Anmerkung: Marine geophysical researches

Anmerkung: Intro -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- 1. Introduction -- PART I. GENERAL STATISTICAL METHODS -- 2. Regression: Linear and Nonlinear, Parametric and Nonparametric -- 3. Multivariate Models and Analyses -- 4. Comparing Ecological Models -- PART II. ESTIMATION OF ABUNDANCE AND DEMOGRAPHIC PARAMETERS -- 5. Estimation of Population Parameters Using Marked Animals -- 6. Distance Sampling -- 7. Occupancy Modeling Applications -- PART III. DYNAMIC MODELING OF PROCESSES -- 8. Analysis of Population Monitoring Data -- 9. Systems Analysis and Simulation -- 10. Applications of Individual-Based Models -- 11. Detecting and Analyzing Density Dependence -- PART IV. ANALYSIS OF SPATIALLY BASED DATA ON ANIMALS AND RESOURCES -- 12. Resource Selection Analysis -- 13. Spatial Statistics in Wildlife Research -- PART V. NUMERICAL METHODS -- 14. Bayesian Analysis of Molecular Genetics Data -- 15. Machine Learning, Random Forests, and Boosted Regression Trees -- 16. Causal Modeling and the Role of Expert Knowledge -- 17. Summary and Synthesis: Looking to the Future -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- Y -- Z.

Anmerkung: Intro -- Preface -- References -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter-1 -- Generalities of Gas Diffusion Applied to the Vertebrate Blood-Gas Barrier -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Why Diffusion? -- 1.3 Gas Diffusion -- 1.3.1 Fickʼs Laws of Diffusion -- 1.3.2 Gas Diffusion in Liquids -- 1.3.3 Gas Capacitance -- 1.4 Some Considerations -- 1.4.1 Thickness (θ) and Area (A) of the BGB -- 1.4.2 Diffusion (D) and Permeation (K) Coefficients -- 1.4.3 The Environmental Side of the BGB -- References -- Chapter-2 -- Morphological and Morphometric Properties of the Blood-Gas Barrier: Comparative Perspectives -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Cellular Organisation of the Lung Parenchyma -- 2.1.2 Structure of the Blood-Gas Barrier -- 2.1.3 Sporadic Attenuation of the Blood-Gas Barrier -- 2.1.4 Exposure of Pulmonary Capillary Blood to Air -- 2.1.5 Morphometry of the Blood-Gas Barrier -- References -- Chapter-3 -- Prenatal and Postnatal Development of the Vertebrate Blood-Gas Barrier -- 3.1 Overview of Vertebrate Lung Development -- 3.2 Biological Design of the Blood-Gas Barrier in Vertebrates -- 3.3 Embryonic Formation of the Blood-Gas Barrier -- 3.3.1 Development of the Mammalian Blood-Gas Barrier -- 3.3.1.1 Prenatal Formation of the Mammalian Blood-Gas Barrier -- 3.3.1.2 Perinatal Developmental of the Mammalian Blood-Gas Barrier -- 3.3.2 Development of the Avian Blood-Gas Barrier -- 3.3.2.1 Cell Decapitation by Constriction or Squeezing (Peremerecytosis) -- 3.3.2.2 Cell Cutting by Cavitation or Double Membrane Unzipping (Secarecytosis) -- 3.3.2.2.1 Cell Cutting by Intracellular Space Formation -- 3.3.2.2.2 Cell Cutting by Double Membrane Unzipping -- 3.4 Mechanisms of Epithelial Cell Attenuation -- 3.5 Molecular Regulation of Blood-Gas Barrier Development -- 3.5.1 Molecular Regulation of Blood-Gas Barrier Development in Mammals -- 3.5.1.1 Growth Factors. , 3.5.1.2 Transforming Growth Factor-β -- 3.5.2 Transcription Factors and Nuclear Receptors -- 3.5.2.1 GATA-6 Transcription Factor -- 3.5.2.2 Forkhead Orthologs (FOX) Transcription Factors -- 3.5.2.3 Thyroid Transcription Factor (TTF-1) -- 3.5.2.4 Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 2α (HIF2α) -- 3.5.2.5 Notch -- 3.5.2.6 Glucocorticoid Receptor and Retinoic Acid -- 3.5.2.7 E74-Like Factor 5 (ELF5) -- 3.5.2.8 Wnt/β-Catenin -- 3.5.3 Other Molecular Signals -- 3.5.3.1 Semaphorin 3A -- 3.5.3.2 Connexin 43 -- 3.5.3.3 T1 Alpha -- 3.6 Molecular Regulation of BGB Formation in Other Vertebrates -- 3.7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter-4 -- Molecular Mechanisms Regulating the Pulmonary Blood-Gas Barrier -- 4.1 The Structure of Junctional Complexes Regulating Barrier Function in the Lung -- 4.2 Molecular Mechanisms that Modulate the BGB -- 4.3 Environmental Factors Affecting the BGB -- 4.