Note: Intro -- Factor X -- Preface -- Contents -- Part I: Sustainable Use of Natural Resources: A Global Challenge -- Chapter 1: Global Material Flows and Their Environmental Impacts: An Overview -- 1 Introduction: A Little History -- 2 Resource Flows: What and How to Measure? -- 2.1 What to Measure: Metrics and Indicators -- 2.2 How to Measure Resource Flows: Methods and Data Sources -- 3 Results: The Weight of Nations -- 3.1 Dynamics and Distribution of Resource Use -- 3.2 Impacts of Resource Use -- 4 Perspectives: Sustainable Resource Use? -- References -- Chapter 2: Increased Resource Efficiency: The Key Issue for Ecology and the Economy -- 1 Giving Progress a New Orientation -- 2 The Efficiency Revolution: The Next Generation of Environmental Policy -- 3 Quality Rather than Quantity -- 4 Innovation, Growth and Employment -- 5 Increasing Consumption of Raw Materials and Its Consequences -- 6 Sustainable Resource Policy at a European and National Level -- 7 Initiatives of the Federal Environment Ministry Between 2005 and 2009 for Greater Resource Efficiency -- 8 Contribution of Waste Management to the Conservation of Resources -- 9 Prospects for Resource-Conserving, Closed Cycle Waste Management -- 10 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Economic Growth and Sustainable Development -- 1 Growth as Modern Progress Construction -- 2 Growth Dawn -- 2.1 Decoupling Not in View -- 2.2 The Logic of Social Growth Is Ambivalent -- 2.3 Will Growth Enhance Individual Happiness? -- 2.4 Peak Everything -- 3 The Alternative: Post-growth Economy -- 3.1 Sufficiency: Reduced to the Max -- 3.2 Urban Subsistence and Regional Supply: Regaining Economic Sovereignty -- 3.3 Material Zero-Sum Games -- 4 Result -- References -- Chapter 4: Economic Growth and Resource Use -- 1 Economic Growth: An Energy-Driven Phenomenon -- 2 Natural Resources: A Peak Experience. , 3 Hopes for Resource Efficiency -- References -- Chapter 5: Resource Protection Policy: An Opinion from the NGO Perspective -- 1 Resource Protection Policy: Why Is It Necessary? -- 2 What Does Resource Protection Policy Mean? -- 2.1 Disclosing Resource Consumption Levels -- 2.2 Formulating Resource Protection Policy -- 2.3 Integrating Resource Protection Policy into Sustainability Objectives -- 2.4 Combining Resource and Climate Protection Policies -- 2.5 Resource Protection, Security of Raw Material Supply and Closed Cycle Management Policies -- 3 Resource Protection Policy in Concrete Terms -- 3.1 Corporate Responsibility -- 3.2 Political Responsibility -- 3.3 Sustainable Raw Material Policy Should Go Beyond Resource Protection Policy -- 4 The Key Role of Resource Protection Policy -- References -- Chapter 6: Legislation on the Protection of Natural Resources: Basic Considerations and Legal Perspectives -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Basic Considerations -- 2.1 Does Resource Protection Constitute a Value in Itself? -- 2.2 Proper Understanding of Resource Protection, Sparing Use of Resources and Resource Efficiency -- 2.3 Relationship Between Resource Protection, Product Responsibility and Waste Management -- 2.4 Current Considerations to Prepare Operationalization -- 3 Legal Policy: Innovations and Activities -- 3.1 Innovations in Legal Policy de lege lata -- 3.2 Implementation of the Waste Framework Directive -- 4 Conclusion and Outlook -- References -- Part II: Securing a Sustainable Supply of Raw Materials -- Chapter 7: An International Metal Covenant: A Step Towards Global Sustainable Resource Management -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Cooperation Agreements to Solve Knowledge Problems -- 3 Used Car Exports and Material Losses as a Problem Field -- 4 Considerations Regarding a Future International Covenant on Resource Efficiency in the Metal