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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Anaesthesia 57 (2002), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2044
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1365-2044
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Surgical intervention in elderly patients carries a high risk. A frequent problem with surgery in these patients is the occurrence of a temporary confusional state, which increases both the risk of postoperative complications and the need for intensive care. We hypothesised that, in part, temporary confusional state results from cerebral hypoxia occurring in response to blood pressure fluctuations during surgery. To assess whether disruption of autoregulation of cerebral blood vessels plays a role in temporary confusional state, we studied 31 patients over 55 years of age, using the Doppler–carbon dioxide test. We determined whether vasomotor reactivity could be used diagnostically to identify those patients most likely to experience temporary confusional state. Blood flow velocity in the middle cerebral artery was detected using Doppler ultrasound, and hypercapnia was induced by breathing carbon dioxide until an end-tidal concentration of 8.0% by volume was reached. Vasomotor reactivity was calculated on the basis of the changes in blood flow velocity in response to the increase in carbon dioxide. Temporary confusional state was assessed using the Syndrome Short Test (Syndrom-Kurztest). We found that resting blood flow velocity was inversely related to age (p 〈 0.05). In addition, there was a significant inverse correlation between vasomotor reactivity and temporary confusional state (p 〈 0.05). These data indicate that vasomotor reactivity, as measured by the Doppler-carbon dioxide test, is a reliable tool to identify patients at risk for postoperative psychological disturbances.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Local cerebral blood flow ; Autoradiography ; Hemorrhagic hypovolemia ; Hemorrhagic shock
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective Of the animal models of human hemorrhagic shock, the volume-controlled hemorrhage model appears to come closer to the clinical situation than the commonly used pressure-controlled model, since the volumecontrolled model allows regulatory adjustment of blood pressure. The effects of volume-controlled hemorrhage on local cerebral blood flow (LCBF) of conscious animasl are not known. The present study investigates specific reaction patterns of LCBF in comparison to mean cerebral blood flow (CBF) during graded volume-controlled hemorrhagic shock in conscious rats. Methods Conscious, spontaneously breathing, and minimally restrained rats were subjected to different degrees of volume-controlled hemorrhage (taking either 25, 30, 35, or 40 ml arterial blood/kg body weight (b.w.). Thirty minutes after the completion of blood taking, LCBF was determined during hemorrhagic hypovolemia using the autoradiographic iodo (14C) antipyrine method. A group of untreated rats (no hemorrhage) served as controls. LCBF was determined in 34 defined brain structures and mean CBF was calculated. Results During less severe hemorrhage (25 and 30 ml/kg b.w.) mean CBF was significantly higher than in the control group (+19% and +25%). During severe hemorrhage (35 and 40 ml/kg b.w.) mean CBF remained unchanged compared to the control values, although significant increases in LCBF could be detected in many of the brain structures analyzed (maximum +44%). The mean coefficient of variation of CBF was increased, indicating a larger heterogeneity of LCBF values at shed blood volumes of 35 and 40 ml/kg b.w. Conclusions A comprehensive and novel description of the local distribution of CBF during graded volume-controlled hemorrhage in conscious rats shows unexpected increases in LCBF and mean CBF. This “hypovolemic cerebral hyperemia” might be caused by endogenous hemodilution, thus maintaining the blood supply to the brain during hypovolemic shock.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Anaesthesist 46 (1997), S. 805-806 
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Anaesthesist 48 (1999), S. 359-372 
