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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of spatial root distribution, organic nitrogen mineralization and fertilizer application on soil interlayer ammonium (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 368-373 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Seasonal variation ; Interlayer NH4+-N ; Spatial distribution ; Tree roots ; Organic N ; Fertilizer ; application ; Nitrogen mineralization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The amount of interlayer NH4 +-N and net mineralization of organic N were measured at periodic intervals, over a period of 10 months, in soil samples collected from a peach orchard which had been subjected to different rates of N fertilizer application. Two different groups of soil samples, designated sampling 1 and sampling 2 were collected. Soils of sampling 1 were collected from sites where the soil was heavily penetrated by tree roots and those of sampling 2 were collected from sites where the soil remained free from tree roots. In sampling 1, during the 10-month period, the concentration of interlayer NH4 +-N showed significant variations, while in sampling 2 no significant variation was found. In sampling 1 the amount of NH4 +-N released from the interlayers of the clay minerals were not influenced by the N fertilizer application rate. Changes in the interlayer NH4 +-N concentrations were related to variation in net N mineralization and immobilization rates as well as to plant uptake N. It is concluded that, in our experiment, the dynamics of interlayer NH4 +-N in soil were influenced by the spatial distribution of the tree roots and organic N mineralization, while N application influenced seasonal variation but not the total interlayer NH4 +-N released during the experiment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050185
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A simple gas chromatographic approach to evaluate CO2 release, N2O evolution, and O2 uptake from soil (1991)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 12 (1991), S. 1-4 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Microbial activity ; Gas chromatographic analysis ; Soil atmosphere ; N2O release ; CO2 evolution ; O2 uptake ; Denitrification ; Nitrification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary We have developed a simple method for the determination of gaseous compounds that reflect microbial activity in soil, as affected by factors such as the presence of an organic amendment (peat) or a variation in soil moisture. The method is based on a gas chromatographic analysis of the headspace of vials containing the soil under examination. A single gas chromatograph can detect up to 10 different gases. As expected, after peat was added to the soil, CO2 evolution and O2 uptake increased significantly. Positive relationships were found between the evolution of N2O, and soil moisture and the amount of peat added to the soil. Both the these variables influenced the CO2:O2 ratio. The results given by this method show high reproducibility.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00369380
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Turnover of interlayer ammonium in soil cropped with sugar beet (1994)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 18 (1994), S. 27-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Interlayer ammonium ; Beet ; Clay minerals ; K concentration ; Nitrogen turnover
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We studied the turnover of interlayer NH inf4 sup+ in three soils cropped with sugar beet. The three soils chosen for this study (Carpi, Cadriano, and Ozzano) are typical of the soils in the Po Valley where sugar beet is grown. The variation in interlayer NH inf4 sup+ content during the growing season was significant and very similar for the Carpi and Cadriano soils, while there was no significant variation in the NH inf4 sup+ content in the Ozzano soil during the same period. The turnover of interlayer NH inf4 sup+ in the Carpi and Cadriano soils was high, and appeared to cover a substantial amount of the N requirement of the crop. The turnover in these two soils showed a significant decrease during the initial phase followed by a period during which the pool of interlayer NH inf4 sup+ was replenished and reached the initial levels again. The spatial distribution of the root system, the pattern of N uptake by the sugar beet crop, and the processes of immobilization-mineralization of organic N all have an influence on the mechanisms of adsorption and release of interlayer NH inf4 sup+ . The release of interlayer NH inf4 sup+ , and thus its availability for plant uptake, was greater at the beginning of the growing season. The physicochemical characteristics of the soils, the K concentration, and the types of clay minerals present were found to be important in determining the dynamics of interlayer NH inf4 sup+ turnover of soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336440
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of the urease inhibitor N-(n-butyl)phosphorothioic triamide in low concentrations on ammonia volatilization and evolution of mineral nitrogen (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 22 (1996), S. 196-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Urease inhibitors ; N-(n-butyl)thiophosphorothioic triamide ; Urea hydrolysis ; Ammonia volatilization ; Nitrite accumulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Laboratory incubation experiments were conducted to study the influence of increasing concentrations of N-(n-butyl)phosphorothioic triamide (NBPT) on NH3 volatilization and rate of urea hydrolysis and evolution of mineral N in Ozzano, Rimini and Carpi soils with different physicochemical characteristics. Low concentrations of NBPT reduced NH3 losses due to volatilization after urea fertilization and the effectiveness of the inhibitor was related to the soil characteristics (e.g. high concentrations of organic C and sand). After 15 days of incubation, no significant reductions of losses were found for any of the NBPT concentrations employed in Rimini soil. The application of NBPT led to a considerable reduction of the formation of nitrite. This process was completely annulled with the highest dose of NBPT (0.5% w/wurea) in the Carpi soil after 15 days. In Rimini soil, however, the use of NBPT was less effective in influencing nitrite formation. The use of NBPT favoured accumulation of nitrate proportional to the NBPT concentration employed while it had no influence on the NH inf4 sup+ fixation by 2:1 layer silicates. The data obtained support previous evidence that NBPT is effective in reducing the problems encountered in using urea as fertilizer. However, environmental conditions and soil physicochemical characteristics may have an important influence on the effectiveness of NBPT.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00382512