Sector. , 4.1 Completion of Industrial Material Cycles -- 4.2 Recycling Standards -- 4.3 Enhanced Monitoring and Reporting -- 4.4 Sanctions -- 5 Impact Assessment: Benefits of an International Metal Covenant -- 5.1 Recovery of Raw Materials: A Scenario -- 5.2 Development of Recycling Capacities in Emerging Countries -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8: The Austrian Minerals Plan -- 1 Starting Situation -- 2 Safeguarding of Mineral Resources and Regional Planning -- 3 Evaluation of Mineral Deposits -- 3.1 Example of Construction Resources (Loose Rocks) -- 3.2 Example of Construction Resources (Hard Rocks) -- 3.2.1 Determination of the (Regional) Minimum Demand -- 3.2.2 Examination of the Future Demand -- 3.2.3 Examination as Far as the Supply Is Ensured -- 3.3 Ores, Industrial Minerals and Energy Resources -- 3.4 Methods of Assessment -- 3.4.1 Determination of the Area Required for Safeguarding Areas of Ore and Industrial Mineral Deposits -- Deposits for Extraction in Open-Pit Mining -- Deposits for Extraction in Underground Mining -- References -- Part III: Sustainable Production and Consumption -- Chapter 9: Materials Efficiency in Product Design and Manufacturing -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Approaches to Reducing Material Costs -- 2.1 Cost Transparency -- 2.2 Information -- 2.3 Documentation -- 2.4 Motivation and Training of Staff -- 2.5 Product Construction -- 2.6 Diversity of Components and Materials -- 2.7 Selection and Substitution of Materials -- 2.8 Processing -- 2.9 Selection of Suitable Tools -- 2.10 Specifications and Tolerances -- 2.11 Organization of Manufacturing -- 2.12 Workplace Design -- 2.13 Warehousing -- 2.14 Production Planning -- 2.15 Pooling of Orders -- 2.16 Quantitative Scrap Optimization and Nesting -- 2.17 Diversity of Parts and Components -- 2.18 Length-Optimized Purchasing -- 2.19 Batch Sizes, Start-Up Wastes and Set-Up Periods. , 2.20 Qualitative Scrap Optimization -- 2.21 Inspection of Incoming Material and Batch Tracing -- 2.22 Labelling of Materials and Components -- 2.23 Recycling of Scrap, Wastes and Remainders and Sorted Collection -- 2.24 Recording of Leftovers -- 2.25 Continuous Quality Control -- 2.26 Tool Monitoring and Maintenance -- 2.27 Cleaning Processes -- 2.28 Dosage of Cleaning Agents Including Water -- 2.29 Water Recirculation and Treatment -- 3 Practical Examples from Different Industries -- 3.1 Metal Processing -- 3.2 Electrical and Electronics Industries -- 3.3 Processing of Plastic Materials -- 3.4 Wood Processing -- 3.5 Furniture Manufacturing -- 3.6 Surface Coating -- 3.7 Food Production -- 3.8 Breweries -- 3.9 Services -- 3.10 Textile Finishing -- Reference -- Part IV: Further Development of a Sound Waste Management -- Chapter 10: Strategies to Increase Resource Efficiency -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Anthropogenic Material Flow Chains -- 2.1 Model for Resource Efficiency Improvement Potentials -- 2.2 Mining of Raw Materials -- 2.3 Production of Primary Products -- 2.4 Production of Goods -- 2.5 Use of Goods -- 2.6 Waste Management -- 2.7 Conclusions -- 3 Political Strategies and Options for Action -- 3.1 Strategies and Objectives on the Global, European and National Levels -- 3.2 Product Design and Consumer Behaviour -- 3.3 Instruments of Political Control -- 3.3.1 Product Responsibility -- 3.3.2 Material Responsibility -- 3.3.3 Natural Resource Taxes -- 3.3.4 Product-Related Regulation -- 3.3.5 Public Procurement -- 3.3.6 Information and Labelling -- 4 Conclusion and Outlook -- References -- Chapter 11: Developing Waste Management into an Element of Resource-Efficient Material Flow Management -- 1 Scarce Resources: Using Wastes as Raw Material Stocks -- 2 From Waste Management to Management of Material Flows -- 3 