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Kombinierte Anästhesieverfahren ; Perioperative Morbidität ; Epiduralanästhesie ; Postoperative Schmerztherapie ; Perioperative Streßantwort ; Key words Combined Anesthesia ; Perioperative morbidity ; Epidural anesthesia ; Postoperative pain management ; Perioperative stress response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The additive properties of general and regional anesthetic techniques are brought together in combined anesthesia to minimise side effects of the individual techniques. Despite a wide experience with both used as single anesthetic techniques, no definite recommendations regarding indications, general contraindications and procedure exist for their combination. Beneficial effects on haemodynamics, respiratory function, intestinal motility and postoperative stress response have been demonstrated for a combination of general anesthesia and thoracic epidural anesthesia (TEA). In addition TEA is favourable in the management of postoperative pain, which has advantageous effects on convalescence especially in a high risk patient group. Nevertheless, until now no reduction of perioperative morbidity and mortality has been demonstrated. Since the combination of two anesthesia techniques theoretically increases the rate of complication, the expected benefit for the patient must predominate. To estimate the risks and benefits of combined anesthesia, the anesthesiologist must be familiar with each single method, as well as with the synergistic effects of both techniques in order to evaluate the individual indication.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die additiven Eigenschaften von Allgemeinanästhesie und Regionalanästhesie werden bei Kombinierten Anästhesieverfahren genutzt, um Nebenwirkungen der Einzelverfahren zu minimieren und zusätzlich positive Effekte zu erreichen. Obwohl diese Kombination nicht neu ist, gibt es bisher keine eindeutigen Empfehlungen bezüglich Indikationen, Kontraindikationen und Durchführung. Von besonderem Interesse ist die Kombination der Allgemeinanästhesie mit einer thorakalen Epiduralanästhesie (TEA) hinsichtlich positiver Effekte auf Hämodynamik, Lungenfunktion, Magen-Darmtrakt und postoperative Streßantwort. Der Nachweis, daß kombinierte Anästhesieverfahren in der Lage sind, die intraoperative Morbidität und Mortalität zu senken, konnte bisher jedoch nicht erbracht werden. Grundsätzlich steht aber mit der zusätzlichen periduralen Anästhesie ein effizientes Verfahren zur postoperativen Schmerztherapie zur Verfügung, so daß im gesamten perioperativen Management vor allem bei Risikopatienten günstige Effekte auf die Rekonvaleszenz gezeigt werden konnten. Da sich durch die Kombination zweier Anästhesieverfahren theoretisch auch die Häufigkeit an Komplikationen erhöhen kann, muß der individuelle perioperativ zu erwartende Nutzen für den Patienten überwiegen. Zur Abschätzung von Nutzen und Risiko müssen die Wirkungsweise und spezifischen Komplikationsmöglichkeiten der Einzelverfahren, aber auch die synergistischen Effekte beider Verfahren bekannt sein und für den einzelnen Patienten abgewogen werden.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Kombinierte Anästhesie ; Thorakale Epiduralanästhesie ; Lumbale Epiduralanästhesie ; Prostatektomie ; Schmerztherapie ; Komplikationen ; Keywords Combined anaesthesia ; Thoracic epidural anaesthesia ; Lumbar epidural anaesthesia ; Prostatectomy ; Pain management ; Complications
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Patients requiring radical prostatectomy (rPE), including retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy are often aged and have coexisting cardiopulmonary diseases, increasing the risk of perioperative complications. The aim of the present study was to evaluate our perioperative anaesthesiologic regimen over the last five years, in terms of safety and patients comfort. Records of 433 patients who underwent rPE between 1994 and 1999 in our hospital were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were divided in those who received: 1. general anaesthesia (GA) alone, 2. a combination of lumbar epidural anaesthesia (LEA)+GA or, 3. thoracic epidural anaesthesia (TEA)+GA. General anaesthesia was performed as balanced anaesthesia, and epidural administered local anaesthetics were bupivacaine 0.25% or ropivacaine 0.2%, 8–12 ml/h. In terms of intra- and postoperative numbers of tachycardic and hypertensive episodes, a reduced stress response was observed under epidural anaesthesia (EA). Moreover, the weaning duration was shorter under EA and onset of gastrointestinal motility was found earlier ([h] GA: 50.6±11.1/ LEA: 39.3±13.6/ TEA:33.8±13.0). Furthermore, a trend to rarer phases of postoperative vomiting and a significant decrease of in hospital stay of about one day ([d] GA: 12.4±5.8/ LEA: 11.1±3.1/ TEA: 11.5±3.8) was observed. The duration of personnel binding in the OR did not differ significantly between GA and TEA ([min] GA: 222.9±43.5/ LEA: 238.2±41.8/ TEA: 227.0±46.2), but ICU stay was shortened under TEA. Besides this, TEA reduced the number of pathologic postoperative thorax-x-rays. Senso-motor blockades, decreases of SaO2 and cardiac complications were experienced more frequent under LEA as compared with TEA. Combination of GA and EA, especially TEA, appears to improve perioperative care of patients undergoing rPE, in terms of patients safety and comfort.
