Note: Modern Aspects Of Emulsion Science -- Contents -- Chapter 1 Emulsions - Recent Advances in Understanding -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Emulsion Type and the System Hydrophile-Lipophile Balance -- 1.2.1 Emulsions of Two Liquid Phases -- 1.2.2 Emulsions of Three Liquid Phases -- 1.3 Phase Inversion -- 1.4 Emulsion Stability -- 1.4.1 Creaming -- 1.4.2 Flocculation -- 1.4.3 Coalescence -- 1.4.4 Ostwald Ripening -- 1.5 Gel Emulsions -- 1.6 Forces between Oil-Water Interfaces -- 1.6.1 Forces between Emulsion Drops -- 1.6.2 Forces between a Drop and a Planar Oil-Water Interface -- 1.7 References -- Chapter 2 Emulsion Formation -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Régimes -- 2.3 Droplet Break-up -- 2.3.1 Laminar Flow -- 2.3.2 Turbulent Flow -- 2.3.3 Effect of Droplet Viscosity -- 2.3.4 Effects of Scale and Continuous Phase Viscosity -- 2.4 Roles of the Surfactant -- 2.4.1 Surfactant Properties -- 2.4.2 Effective Interfacial Tension -- 2.4.3 Effect on Droplet Deformation -- 2.4.4 Preventing Recoalescence -- 2.4.5 'Spontaneous Emulsification' -- 2.5 Further Considerations -- 2.5.1 Effects of Volume Fraction -- 2.5.2 Emulsification Efficiency -- 2.5.3 Membrane Emulsification -- 2.6 Concluding Remarks -- 2.7 References -- Chapter 3 Emulsion Formation by Nucleation and Growth Mechanisms -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Physical Methods -- 3.3 Chemical Methods -- 3.4 References -- Chapter 4 Emulsion Flocculation and Creaming -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.1.1 Instability Processes -- 4.1.2 Strategies for Stability -- 4.1.3 Interaction Potential between Droplets -- 4.1.4 Flocculation Due to Polymers -- 4.2 Emulsion Creaming -- 4.2.1 Introduction and Theoretical Principles -- 4.2.2 Ultrasonic Monitoring of Creaming -- 4.2.3 Creaming of Polydisperse Emulsions without Added Polymer -- 4.2.4 Creaming of Emulsions with Low Concentrations of Non-adsorbing polymer. , 4.2.5 Creaming of Emulsions with High Concentrations of Non-adsorbing Polymer -- 4.2.6 Creaming of Emulsions with Adsorbing Polymer -- 4.3 Non-intrusive Determination of Flocculation in Emulsions -- 4.3.1 Introduction and the Principle of Ultrasonic Scattering -- 4.3.2 Ultrasonic Scattering from Unflocculated Emulsions -- 4.3.3 Ultrasonic Scattering from Emulsions during Depletion Flocculation -- 4.4 Summary -- 4.5 References -- Chapter 5 Rheology of Emulsions - The Relationship to Structure and Stability -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Theoretical Background -- 5.2.1 Dilute Dispersions of Spherical Particles -- 5.2.2 Concentrated Dispersions of Spherical Particles -- 5.2.3 Flocculated Emulsions -- 5.3 Experimental Investigations -- 5.3.1 Non-flocculated Emulsions -- 5.3.2 Flocculated Emulsions -- 5.4 References -- Chapter 6 Phase Inversion and Drop Formation in Agitated Liquid-Liquid Dispersions in the Presence of Nonionic Surfactants -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Basic Principles of Phase Inversion -- 6.2.1 Dissolution State of Nonionic Surfactants -- 6.2.2 Change of Phase Behaviour with Temperature -- 6.2.3 Factors Affecting Phase Inversion -- 6.3 Dynamic Inversion Maps -- 6.4 Catastrophic Inversion -- 6.5 Transitional Inversion -- 6.6 Partitioning of Surfactant -- 6.6.1 Basis of Phase Separation Model -- 6.6.2 Theory Applied to Transitional Inversion -- 6.6.3 Lumping of Distributed Surfactant Terms -- 6.7 Concluding Remarks -- 6.8 References -- Chapter 7 Coalescence in Emulsions -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Thermodynamic