOSTEROIDS -- BIOSYNTHESIS OF BRASSINOSTEROIDS -- PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLES OF BRASSINOSTEROIDS -- IMPLICATIONS OF BRASSINOSTEROIDS IN PLANT STRESS MANAGEMENT -- MECHANISM OF BRASSINOSTEROIDS ACTION -- INTERACTIONS OF BRASSINOSTEROIDS WITH OTHER PGRS -- FUTURE OUTLOOK -- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION -- CONFLICT OF INTERESTS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -- REFERENCES -- Chemistry and Structures of Plant Derived Antimalarials and Their Semi-synthetic Analogues -- Samir Mehndiratta1, Mantosh Kumar Satapathy2, Suhani Mankotia3 and Kunal Nepali1,* -- INTRODUCTION -- Life Cycle of Malaria [4] -- 1. Alkaloidal Antimalarials -- a. Bisbenzylisoquinolines [15 - 17] -- b. Azaanthracene Alkaloid [13, 17] -- c. Protoberberine and Aporphine-benzylisoquinoline [13, 18] -- d. Morphinan Alkaloid [12, 13, 19] -- e. Naphtylisoquinolines [12, 20] -- f. Indoloquinoline Alkaloid [12, 21, 22] -- g. Indole Alkaloids [26, 12, 27] -- h. Benzofenantridine [12] -- i. Furoquinoline & -- Acridone [12, 28] -- j. Tetrahydroquinoline [12] -- 2. Antiplasmodial Non-Alkaloidal Natural Products -- a. Quassinoids [8b, 13, 30] -- b. Sesquiterpenes [8b, 32] -- c. Triterpenoids [8b, 13, 35, 36] -- d. Flavonoids and Xanthones [8b, 13] -- e. Quinones [8b, 13] -- Patents on Antimalarial Agents -- a). Compounds Patented by Keilhauer et al [57]. -- b). Compounds (bisquinolines) Patented by Vennerstrom et al [58]. -- c). Compounds Patented by Raynes et al [59]. -- d). Compound (Spiro and dispiro 1,2,4 trioxolane) Patented by Vennerstrom et al [60]. -- e). Compounds Patented by Sparatore et al [61]. , f). Compounds Patented by Gilbert et al [62] -- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION -- CONFLICT OF INTERESTS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -- REFERENCES -- SUBJECT INDEX.

Note: Cover -- Title -- EUL -- Contents -- Preface -- List of Contributor -- Chapter 01 -- Chapter 02 -- Chapter 03 -- Chapter 04 -- Chapter 05 -- Bak Cover.