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  • 1
    Book
    Book
    Sea ice properties and processes : proceedings of the W. F. Weeks Sea Ice Symposium (1990)
    Hanover, NH : US Army Corps of Engineers, Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory
    Details Availability
    Keywords: Konferenzschrift ; Meereis
    Type of Medium: Book
    Pages: VI, 299 S
    Series Statement: Monograph / US Army Corps of Engineers, Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory 90,1
    URL: http://www.gbv.de/dms/tib-ub-hannover/30532019X.pdf
    Language: English
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ecology of sea ice biota (1992)
    Springer
    Polar biology 12 (1992), S. 417-427 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2056
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Polar regions are covered by extensive sea ice that is inhabited by a variety of plants and animals. The environments where the organisms live vary depending on the structure and age of the ice. Many terms have been used to describe the habitats and the organisms. We here characterize the habitats and communities and suggest some standard terms for them. We also suggest routine sampling methods and reporting units for measurements of biological and chemical variables.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00243113
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ecology of sea ice biota (1992)
    Springer
    Polar biology 12 (1992), S. 429-444 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2056
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The sea ice does not only determine the ecology of ice biota, but it also influences the pelagic systems under the ice cover and at ice edges. In this paper, new estimates of Arctic and Antarctic production of biogenic carbon are derived, and differences as well as similarities between the two oceans are examined. In ice-covered seas, high algal concentrations (blooms) occur in association with several types of conditions. Blooms often lead to high sedimentation of intact cells and faecal pellets. In addition to ice-related blooms, there is progressive accumulation of organic matter in Arctic multi-year ice, whose fate may potentially be similar to that of blooms. A fraction of the carbon fixed by microalgae that grow in sea ice or in relation to it is exported out of the production zone. This includes particulate material sinking out of the euphotic zone, and also material passed on to the food web. Pathways through which ice algal production does reach various components of the pelagic and benthic food webs, and through them such top predators as marine mammals and birds, are discussed. Concerning global climate change and biogeochemical fluxes of carbon, not all export pathways from the euphotic zone result in the sequestration of carbon for periods of hundreds of years or more. This is because various processes, that take place in both the ice and the water column, contribute to mineralize organic carbon into CO2 before it becomes sequestered. Processes that favour the production and accumulation of biogenic carbon as well as its export to deep waters and sequestration are discussed, together with those that influence mineralization in the upper ice-covered ocean.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00243114
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A physical mechanism for establishing algal populations in frazil ice (1983)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 306 (1983), S. 363-365 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] We collected samples of young sea ice and samples from the water column along the ice edge during February and March 19809. Ice samples were first melted and then processed as water samples. To estimate algal biomass we measured chlorophyll a of extracted pigments using a fluorometric method; we ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/306363a0
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  • 5
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    (Table 4) Mean sea ice thickness and ice draft at station Brussels, Patria and Fabra acquired in october 2007, Bellinghausen Sea (2011)
    PANGAEA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-12
    Keywords: Bellingshausen Sea; DATE/TIME; Date/time end; Drill hole measurement; Electromagnetic sounding (EM), Geonics EM31; EM31; Estimated applying Archimedes buoyancy principle; Event label; ICE; Ice station; Method comment; Nathaniel B. Palmer; NBP0709; Sea ice draft; Sea ice thickness; SIMBA; SIMBA_Brussels; SIMBA_Fabra; SIMBA_Patria; Standard deviation
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 52 data points
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  • 6
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    (Table 1) Summary statistics of in situ sea-ice characteristics of Ice Station Belgica sites Fabra, Patria/Liège and Brussels in October 2007 (2011)