    Notes: Zusamenfassung Patienten, die sich einer radikalen Prostatektomie (rPE) einschließlich retroperitonealer Lymphadenektomie (rLA) unterziehen, haben aufgrund ihres Alters und ihrer Begleiterkrankungen ein erhöhtes perioperativen Risiko. Ziel dieser Untersuchung war es, den intra- und postoperativen Verlauf der standardisierten Operation rPE+rLA unter verschiedenen Anästhesieregimen zu analysieren. Krankenakten von 433 Patienten, die sich zwischen 1994 und 1999 in unserer Einrichtung einer rPE+rLA unterzogen, wurden retrospektiv ausgewertet. Die Patienten wurden nach dem durchgeführten Anästhesieverfahren eingeteilt: 1. Allgemeinanästhesie (AA), 2. Kombination lumbale Epiduralanästhesie (LEA)+AA, 3. thorakale Epiduralanästhesie (TEA)+AA. Für die intra- und postoperative Katheteranalgesie wurden Bupivacain 0,25% oder Ropivacain 0,2%, 8–12 ml/h verwendet. Die Allgemeinanästhesie wurde als balancierte Anästhesie durchgeführt. Diese retrospektive Erhebung zeigt unter epiduraler Analgesie, gemessen an Tachykardien und hypertensiven Episoden, eine reduzierte intra- und postoperative Stressantwort, kürzere Extubationszeiten, früheres Wiedereinsetzen der gastrointestinalen Motilität ([h] AA: 50,6±11,1/ LEA: 39,3±13,6/ TEA:33,8±13,0), tendenziell selteneres Erbrechen und eine um einen Tag verkürzte Krankenhausverweildauer ([d] AA: 12,4±5,8/ LEA: 11,1±3,1/ TEA: 11,5±3,8). Dabei war unter TEA die Dauer der Anästhesiepräsenz im OP-Bereich vergleichbar mit AA ([min] AA: 222,9±43,5/ LEA: 238,2±41,8/ TEA: 227,0±46,2), und der Wachstationsaufenthalt verkürzt. Daneben war unter TEA die Anzahl der auffälligen postoperativen Thoraxröntgenbefunde reduziert. Zum Erreichen einer der TEA vergleichbaren Analgesie mussten unter LEA häufiger sensomotorische Blockaden, saO2-Abfälle und tendenziell eine höhere Anzahl kardialer Komplikationen in Kauf genommen werden. Gemessen an den von uns erhobenen Parametern stellt damit die Kombination einer Allgemeinanästhesie, insbesondere mit thorakaler Epiduralanalgesie ein sicheres und auch betriebswirtschaftlich effizientes anästhesiologisches Vorgehen bei radikalen Prostatektomien dar.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Reperfusion injury ; Pulmonary edema ; Ischemia ; Cyclooxygenase inhibition ; Extravascular lung water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective to assess the effects of the cyclooxygenase inhibitor diclofenac in a canine model of pulmonary occlusion and reperfusion of the left lower lobe (LLL). Design Twelve adult beagle dogs (13–17 kg) were randomly assigned to a control group (n=6) and a diclofenac-treated group (n=6). Animals in the treatment group received 20 mg diclofenac sodium/kg as a single dose both before the experiment and at the end of surgical preparation; six animals served as controls. Interventions In the anesthetized animals, the left upper and middle lobes were resected. Circulation and ventilation of the LLL were selectively blocked by clamping. Complete occlusion of the LLL (30 min) was followed by periods of selective reperfusion (10 min, RP) and combined reperfusion and reventilation (120 min, RP/RV). Measurements and results Reperfusion of the LLL resulted in a significant increase in pulmonary arteriial pressure (Ppa) in the early RP/RV period as compared to baseline values (25.3±4.7 vs 15.8±1.9 mmHg,p〈0.05, pairedt-test). This increase was significantly inhibited in the diclofenac-treated animals (17.0±2.0 mmHg,p〈0.01 vs controls, ANOVA). Gravimetrically determined extravascular lung water (EVLW) showed no significant difference in the continuously ventilated lobes of the right lung between diclofenactreated animals (3.8 ml/g dry weight) and controls (3.9±0.9 ml/g dry weight) at the end of the experiment. EVLW, however, increased significantly in the LLL of control animals after 2 h of combined reperfusion and reventilation, whereas this increase was significantly inhibited in the diclofenactreated animals (4.5±0.7 ml/g dry weight in the diclofenac group vs 6.5±1.3 ml/g dry weight in the control group,p〈0.05). Conclusions Diclofenac inhibits the increase in both pulmonary arterial pressure and EVLW during reperfusion and reventilation of LLL. Thus, these changes appear to be mediated by cyclooxygenase metabolites.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Key words Local cerebral blood flow ; Autoradiography ; Hemorrhagic hypovolemia ; Hemorrhagic shock