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of the urease inhibitor N-(n-butyl)phosphorothioic triamide in low concentrations on ammonia volatilization and evolution of mineral nitrogen (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 22 (1996), S. 196-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Urease inhibitors ; N-(n-butyl)thiophosphorothioic triamide ; Urea hydrolysis ; Ammonia volatilization ; Nitrite accumulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Laboratory incubation experiments were conducted to study the influence of increasing concentrations of N-(n-butyl)phosphorothioic triamide (NBPT) on NH3 volatilization and rate of urea hydrolysis and evolution of mineral N in Ozzano, Rimini and Carpi soils with different physicochemical characteristics. Low concentrations of NBPT reduced NH3 losses due to volatilization after urea fertilization and the effectiveness of the inhibitor was related to the soil characteristics (e.g. high concentrations of organic C and sand). After 15 days of incubation, no significant reductions of losses were found for any of the NBPT concentrations employed in Rimini soil. The application of NBPT led to a considerable reduction of the formation of nitrite. This process was completely annulled with the highest dose of NBPT (0.5% w/wurea) in the Carpi soil after 15 days. In Rimini soil, however, the use of NBPT was less effective in influencing nitrite formation. The use of NBPT favoured accumulation of nitrate proportional to the NBPT concentration employed while it had no influence on the NH4 + fixation by 2:1 layer silicates. The data obtained support previous evidence that NBPT is effective in reducing the problems encountered in using urea as fertilizer. However, environmental conditions and soil physicochemical characteristics may have an important influence on the effectiveness of NBPT.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00382512
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Seasonal pattern of nitrate losses from cultivated soil with subsurface drainage (1991)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 60 (1991), S. 1-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Subsurface drainage systems have been installed in about 10000 ha of agricultural land in the flat part of the Emilia-Romagna Region in northern Italy. Nitrate loss in drainage water from a representative farm in this area was measured for three consecutive years (1986, 1987, 1988). During this period a total of 369 water samples were collected, filtered at 0.45 µm and analyzed. The nitrate concentration exceeded the limits for surface water set by Italian law regarding water pollution (90 mg NO3 −L−1 = 20 mg N L−1) in 84% of the samples. The greatest nitrate loss was recorded during the winter and early spring when drainage was high. After this period loss of nitrate, via drainage water, progressively decreased. This was attributed to a decrease in the amount of drainage water and increase in crop uptake of N. The average annual nitrate loss via drainage water was around 200 kg of NO inf3 sup− ha−1. Annual nitrate losses of this order of magnitude (≊ 50 kg N ha−1) indicate an urgent need for implementation of management practices directed towards achieving considerable reductions in these losses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00293961
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An enzymatic approach to the determination of the degree of stabilization of organic carbon in fertilizers (1990)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 25 (1990), S. 167-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Enzymatic hydrolysis ; humified materials ; humification parameters ; organic carbon ; organic fertilizers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract An enzymatic approach to assess the stability of organic matter extracted from organic fertilizers and amendments is proposed. The use of 0.1M NaOH plus 0.1M Na4P2O7 previously suggested as a suitable extractant solution for soil organic matter was also found satisfactory for the extraction of organic matter from organic fertilizers and amendments, especially when the temperature was raised to 65°C. The presence of nonhumified compounds in the extracts from organic fertilizers may interfere considerably during fractionation of organic carbon. An enzymatic hydrolysis with lipase, lysozyme and pronase, added sequentially to the extracts, led to an appreciable reduction in the interference. The interference was further reduced by carrying out a successive acid hydrolysis with 3N H2SO4; in this case the DH values (percentage of humified fractions with respect to total extractable carbon) were reduced to less than 10% in all organic fertilizers, but remained higher than about 70% in organic amendments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01161396
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of systematic exploitation of tolerance with respect to a declared nutrient content in the production of fertilizers (1992)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 32 (1992), S. 45-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Nutrient content ; tolerance exploitation ; superphosphate ; t-test ; Wilcoxon test ; fertilizers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A given tolerance value on the declared nutrient content of fertilizers is permitted by some national laws. A statistical method to assess systematic exploitation of tolerance values by single nutrient fertilizer producers is proposed. Production of superphosphate was selected as the case study. The method was tested on a yearly production, on randomly selected samples, and on a generated series of samples; it was found to be simple and reliable. The method is theoretically expected to be more reliable than the Wilcoxon test recommended by French law for normal distributions; it appears to fit better than the Wilcoxon test to uneven production of fertilizers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01054393
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