Properties of Surfactant Monolayers: Phase Behavior, Monolayer Elasticity and Interfacial Tension -- 7.2.1 Surfactant Adsorption and Micellization -- 7.2.2 Elasticity of Monolayers -- 7.2.3 Spontaneous Curvature -- 7.2.4 Implications for the Phase Behavior -- 7.2.5 Interfacial Tension -- 7.3 Experimental Trends in Macroemulsion Stability. , 7.3.1 Surfactant Nature: Oriented Wedge Trend -- 7.3.2 Bancroft's Rule -- 7.3.3 HLB Scale -- 7.3.4 'Molecular Complexes' -- 7.3.5 PIT Concept -- 7.3.6 'Optimal Surfactant Formulation' -- 7.3.7 Other Empirical Correlations -- 7.3.8 Multiple Emulsions -- 7.3.9 Surfactant Concentration: Tight Monolayer Packing -- 7.3.10 Concentration for Formation of Black Films, Cblack -- 7.3.11 Stabilization by a Lamellar Phase -- 7.3.12 Effect of Volume Fraction of Disperse Phase and Droplet Size -- 7.4 Theory of Emulsion Coalescence -- 7.4.1 Rupture of Single Films and the Emulsion Lifetime -- 7.4.2 Activation Energy: de Vries Theory -- 7.4.3 The Kabalnov-Wennerström Theory -- 7.4.4 Nucleation Pore in Multilamellar-covered Emulsion Films -- 7.5 The Kabalnov-Wennerström Theory versus Experiment -- 7.5.1 Experimental Measurements of the Activation Energy and the Pre-exponent -- 7.5.2 C12E5-n-Octane-Water-NaCl System: Overall Trend -- 7.5.3 Winsor III Region -- 7.5.4 Winsor II Region -- 7.5.5 Pre-exponent -- 7.5.6 Surfactant Concentration -- 7.6 Summary and Outlook -- 7.7 References -- Chapter 8 Lifetime and Destruction of Concentrated Emulsions Undergoing Coalescence -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Thin Film Metastability: Background -- 8.3 Destruction of Concentrated Emulsions Undergoing Coalescence -- 8.4 Droplet Growth in Dense Emulsions Undergoing Coalescence -- 8.5 Growth Model for Dense Emulsions -- 8.6 Determination of ω(T), ω0 and Ea -- 8.7 Discussion -- 8.8 Conclusion -- 8.9 References -- Chapter 9 Molecular Diffusion in Emulsions and Emulsion Mixtures -- 9.1 Ostwald Ripening -- 9.1.1 The Kelvin Equation -- 9.1.2 Lifshitz-Slezov-Wagner (LSW) Theory -- 9.2 Deviations from LSW Theory -- 9.2.1 Effect of Brownian Motion -- 9.2.2 Effect of Disperse Phase Volume Fraction -- 9.2.3 Role of Micelles in Facilitating Molecular Diffusion. , 9.3 Stabilization of Emulsions with Respect to Ostwald Ripening -- 9.3.1 Ostwald Ripening in Emulsions Containing Two Disperse Phase Components -- 9.3.2 Effect of the Interfacial Layer in Slowing Ostwald Ripening -- 9.3.3 Other Ways of Slowing Ostwald Ripening -- 9.4 Effect of Ostwald Ripening on Initial Droplet Size -- 9.5 Composition Ripening -- 9.6 Practical Importance of Molecular Diffusion -- 9.6.1 Ostwald Ripening in Fluorocarbon Emulsions -- 9.6.2 Ostwald Ripening in Triglyceride Emulsions with Added Ethanol -- 9.6.3 Miniemulsion Polymerization -- 9.6.4 Use of Composition Ripening to Produce Large Monodisperse Latex Particles -- 9.6.5 Stabilization of Gas Emulsions -- 9.7 References -- Chapter 10 Interactions and Macroscopic Properties of Emulsions and Microemulsions -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Pair Energy of Interaction -- 10.2.1 van der Waals Interaction Energy -- 10.2.2 Interactions Calculated by Means of Detjuagin's Approximation -- 10.2.3 Interaction Energy Contributions Due to the Interfacial Properties of the Individual Droplet-Surface Area Extension and Bending Energies -- 10.2.4 Applications of the Expressions for the Pair Interaction Energy -- 10.2.5 Accuracy of the Model Shape-Actual Geometry of Two Interacting Deformable Droplets -- 10.3 Dense Systems -- 