Waste Management. , 4 Waste Prevention Strategies -- 5 Summary and Outlook -- References -- Part V: Taking into Account the Whole Life Cycle: Three Examples -- Chapter 12: Resource-Conserving Use of the Stock of Residential Buildings to Reduce Absolute Demand in the "Construction and Housing" Area of Need -- 1 Significance of the "Construction and Housing" Area of Need -- 2 Resource Potentials of Using Existing Buildings Instead of Constructing New Ones: Scientific Findings -- 3 Suggestion for a Strategic Hierarchy in the "Construction and Housing" Area of Need -- 4 Political Approaches to a Framework for Support of Sustainable Use of Existing Housing Stock -- 4.1 Reduce Energy Demand in Existing Buildings -- 4.2 Adapt Housing Stock to Needs, Avoid New Construction -- 4.2.1 Parameters: Trend in Population Development and the Housing Market -- 4.2.2 Parameters: Financial Impact on Municipalities of Designation of Building Land -- 4.2.3 Parameters: Varied Housing Needs of Different Population Groups -- 4.2.4 Parameters: Barriers to Investment in Housing Stock -- 4.2.5 Identify Policy Levers -- 4.2.6 Precise Measures -- Empirical Results -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 13: Anthropogenic Stock as a Source of Raw Materials: Optimized Utilization of Recycled Building Materials to Conserve Resources -- 1 From Demographic Change to Resource Conservation -- 2 Potentials for Resource Conservation By Using Recycled Materials in Building Construction -- 3 Disposal of Construction and Demolition Debris: Current Situation and Developmental Trends -- 4 Challenges to the Construction and Demolition Industry -- 5 The Future Belongs to Resource-Saving Recycled Concrete -- 6 Overcoming Obstacles: Improving the Acceptance and the Resource-Saving Use of Recycled Concrete in Germany -- 7 Flagship Projects Providing Initial Incentives to Use Recycled Concrete. , 7.1 Flagship Project No. 1.

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Prologue -- Introduction -- Contents -- Part I: Limits to Resource Use -- Chapter 1: The Limits of Resource Use and Their Economic and Policy Implications -- 1.1 Why and How Natural Resources Are Limited -- 1.2 Current Trends in Global Resource Use: Some Basic Trends -- 1.3 Different Types of Resource Scarcities -- 1.4 Some Consequences of Limited Resources -- 1.5 Some Policy Implications -- References -- Chapter 2: The Availability of Fossil Energy Resources -- 2.1 Conventional Wisdom -- 2.2 Crude Oil -- 2.3 Natural Gas -- 2.4 Coal -- 2.5 The Fossil and Nuclear Supply Outlook -- References -- Part II: Goals and Potentials for a Sustainable Use of Resources -- Chapter 3: Targets for Global Resource Consumption -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The Goal of Sustainable Resource Consumption -- 3.3 Major Environmental Problems of Global Resource Consumption -- 3.3.1 A Systems Perspective -- 3.3.2 Growing Resource Use -- 3.3.3 Increasing Impacts of Mineral Extraction -- 3.3.4 Increasing Impacts of Land Use Change -- 3.4 Indicators Describing the "Big Three" Environmental Pressures -- 3.4.1 Primary Minerals Consumption -- 3.4.2 Global Land Use for Agricultural Consumption -- 3.5 Which Targets Can Be Suggested? -- 3.5.1 Global Targets of Resource Use Versus National Consumption of Global Resources -- 3.5.2 Towards a Rationale for a Target of Global Mineral Extraction -- 3.5.3 Preliminary Target for Global Cropland -- 3.6 Targets for Resource Consumption Versus Productivity -- 3.7 Conclusion and Outlook -- References -- Chapter 4: Sustainable Land Use - Example: Land Take for Settlement and Transport in Germany -- 4.1 Introduction - The German National 30-hectares Goal for the Year 2020 -- 4.2 Why Is It Crucial for Sustainable Development to Reduce the Speed of Land Take?. , 4.2.1 Environmental