    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Weissling, Blake P; Ackley, Stephen F (2011): Antarctic sea-ice altimetry: scale and resolution effects on derived ice thickness distribution. Annals of Glaciology, 52(57), 225-232, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756411795931679
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-13
    Description: Three ice type regimes at Ice Station Belgica (ISB), during the 2007 International Polar Year SIMBA (Sea Ice Mass Balance in Antarctica) expedition, were characterized and assessed for elevation, snow depth, ice freeboard and thickness. Analyses of the probability distribution functions showed great potential for satellite-based altimetry for estimating ice thickness. In question is the required altimeter sampling density for reasonably accurate estimation of snow surface elevation given inherent spatial averaging. This study assesses an effort to determine the number of laser altimeter 'hits' of the ISB floe, as a representative Antarctic floe of mixed first- and multi-year ice types, for the purpose of statistically recreating the in situ-determined ice-thickness and snow depth distribution based on the fractional coverage of each ice type. Estimates of the fractional coverage and spatial distribution of the ice types, referred to as ice 'towns', for the 5 km**2 floe were assessed by in situ mapping and photo-visual documentation. Simulated ICESat altimeter tracks, with spot size ~70 m and spacing ~170 m, sampled the floe's towns, generating a buoyancy-derived ice thickness distribution. 115 altimeter hits were required to statistically recreate the regional thickness mean and distribution for a three-town assemblage of mixed first- and multi-year ice, and 85 hits for a two-town assemblage of first-year ice only: equivalent to 19.5 and 14.5 km respectively of continuous altimeter track over a floe region of similar structure. Results have significant implications toward model development of sea-ice sampling performance of the ICESat laser altimeter record as well as maximizing sampling characteristics of satellite/airborne laser and radar altimetry missions for sea-ice thickness.
    Keywords: Bellingshausen Sea; DATE/TIME; Event label; Freeboard; ICE; Ice station; International Polar Year (2007-2008); IPY; Nathaniel B. Palmer; NBP0709; Sample amount, subset; Sea ice thickness; SIMBA; SIMBA_Brussels; SIMBA_Fabra; SIMBA_Patria; Site; Snow thickness; Snow thickness, standard deviation; Standard deviation; Surface elevation
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 39 data points
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  • 7
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    (Table 1) Chlorophyll a content and microalgae abundance and biovolume in pack ice in the Bellingshausen Sea (2011)
    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Fritsen, Christian H; Wirthlin, Eric D; Momberg, Diane K; Lewis, Michael J; Ackley, Stephen F (2011): Bio-optical properties of Antarctic pack ice in the early austral spring. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 58(9-10), 1052-1061, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.10.028
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-13
    Description: Pack ice in the Bellingshausen Sea contained moderate to high stocks of microalgal biomass (3-10 mg Chl a/m**2) spanning the range of general sea-ice microalgal microhabitats (e.g., bottom, interior and surface) during the International Polar Year (IPY) Sea Ice Mass Balance in the Antarctic (SIMBA) studies. Measurements of irradiance above and beneath the ice as well as optical properties of the microalgae therein demonstrated that absorption of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) by particulates (microalgae and detritus) had a substantial influence on attenuation of PAR and irradiance transmission in areas with moderate snow covers (0.2-0.3 m) and more moderate effects in areas with low snow cover. Particulates contributed an estimated 25 to 90% of the attenuation coefficients for the first-year sea ice at wavelengths less than 500 nm. Strong ultraviolet radiation (UVR) absorption by particulates was prevalent in the ice habitats where solar radiation was highest - with absorption coefficients by ice algae often being as large as that of the sea ice. Strong UVR-absorption features were associated with an abundance of dinoflagellates and a general lack of diatoms - perhaps suggesting UVR may be influencing the structure of some parts of the sea-ice microbial communities in the pack ice during spring. We also evaluated the time-varying changes in the spectra of under-ice irradiances in the austral spring and showed dynamics associated with changes that could be attributed to coupled changes in the ice thickness (mass balance) and microalgal biomass. All results are indicative of radiation-induced changes in the absorption properties of the pack ice and highlight the non-linear, time-varying, biophysical interactions operating within the Antarctic pack ice ecosystem.