10.3.1 Nonionic Emulsions and Microemulsions -- 10.3.2 Ionic Emulsions and Microemulsions -- 10.4 Concluding Remarks -- 10.5 References -- Chapter 11 Gel Emulsions - Relationship between Phase Behaviour and Formation -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Gel Emulsions: Structural Aspects and Properties -- 11.2.1 Structure -- 11.2.2 Stability -- 11.2.3 Rheological Properties -- 11.2.4 Diffusion. -- 11.3 Gel Emulsion Formation -- 11.3.1 Phase Behaviour of Water/ Polyoxyethylene Nonionic Surfactant/Oil Systems -- 11.3.2 Methods of Preparation. , 11.4 Relationship between Phase Behaviour and Spontaneous Gel Emulsion Formation -- 11.4.1 Water-in-oil (W/O) Gel Emulsions -- 11.4.2 Oil-in-water (O/W) Gel Emulsions -- 11.5 References -- Chapter 12 Applications of Emulsions -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Cosmetics -- 12.2.1 Spreading Properties and Viscosity -- 12.2.2 New Types of Emulsions -- 12.2.3 Microemulsions -- 12.2.4 Skin Penetration -- 12.3 Metal Processing -- 12.3.1 Rolling Oil Emulsions -- 12.3.2 Lubricant Emulsions -- 12.4 Textiles -- 12.4.1 Textile Fiber Preparations -- 12.4.2 Textile Finishing -- 12.5 Oilfields -- 12.6 Washing and Cleaning Processes -- 12.6.1 Detergency Mechanisms -- 12.6.2 Dry Cleaning -- 12.6.3 Microemulsion Cleaners -- 12.7 Soil Remediation -- 12.8 References -- Subject Index.

Note: Industrial Analysis With Vibrational Spectroscopy -- Contents -- Chapter 1 Introduction, Basic Theory, and Principles -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Simple Theory -- 3 Molecular Vibrations -- 4 Selection Rules -- 5 Practical Interpretation of Spectra -- Sample Presentation Factors Affecting Interpretation -- Instrumentation Features -- Beware the Computer - Spectrum Manipulation -- Step-by-step Approach to Interpretation -- 6 Computer-aided Spectrum Interpretation -- Library Search Systems -- Structural Determination Aids -- Spectra Formats for Transfer and Exchange of Data -- The Internet -- 7 Instrument Performance Checks -- The ICI/Zeneca Polystyrene 'Round-robin' Trial -- Commercially Available Traceable Standards for Infrared -- Raman Spectroscopy Calibration Standards -- 8 Quantification -- 9 Closing Remarks -- 10 Bibliography -- Chapter 2 Sample Types and Analyses -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Structural Information -- Polymorphism -- Tautomeism -- Hydrogen Bonding -- Racemates -- 3 Formulations -- 4 Polymers -- 5 Fibres -- 6 Surface Analysis -- 7 Inorganics, Metal Co-ordination Compounds, and Semi-conductors -- 8 Liquids -- 9 Gases and Vapours -- 10 Closing Remarks -- Chapter 3 Instrumentation -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Infrared Spectrometers -- 3 Raman Spectrometers -- 4 Sources -- Infrared Sources -- Raman Sources -- 5 Detectors -- Infrared Detectors -- Raman Detectors -- 6 Filters, Prisms, Gratings, Monochromators, and Interferometers -- Filters -- Prisms and Gratings -- Monochromators (Dispersive Spectrometers) -- Interferometers -- 7 Closing Remarks -- Chapter 4 Sampling Techniques and Accessories -- 1 General Introduction -- 2 Basic Principles of Sample Preparation for Infrared Spectroscopy -- 3 Window Materials for Infrared Spectroscopy -- 4 Preparation and Cleaning of Windows for Infrared Spectroscopy. , 5 Transmission Techniques for Infrared Spectroscopy -- Capillary Films -- Cast Films -- Spectrum Quality of Capillary and Cast Films -- Films from the Melt -- Fixed and Variable Path-length Cells -- Powder Sampling Methods -- Gases and Vapours -- Variable Temperature and