Impact and Energy Consumption Induced by Land Take -- 4.2.2 Input of Materials - Especially Mineral Construction Materials and Products -- 4.2.3 Decline of Resource Efficiency and Economic Efficiency Through Demographic Change -- 4.2.4 Preserving Fertile Soils and Biodiversity as Natural Resources -- 4.3 Interaction Between the 30-ha Goal and Economic and Social Issues -- 4.3.1 Driving Forces and Decision-Makers Pushing Land Take in Germany -- 4.3.2 Is It Possible to Achieve the 30 ha Goal Without Negative Impacts on the Economy? -- 4.4 Consistent Strategies to Meet the 30 ha Goal -- 4.4.1 Intermediate, Regional or Sectoral Targets to Meet the 30 ha Goal -- 4.5 First Practical Steps to Reduce the Speed of Land Take -- 4.5.1 New Measures and Instruments to Slow Down Future Land Take -- 4.5.1.1 Communication, Education and Information Tools -- Communication with the Public and with Decision-Makers -- Improvement of Professional Training -- Monitoring and Assessment of Future Land Use -- 4.5.1.2 Support and Enforcement Instruments -- Adjusting the Economical Framework -- Further Improvement of the Planning System -- New Instruments Increasing the Price of Land Take -- 4.5.1.3 An Innovative Instrument to Guarantee the 30 ha Goal -- 4.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5: The Need for Decarbonising Our Economy -- 5.1 Limiting Climate Change -- 5.2 Keeping Track of the 2 Degree Path: Cutting Emissions to 95 % Below 1990 Levels in Industrialized Countries by 2050 -- 5.3 The Role of the Energy Sector -- 5.4 The German Vision: Power Supply by Renewable Energies -- 5.4.1 Precondition: Efficient Power Supply and Consumption -- 5.4.2 The Possibility of a 100 % Renewable Electricity Supply -- 5.4.3 Preconditions for Increasing the Share of Renewable Energies to 100 % -- 5.5 A Vision for Europe -- References. , Chapter 6: Strategies for Enhancing Resource Efficiency -- 6.1 Introduction: 'An Economy Crashing Against the Earth' -- Box 6.1: The Great Collision - A Global Economy Crashing Against the Earth -- Box 6.2: Our Ecological Footprint: Ending Overshoot -- 6.2 Fundamental Strategic Questions - Towards a 200 Trillion Dollar Economy? -- 6.2.1 Introduction -- 6.2.2 Growth Versus De-growth -- 6.2.3 Resource Input Versus Impact Limitations -- 6.2.4 Implications: Radical Resource Efficiency Improvements Required for Food, Mobility and Housing -- 6.3 Intervention Options for Decoupling and Potential Per Decoupling Strategy -- 6.3.1 Introduction -- Box 6.3: Relation Between Quality of Life and Environmental Impact -- 6.3.2 'Reducing Emission Factors' -- 6.3.3 The Same Output with Less Production Effort -- 6.3.4 Intensifying the Use of Products -- 6.3.5 Reducing the Material Intensity of Expenditure -- 6.3.6 Enhancing Quality of Life Per Euro Spent -- 6.4 Implications for Policy and Monitoring -- 6.4.1 Policy -- 6.4.2 Monitoring and Indicators -- 6.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7: Macroeconomic Impacts of Efficient Resource Use -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Economic Effects of Dematerialization -- 7.3 Evaluation of the Potential of a Policy Aimed at Increasing Resource Productivity -- 7.4 Conclusions -- References -- Part III: Strategies and Policies for a Sustainable Use of Resources -- Chapter 8: The Challenge of the Whole: Creating System Policies to Tackle Sustainability -- 8.1 Key Concepts -- 8.2 Ecosystem Services -- 8.3 System-Policies -- 8.4 Decoupling Growth from Using Nature -- 8.4.1 Targets -- 8.4.2 Measuring the Decoupling Growth from the Use of Nature -- 8.4.3 Technology -- 8.4.4 Achieving a Suitable Economic Framework -- Chapter 9: Changing the Priorities: From Labour Productivity to the Efficiency in the Use of Resources -- 9.1 Introduction. , 9.2 Defining and Measuring Resource Use