    Keywords: Bacillariophyceae; Bellingshausen Sea; Brussels/Liege; Chlorophyll a; Chlorophyll a, areal concentration; DATE/TIME; Dinophyceae; Haptophyta; Heterotrichea; Ice_station_Belgica; International Polar Year (2007-2008); IPY; MULT; Multiple investigations; Nathaniel B. Palmer; NBP0709; Sea ice thickness; SIMBA; Site; Snow thickness; SPEC; Spectrophotometer
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 81 data points
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  • 8
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    Comparisons of observed ice properties and Envisat Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (ASAR) data during Nathanial B. Palmer cruise NBP09-01 and Oden cruise OSO08/09 (2011)
    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Tekeli, Ahmet E; Kern, Stefan; Ackley, Stephen F; Ozsoy-Cicek, Burcu; Xie, Hongjie (2011): Summer Antarctic sea ice as seen by ASAR and AMSR-E and observed during two IPY field cruises: a case study. Annals of Glaciology, 52(57), 327-336, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756411795931697
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-17
    Description: Envisat Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (ASAR) Wide Swath Mode (WSM) images are used to derive C-band HH-polarization normalized radar cross sections (NRCS). These are compared with ice-core analysis and visual ship-based observations of snow and ice properties observed according to the Antarctic Sea Ice Processes and Climate (ASPeCt) protocol during two International Polar Year summer cruises (Oden 2008 and Palmer 2009) in West Antarctica. Thick first-year (TFY) and multi-year (MY) ice were the dominant ice types. The NRCS value ranges between -16.3 ± 1.1 and -7.6 ± 1.0 dB for TFY ice, and is -12.6 ± 1.3 dB for MY ice; for TFY ice, NRCS values increase from ~-15 dB to -9 dB from December/January to mid-February. In situ and ASPeCt observations are not, however, detailed enough to interpret the observed NRCS change over time. Co-located Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) vertically polarized 37 GHz brightness temperatures (TB37V), 7 day and 1 day averages as well as the TB37V difference between ascending and descending AMSR-E overpasses suggest the low NRCS values (-15 dB) are associated with snowmelt being still in progress, while the change towards higher NRCS values (-9dB) is caused by commencement of melt-refreeze cycles after about mid-January.
    Keywords: International Polar Year (2007-2008); IPY
    Type: Dataset
    Format: application/zip, 3 datasets
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  • 9
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    (Table 1) ASAR radar data in comparison with observations of total and dominant sea ice-type, ice concentration and thickness made during Nathanial B. Palmer cruise NBP09-01 and Oden cruise OSO08/09 (2011)
    PANGAEA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-17
    Keywords: Angle; Campaign; DATE/TIME; DynaLiFe; Echo backscatter; Event label; Ice concentration; ICESUR; Ice survey; Ice thickness; Ice type; Latitude of event; Longitude of event; Nathaniel B. Palmer; NBP0901; NBP0901_Ao1; NBP0901_Ao2; NBP0901_Ao3; NBP0901_Ao4; NBP0901_Ao5; NBP0901_Ao6; NBP0901_Ao7; Number of pixels; Oden; OSO08/09; OSO0809_Ao1; OSO0809_Ao2; OSO0809_Ao3; Snow thickness; SouthernOcean; Southern Ocean; Standard deviation; Time point, descriptive
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 115 data points
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  • 10
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    (Table 2) ASAR radar data in comparison with observations of ice-core ice and snow properties made during Nathanial B. Palmer cruise NBP09-01 and Oden cruise OSO08/09 (2011)
    PANGAEA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-17
    Keywords: Campaign; Comment; DATE/TIME; DynaLiFe; Echo backscatter; Event label; Freeboard; ICESUR; Ice survey; Ice thickness; Ice type; Latitude of event; Longitude of event; Nathaniel B. Palmer; NBP0901; NBP0901_IC1; NBP0901_IC2; Oden; OSO08/09; OSO0809_IC1; OSO0809_IC2; Snow thickness; SouthernOcean; Southern Ocean; Temperature, air; Time point, descriptive
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 34 data points
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