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: Of the animal models of human hemorrhagic shock, the volume-controlled hemorrhage model appears to come closer to the clinical situation than the commonly used pressure-controlled model, since the volume-controlled model allows regulatory adjustment of blood pressure. The effects of volume-controlled hemorrhage on local cerebral blood flow (LCBF) of conscious animals are not known. The present study investigates specific reaction patterns of LCBF in comparison to mean cerebral blood flow (CBF) during graded volume-controlled hemorrhagic shock in conscious rats. Methods: Conscious, spontaneously breathing, and minimally restrained rats were subjected to different degrees of volume-controlled hemorrhage (taking either 25, 30, 35, or 40 ml arterial blood/kg body weight (b.w.). Thirty minutes after the completion of blood taking, LCBF was determined during hemorrhagic hypovolemia using the autoradiographic iodo (14C) antipyrine method. A group of untreated rats (no hemorrhage) served as controls. LCBF was determined in 34 defined brain structures and mean CBF was calculated. Results: During less severe hemorrhage (25 and 30 ml/kg b.w.) mean CBF was significantly higher than in the control group (+19% and +25%). During severe hemorrhage (35 and 40 ml/kg b.w.) mean CBF remained unchanged compared to the control values, although significant increases in LCBF could be detected in many of the brain structures analyzed (maximum +44%). The mean coefficient of variation of CBF was increased, indicating a larger heterogeneity of LCBF values at shed blood volumes of 35 and 40 ml/kg b.w. Conclusions: A comprehensive and novel description of the local distribution of CBF during graded volume-controlled hemorrhage in conscious rats shows unexpected increases in LCBF and mean CBF. This ”hypovolemic cerebral hyperemia“ might be caused by endogenous hemodilution, thus maintaining the blood supply to the brain during hypovolemic shock.
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2017-11-11
    Description: Objective and design The goal of the study was to determine whether the mutational profile of early colorectal polyps correlated with growth behaviour. The growth of small polyps (6–9 mm) that were first identified during routine screening of patients was monitored over time by interval imaging with CT colonography. Mutations in these lesions with known growth rates were identified by targeted next-generation sequencing. The timing of mutational events was estimated using computer modelling and statistical inference considering several parameters including allele frequency and fitness. Results The mutational landscape of small polyps is varied both within individual polyps and among the group as a whole but no single alteration was correlated with growth behaviour. Polyps carried 0–3 pathogenic mutations with the most frequent being in APC , KRAS/NRAS , BRAF , FBXW7 and TP53 . In polyps with two or more pathogenic mutations, allele frequencies were often variable, indicating the presence of multiple populations within a single tumour. Based on computer modelling, detectable mutations occurred at a mean polyp size of 30±35 crypts, well before the tumour is of a clinically detectable size. Conclusions These data indicate that small colon polyps can have multiple pathogenic mutations in crucial driver genes that arise early in the existence of a tumour. Understanding the molecular pathway of tumourigenesis and clonal evolution in polyps that are at risk for progressing to invasive cancers will allow us to begin to better predict which polyps are more likely to progress into adenocarcinomas and which patients are at greater risk of developing advanced disease.
    Keywords: Open access
    Print ISSN: 0017-5749
    Electronic ISSN: 1468-3288
    Topics: Medicine
    Published by BMJ Publishing Group
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2012-06-16
    Description: Aberrations in the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway play a key role in the pathogenesis of numerous cancers by altering cellular growth, metabolism, proliferation, and apoptosis. Mutations in the catalytic domain of PI3K that generate a dominantly active kinase are commonly found in human colorectal cancers and have been thought to drive tumor progression but not initiation. However, the effects of constitutively activated PI3K upon the intestinal mucosa have not been previously studied in animal models. Here, we show that the expression of a dominantly active form of the PI3K protein in the mouse intestine results in hyperplasia and advanced neoplasia. Mice expressing constitutively active PI3K in the epithelial cells of the distal small bowel and colon rapidly developed invasive adenocarcinomas in the colon that spread into the mesentery and adjacent organs. The histologic characteristics of these tumors were strikingly similar to invasive mucinous colon cancers in humans. Interestingly, these tumors formed without a benign polypoid intermediary, consistent with the lack of aberrant WNT signaling observed. Together, our findings indicate a noncanonical mechanism of colon tumor initiation that is mediated through activation of PI3K. This unique model has the potential to further our understanding of human disease and facilitate the development of therapeutics through pharmacologic screening and biomarker identification. Cancer Res; 72(12); 2931–6. ©2012 AACR.
    Print ISSN: 0008-5472
    Electronic ISSN: 1538-7445
    Topics: Medicine
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