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter-5 -- Barrier Enhancing Signals -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Role of Cell-Cell Adhesions Junctions in Regulating Endothelial/Epithelial Barrier Function -- 5.2.1 Structure of AJs -- 5.2.2 VE-Cadherin Structure -- 5.2.3 Barrier Enhancement via VE-Cadherin -- 5.2.3.1 p120 Catenin-Mediated VE-Cadherin Enhancement -- 5.2.3.2 β-Catenin and Plakoglobin-Mediated VE-Cadherin Enhancement -- 5.3 Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases (PTPs)-Mediated AJ Enhancement -- 5.4 Small GTPases-Mediated Barrier Enhancement -- 5.4.1 Rac1-Mediated Barrier Enhancement Signaling -- 5.4.2 Cdc42-Mediated Barrier Enhancement Signaling -- 5.4.2.1 Rap1-Mediated Barrier Enhancement Signaling -- 5.5 Tight Junction-Mediated Barrier Enhancement Signaling -- 5.5.1 Occludins -- 5.5.2 Claudins -- 5.5.3 JAM -- 5.5.4 ZO Proteins -- 5.6 Focal Adhesion-Mediated Barrier Enhancement Signaling -- 5.6.1 Integrin-Mediated Barrier Enhancement -- 5.6.2 Focal Adhesion Kinase-Mediated Barrier Enhancement. , 5.7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter-6 -- Transbarrier Ion and Fluid Transport -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Overview of the Structure and Function of the Alveolar Epithelium -- 6.1.2 Generalized Paradigm for Transbarrier Ion and Fluid Transport -- 6.1.3 Bioelectric Properties of the Alveolar Epithelium -- 6.1.3.1 Epithelial Sodium Channel (ENaC) -- 6.1.3.2 Na/K ATPases -- 6.1.3.3 Chloride Channels -- 6.1.3.4 Potassium Channels -- 6.1.3.5 Aquaporins -- 6.1.4 Summary of Transbarrier Transport of Salt and Water -- 6.1.5 Transbarrier Transport in Lung Disease -- 6.1.5.1 The Importance of Oxidative Stress in Lung Disease -- 6.1.5.2 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) -- 6.1.5.3 Pulmonary Edema in ARDS -- 6.1.5.4 Cystic Fibrosis (CF) -- 6.1.5.5 Chronic Lung Disease -- 6.1.6 Summary of Transbarrier Transport in Lung Disease -- References -- Chapter-7 -- Stress Failure of the Pulmonary Blood-Gas Barrier -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Ultrastructure of the Blood-Gas Barrier -- 7.3 The Structural Dilemma of the Blood-Gas Barrier -- 7.4 What Component of the Blood-Gas Barrier is Responsible for Its Strength? -- 7.5 What Stress Is Required to Produce Failure of the Blood-Gas Barrier? -- 7.6 Stress Failure of the Blood-Gas Barrier Under Physiological Conditions -- 7.7 Stress Failure Under Pathological Conditions -- 7.8 Remodeling of Pulmonary Capillaries -- 7.9 Comparative Physiology of the Blood-Gas Barrier -- References -- Chapter-8 -- The Lung Endothelial Barrier in Acute Inflammation -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Pulmonary Endothelial Barrier Disruption -- 8.3 Role of Neutrophils, Monocytes and Thrombocytes in Pulmonary Endothelial Barrier Disruption -- 8.4 Complement and Coagulation Systems and Vascular Permeability -- 8.5 Role of Toll-like Receptor 4 in the Regulation of Pulmonary Vascular Permeability -- 8.6 The Angiopoietin/Tie2 System. , 8.7 Sphingosine-1-Phosphate and other Biologically Active Sphingolipids -- 8.8 Role of Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species in the Pathogenesis of Lung Injury -- 8.9 Adrenomedullin (AM) and Endothelial Barrier Function -- 8.10 Stem Cells in Lung Injury -- 8.11 Conclusions and Future Perspectives -- References -- Chapter-9 -- Lung Transplantation and the Blood-Gas Barrier -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Evaluation of BGB Function After Transplantation -- 9.2.1 Physiological and Biochemical Parameters -- 9.2.2 Structural Parameters -- 9.3 Blood-Gas Barrier Stress During Transplantation -- 9.4 IR Injury and the BGB -- 9.4.1 Definition, Incidence, and Clinical Relevance -- 9.4.2 Morphology and Physiology of IR Injury -- 9.4.2.1 Alveolar Epithelium -- 9.4.2.2 Surfactant -- 9.4.2.3 Septal Interstitium -- 9.4.2.4 Endothelium -- 9.4.2.5 Pulmonary Edema -- 9.4.2.6 Cell Death -- 9.4.2.7 Inflammatory Cell Infiltration and Activation -- 9.4.2.8 Mediators of IR Injury -- 9.4.3 Prevention, Management, and Therapy of IR Injury -- 9.4.3.1 Donor Selection and Management -- 9.4.3.2 Lung Preservation -- 9.4.3.3 Recipient Management -- 9.4.3.4 Ex Vivo Lung Perfusion (EVLP) -- 9.4.4 Long-Term Effects of IR Injury -- 9.5 Acute Allograft Rejection and the BGB -- 9.6 Chronic Lung Allograft Dysfunction (CLAD) and the BGB -- 9.7 Final Remarks -- References -- Chapter-10 -- Stereological Studies on Transient Gas Exchangers with Emphasis on the Structure and Function of the Human Placenta in Normal and Compromised Pregnancies -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 The Amniote Plan-Structural Overview of Egg and Placenta -- 10.3 The Human Placenta and Its O2 Environment -- 10.4 The Human Placenta and Its Structural Variation Across Normal Gestation -- 10.5 Relative Growth Rates of Placental Compartments -- 10.6 The Significance of these Gestational Changes for Transplacental Exchange. , 10.7 The Human Placenta and Morphometric Estimators of DO2 -- 10.7.1 Estimating Partial Conductances -- 10.7.2 Stereological Variables -- 10.8 Variation of DpO2 of the Human Placenta During Normal Pregnancy -- 10.8.1 Does the Placenta have a Functional Reserve Capacity? -- 10.8.2 Predictions Based on Morphometric DpO2 Changes -- 10.9 Morphometric DpO2 and DvmO2 in Complicated Human Pregnancies -- 10.10 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Index.

Anmerkung: Intro -- Modern Energy Market Manipulation -- Contents -- About the Author -- Acknowledgments -- Preface -- References -- Chapter 1: What is Manipulation? What is Not Manipulation? -- I. Introduction -- II. A Commodity Market -- A. Selling to the Commodity Market -- B. Buying from the Exchange -- C. Challenges for the Exchange -- D. Challenges for the Commodity Trader -- III. Defining Manipulation -- IV. Speculation, Arbitrage, and Market Power -- References -- Chapter 2: Economic Theories of Manipulation -- I. Introduction -- II. Two (Relatively) Early Works -- III. Pirrong Creates a Field -- IV. Works by Ledgerwood and Coauthors -- V. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Some Historical Manipulation Cases, or Understanding Why the Hunt Brothers Did Not Manipulate the Silver Market -- I. Introduction -- II. General Foods v. Brannan (1948) -- III. Great Western v. Brannan (1953) -- 4. H. W. Miller and Company v. Benson (1958) -- V. Volkart Brothers (1962) -- 6. Cargill v. Harden (1971) -- VII. The Hunt Brothers Silver Escapade -- VIII. Concluding Thoughts -- References -- Chapter 4: DiPlacido: the CFTC Confuses Manipulation and Hedging -- I. Introduction -- II. The Parties and the Procedure -- B. The Process at an Administrative Agency -- C. Weaknesses of the Procedure -- III. The Contending Theories -- A. Options and How to Hedge with Them -- B. The Manipulation Theory -- C. The Available Evidence -- IV. The CFTC's Path to a Manipulation Finding -- A. Showing an Artificial Price -- B. Violating Bids: The Crux of the CFTC's Decision -- 1. Motives for Violating Bidders -- 2. Were Bidders Violated, and If So, So What? -- C. Misconstruing Henner -- D. Motive Is Not Necessary -- or Misconstruing Cargill -- V. The Bad Words -- VI. Final Thoughts: Deference Does Not Seem to be Appropriate -- References. , Chapter 5: Introduction to Electricity Markets -- I. Introduction -- II. Restructured Electricity Markets -- B. Regional Transmission Organizations -- III. The Three-node Model -- B. Supply and Demand -- IV. Other Markets -- A. Day-Ahead and Real-Time Markets -- B. Financial Transmission Rights -- C. Ancillary Markets -- V. Some Concluding Thoughts -- References -- Chapter 6: Were California's Electricity Markets Manipulated, and by Whom? -- I. Introduction -- II. Electricity Restructuring in California -- A. Price Caps and Finger Pointing -- III. ENRON -- B. ENRON in the California Crisis -- IV. Congestion-Related Strategies -- A. Load Shifting -- B. Death Star and Cut Schedules -- V. An Ancillary Market Strategy - "Get Shorty" -- VI. Why were Real-Time Prices Higher than Day-Ahead Prices? -- VII. Interpreting Price Arbitrage Strategies -- A. "Ricochet" -- 2. Economic Analysis of Ricochet -- B. Overgeneration and Fat Boy -- VIII. Gaming -- IX. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: Deutsche Bank: What should the Legal Rule for Trading Financial Transmission Rights be? -- I. Introduction -- II. The Prosecution's Case -- B. The Proceedings and FERC Staff's Arguments -- III. Deutsche Bank's Arguments -- A. Deutsche Bank's Motivation -- B. Why Did Deutsche Bank Lose Money? -- C. "Degenerate Pricing" and "Artificial" Prices -- D. Other Issues -- IV. The Available Legal Standards -- A. Stand-Alone Profitability: Ex Ante or Ex Post? -- B. Per Se Illegality -- C. The Original Intent Rule -- D. Subsequent FERC Cases -- V. Why Bring this Case? Why Fight this Case? -- VI. Conclusion: What is the Legal Rule for FTRs? -- References -- Chapter 8: Amaranth and Brian Hunter: You Certainly Look Guilty -- I. Introduction -- II. What was Amaranth? -- III. Proceedings -- IV. The Staff's Case and Hunter's Rebuttals -- B. A Side Excursion on Put Options. , C. Now Back to Our Story -- V. The Battle of the Economists -- B. Lies, Damn Lies, and Econometrics -- 2. Kaminski's Analysis -- C. Quinn and Fischel for the Defense -- VI. The Commission Decision -- VII. Settlements and Jurisdiction -- VIII. Searching for Manipulation in All the Wrong Places? -- IX. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9: BP America: Let the Best Story Win! -- I. Introduction -- II. The Parties and the Proceedings -- III. Framing the Open -- IV. Arbitrage and Early Trading -- V. Other Trading Strategies -- VI. Scienter -- VII. Manipulation and the Theory of the Firm -- B. Incentive of an Individual Trader -- C. Firm Compliance -- VIII. Other Issues -- IX. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10: Barclays: The Defendant Meets Mr. Kafka -- I. Introduction -- II. The Process -- III. The Show Cause Order -- B. Scienter - The Bad Words -- C. The Damages Amount and Other Open Questions -- IV. The Exchange Between Barclays and Staff -- B. The Staff Response - Giving away the bad words Argument -- V. Ferc's Penalty Order - How Can Defendants Defend Themselves? -- VI. Dean Hubbard's Statement -- VII. The District Court's Decision on Discovery -- VIII. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 11: Rumford and Silkman: Money for Nothing, Kicks for Free -- I. Introduction -- II. Demand Response Policy -- III. The Parties and the Process -- IV. The Show Cause Orders -- V. The Defense of Rumford and Silkman -- A. DALRP was a Poor Policy -- B. The Rules of the DALRP were Unclear -- C. Scienter -- VI. The Commission's Penalty Order and Afterwards -- VII. Concluding Thoughts -- References -- Chapter 12: Powhatan: What is Manipulation? -- I. Introduction -- II. Those Transmission Losses -- III. The Participants and the Proceedings -- IV. The Show Cause Order -- B. The Manipulation Analysis -- C. Scienter -- V. Powhatan's Response: The Cavalcade of Stars. , A. Taking Advantage of a Loophole is not Illegal, and Arguably was of Assistance to PJM -- B. Powhatan's Trades were not Riskless, and Therefore were not wash Trades -- C. Return to Death Star, Fraud, and "Well Functioning Markets" -- VI. Staff's Rebuttal and the Commission's Initial Decision -- B. The Commission's Penalty Order -- VII. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 13: Some Final Thoughts -- Name Index -- Subject Index.

Anmerkung: Overall introduction / Dan Minchin ... [et al.] -- The Kiel Canal : the world's busiest man-made waterway and biological invasions / Stephan Gollasch & Harald Rosenthal -- The Panama Canal. Cutting a canal through Central America / Andrew N. Cohen. Shipping patterns associated with the Panama Canal : effects on biotic exchange? / Gregory M. Ruiz ... [et al.]. Species introductions and the Panama Canal / Andrew N. Cohen -- The Suez Canal : the marine caravan - the Suez Canal and the Erythrean invasion / Bella S. Galil -- Epilogue : canals, invasion corridors and introductions / Chad Hewitt ... [et al]