Efficiency in the Normative Perspective of Dematerialisation and Well-Being -- 9.2.1 Natural Resources (NR) and Socially Valuable Outcomes of the Socioeconomic Process -- 9.2.2 GDP, Societal Goals and the Relation Between RE and RP -- 9.2.3 The Economy-Wide Material Flow Approach to Measuring NR -- 9.3 The Case for, and Some Remarks on, Dematerialisation -- 9.4 Resource Productivity, Economic Growth, Labour Productivity -- 9.4.1 Resource Use and Economic Growth -- 9.4.2 Economic Growth and Labour Productivity -- 9.4.3 LP, RP and the Speed of Materials Throughput -- 9.5 Changing the Perspective on Socially Valuable Outcomes -- 9.6 Objectives and Tools of a RE-Oriented Policy -- 9.7 Wrap Up -- References -- Chapter 10: Establishing and Strengthening Markets for Resource Efficient Products and Services -- 10.1 Benefits of a Proactive Policy -- 10.2 Obstacles to Raise Resource Efficiency -- 10.2.1 Obstacles on the Macroeconomic Level -- 10.2.2 Obstacles on the Firm Level -- 10.2.3 Barriers Among Consumers -- 10.3 Concepts, Strategies and Instruments -- 10.3.1 Long Term Targets as a Catalyst for Resource Efficiency -- 10.3.2 Strategies -- 10.3.3 Getting the Prices Right -- 10.3.4 Mobilizing Capital for Resource Efficiency Investments -- 10.3.5 Smart Regulation and Labelling as a Driver for Resource Efficiency -- 10.3.6 Enhancing Resource Efficient Closed Cycle Management -- 10.3.7 Public Procurement -- 10.3.8 Consulting and Environmental Management Systems -- 10.3.9 Knowledge Transfer and Networking -- 10.3.10 Training and Qualification: Managing the Transformation of Skills -- 10.3.11 Lead Market Strategies -- 10.4 Outlook -- References -- Chapter 11: Business Models for Material Efficiency Services -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 The Research Design -- 11.3 Business Models of Material Efficiency Services. , 11.3.1 The MASCO Model -- 11.3.2 Material Efficiency as Additional Service -- 11.3.3 Management Service for Material Flows -- 11.4 Financing Challenges and Feasibility -- 11.4.1 Financing Challenges -- 11.4.2 Feasibility of the Business Models -- 11.5 Conclusions and Implications for the Future -- Appendix: Interview Summary -- References -- Chapter 12: Requirements of an International Natural Resource Policy -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 The Need for a Natural Resource Policy -- 12.2.1 Drivers of Resource Use -- 12.2.2 Impacts of Resource Use and Environmental Costs -- 12.2.3 Economic Implications and Consequences for Resource Policy -- 12.3 Approaches for a Sustainable Resource Use Across the Entire Lifecycle of Products and Services -- 12.3.1 Raw Material Extraction and Processing -- 12.3.2 Product Design, Construction -- 12.3.3 Resource Efficient Production -- 12.3.4 Product Use and Supplying Services -- 12.3.5 Closing Material Cycles -- 12.4 Requirements for Global Resource Management -- 12.4.1 Important Elements of a Sustainable Management of Resources Worldwide -- 12.4.2 Policy Approaches for a Global Resource Policy Development -- 12.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 13: Innovations for a Sustainable Resource Use - Reflections and Proposals -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Dimensions of Material Flows: Environment, Productivity and Employment -- 13.2.1 Environmental Impacts -- 13.2.2 Resource Productivity and Labour Productivity -- 13.2.3 A Booming Industry of Eco-Efficient Resource Management -- 13.3 The Role of Eco-Efficient Innovations -- 13.4 Governance for Sustainable Material Use -- 13.4.1 Using the Present Crisis, Riding on Mega-trends -- 13.4.2 General Policy-Design -- 13.4.3 Points of Policy Intervention -- 13.4.4 "Policy Acceleration": Lessons from Climate Policy? -- 13.5 Conclusion -- References. , Part IV: Proposals for Implementation.