Pressure -- 6 Reflection Techniques for Infrared Spectroscopy -- Internal Reflection Spectroscopy (IRS) Techniques -- Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (DRIFTS) -- Specular Reflectance -- Reflection-Absorption Spectroscopy -- 7 Photoacoustic Spectroscopy (PAS) -- 8 Emission Spectroscopy -- 9 Raman Sample Preparation and Handling -- 10 Closing Remarks -- 11 Bibliography -- Chapter 5 Quantitative Analysis -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Infrared Absorption -- Beer's Law -- Absorbance Intensity -- Measurement of Path-length for Transmission Measurements -- Normalised Absorbance Intensity -- 3 Raman Scatter Intensity -- 4 Quantitative Analysis of Vibrational Spectroscopic Data -- Calibration of Quantitative Methods -- Band Ratio Measurements -- Ratio of Spectra Method -- Least-squares Determinations and Multiple Linear Regression -- 5 Multicomponent Analyses and Multivariate Techniques -- General Introduction to Quantitative Multicomponent Analysis -- The K-matrix and P-matrix Methods -- Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Factor Analysis (FA) -- Principal Component Regression (PCR) and Partial Least Squares (PLS) Modelling -- 6 Spectral Enhancement and Band Resolution Techniques -- Derivative Spectroscopy -- Fourier Domain Processing -- Curve-fitting -- Maximum Entropy Method (MEM) and Maximum Likelihood -- 7 Statistical Expressions -- 8 Closing Remarks -- Chapter 6 Vibrational Spectroscopy - Microsampling and Microscopy -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Micro-sampling by Raman Spectroscopy -- 3 Micro-sampling by Infrared Spectroscopy -- Micro-sampling of Gases. , Micro-sampling of Liquids -- Micro-sampling of Solids -- 4 Vibrational Spectroscopy-Microscopy -- Vibrational Spectroscopy-Microscopy Instrumentation -- Vibrational Spectroscopy-Microscopy Sample Presentation Methods -- 5 Vibrational Spectroscopy-Microscopy Applications -- Vibrational Spectroscopy-Microscopy Applications: Chemical Studies -- Vibrational Spectroscopy-Microscopy Applications: Physical Characterisations -- 6 Closing Remarks -- Chapter 7 Hyphenated Techniques -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Gas Chromatography-FTIR (GC-FTIR) -- Coupled Systems -- Effect of GC Column Selection -- Cold Spots -- Dedicated GC-FTIR Systems -- Comparison of Detector Systems and Their Spectra -- 3 Liquid and Gel Permeation Chromatography-FTIR (HPLC-FTIR, GPC-FTIR) -- Flow-through Techniques -- Deposition Techniques -- 4 Supercritical Fluid Chromatography-FTIR (SFC-FTIR) -- 5 Other Hyphenated/Combination Techniques -- Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC-FTIR, TLC-Raman) -- Evolved Gas Analysis (EGA-FTIR) -- Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA-FTIR) -- Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC-FTIR, DSC-FT-Raman) -- 6 Closing Remarks -- Subject Index.

Note: Front Cover -- Advisory Board -- Chemical Imaging Analysis -- Copyright -- Contents -- Series Editor's Preface -- Preface -- Chapter 1 - Chemical Imaging Introduction -- 1.1 INTRODUCTION -- 1.2 SEMICONDUCTORS - MICROELECTRONICS -- 1.3 ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY AND NANOANALYSIS -- 1.4 CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2 - Spatially Confined Analysis -- 2.1 INTRODUCTION -- 2.2 CHEMICAL IMAGING ANALYSIS -- 2.3 POINT ANALYSIS AND 2-D IMAGING ANALYSIS -- 2.4 SURFACE ANALYSIS, ELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY FOR SURFACE ANALYSIS -- 2.5 DETECTION LIMITS, SENSITIVITY -- 2.6 TECHNIQUES BASED ON INNER-SHELL EXCITATION -- 2.7 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS, ELECTRON AND X-RAY DIFFRACTION -- 2.8 METROLOGY AT THE NANOLEVEL -- 2.9 CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 3 - History and Present Status of Micro- and Nano-Imaging Analysis -- 3.1 INTRODUCTION -- 3.2 BEAM AND PROBE TECHNIQUES -- 3.3 MASS SPECTROMETRY -- 3.4 OPTICAL SPECTROSCOPY -- 3.5 X-RAY MICROSCOPY -- 3.6 ELECTRON MICROSCOPY -- 3.7 SURFACE SENSITIVE ELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY -- 3.8 TECHNIQUES BASED ON MEGAELECTRONVOLT PROTONS AND OTHER HEAVY IONS -- 3.9 CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 4 - Nanotechnology and Analytical Chemistry -- 4.1 INTRODUCTION -- 4.2 NANOSTRUCTURAL MATERIALS -- 4.3 DNA AND NANOTECHNOLOGY -- 4.4 SPECTROSCOPIC EFFECTS -- 4.5 DIMENSIONAL ASPECTS -- 4.6 MICRO- AND NANO-ELECTRO-MECHANICAL SYSTEMS (MEMS, NEMS) -- 4.7 MINIATURISATION IN ANALYSIS -- 4.8 BIOMIMETICS -- 4.9 NANOTOXICOLOGY, ECOTOXICOLOGY -- 4.10 CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 5 - Mass Spectrometry and Chemical Imaging -- 5.1 INTRODUCTION -- 5.2 LASER ABLATION INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA MASS SPECTROMETRY -- 5.3 SECONDARY ION MASS SPECTROMETRY -- 5.4 FOURIER TRANSFORM LASER MICROPROBE MASS SPECTROMETRY -- 5.5 ATOM PROBE MICROSCOPY. THE 3-D ATOM PROBE -- 5.6 MOLECULAR IMAGING, MASS SPECTROMETRY IMAGING. , 5.7 ACCELERATOR MASS SPECTROMETRY AND IMAGING ANALYSIS -- 5.8 PROSPECTS AND CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 6 - X-Ray Imaging -- 6.1 INTRODUCTION -- 6.2 X-RAY FOCUSSING -- 6.3 SYNCHROTRON SOURCES -- 6.4 X-RAY ANALYSIS AND IMAGING -- 6.5 COHERENCE AND IMAGING -- 6.6 EXAMPLES OF MICRO-CHARACTERISATION IN SR FACILITIES IN EUROPE -- 6.7 QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS AND IMAGING -- 6.8 LABORATORY X-RAY IMAGING SYSTEMS -- 6.9 CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 7 - Electron-Based Imaging Techniques -- 7.1 INTRODUCTION -- 7.2 ELECTRON INTERACTION WITH MATTER -- 7.3 ELECTRON MICROSCOPY AT THE ATOMIC LEVEL -- 7.4 SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY, ELECTRON PROBE MICROANALYSIS -- 7.5 CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 8 - Particle-Based Imaging Techniques -- 8.1 INTRODUCTION -- 8.2 PARTICLE-SOLID INTERACTION -- 8.3 ION BEAM ANALYSIS -- 8.4 INSTRUMENTATION AND TECHNICAL ASPECTS -- 8.5 HELIUM ION MICROSCOPY -- 8.6 FOCUSSED ION BEAM SYSTEMS -- 8.7 LARGE VOLUME COSMIC RAY TOMOGRAPHY -- 8.8 CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 9 - Spectroscopic Imaging -- 9.1 INTRODUCTION -- 9.2 SCANNING PROBE MICROSCOPY -- 9.3 SPECTROSCOPIC IMAGING TECHNIQUES -- 9.4 NONLINEAR OPTICAL MICROSCOPY -- 9.5 NANOPARTICLES -- 9.6 LASER-INDUCED BREAKDOWN SPECTROMETRY -- 9.7 RAMAN IMAGING -- 9.8 COMBINATIONAL TOOLS FOR IMAGING -- 9.9 HIGH SPATIAL RESOLUTION IMAGING -- 9.10 DISCUSSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 10 - Chemical Imaging as an Analytical Methodology -- 10.1 INTRODUCTION -- 10.2 THE EVOLUTION OF IMAGING ANALYSIS -- 10.3 MICRO- AND NANOIMAGING ANALYSIS -- 10.4 IMAGING ANALYSIS: A COMPLEX DATA GATHERING TOOL -- 10.5 OUTLOOK -- 10.6 CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Index -- Color Plates.

Note: Ebook , Epublication based on: 9780854045655 , Introduction, Basic Theory and Principles -- Sample Types and Analyses -- Instrumentation -- Sampling Techniques and Accessories -- Quantitative Analysis -- Vibrational Spectroscopy - Microsampling and Microscopy -- Hyphenated Techniques.