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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 1 (1979), S. 749-753 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary A new type of polymer support for immobilizing enzymes, a copolymer grafted onto nylon was investigated. Polyacrylamide was used and successfully coupled to β-galactosidase (from yeast and bacteria) using two different methods to give activities of the order of 5 units/g of polymer for the yeast enzyme, and 156 units/g for the E.coli enzyme. Lactose did not affect the yield. The azide method gave better results than the glutaraldehyde method. β-galactosidase coupled enzyme was fairly stable but not as good as the free enzyme. Papain was also coupled to the polyacrylamide grafted nylon using both methods; the glutaraldehyde gave better results with 1.5mg of enzyme being coupled for each gram of polymer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 1 (1979), S. 755-761 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary β-Galactosidase and glucose oxidase have been immobilized on cellulose-polyacrylamide (C-PAM) graft copolymers, using the azide method or through glutaraldehyde. The original (C-PAM) copolymers were prepared via radiation-induced grafting under controlled conditions by both post-irradiation and simultaneous procedures. The optimum conditions for coupling of the copolymers to the enzymes were established as were the levels of activity of the immobilized enzymes. Grafting by the simultaneous route was seen to be more efficient than postirradiation grafting. Indirect evidence of grafting was found from elemental and thermal analysis. Binding of β-galactoside was found to be more successful than that of glucose oxidase. A relationship between the level of immobilized enzyme activity and the extent of grafting in the copolymer was established for the β-galactosidase system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 607-612 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The grafting of acrylonitrile on to nylon powder was carried out in DMF solution after vacuum impregnation. Initiation was radiation induced. A sample of graft copolymer was reduced and coupled to enzyme using a water soluble carbodi-imide, or using glutaraldehyde. Some samples of the graft copolymer were selectively hydrolysed to the corresponding acrylic acid form and used for coupling to bovine serum albumin, invertase, pepsin, acid and alkaline phosphate, using water soluble carbodi-imides.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Synopsis Styrene has been successfully grafted onto cotton cellulose under ‘homogeneous’ conditions provided by initial methylolation using the cellulose/DMSO/HCHO system. The attendant homopolymerization reaction has also been examined. Both grafting and homopolymerization show a rapid initial rate which appears to level off. The homopolymerization reaction increases with increasing concentration of styrene in the medium. Grafting is seen to maximize with increasing bulk monomer concentration, the position of the maximum showing some dependence on the exposure time, under otherwise standard conditions. These observations are interpreted in terms of increasingly restricted access of the monomer into the substrate, arising from the grafting process, which reduces the level of solubility of the methylol cellulose-polystyrene graft copolymer entity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 1249-1258 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polymerization of allyl methacrylate (AMA) with wool fabrics using different initiators, namely, potassium persulphate, Fe2+—H2O2, benzoyl peroxide, ceric ammonium nitrate, and vanadium pentanitrate, was investigated. The percent of polymer add-on depends upon the type and concentration of the initiator. Addition of metallic salts such as Fe3+ to the polymerization system enhances polymerization significantly when benzoyl peroxide and potassium persulphate are used independently as initiator. The opposite holds true for ceric ammonium nitrate and vanadium pentanitrate. With Fe2+—H2O2, on the other hand, the enhancement is marginal. Also studied was the incorporation of Li+, Cu++, and Fe3+ at different concentrations in AMA - wool-benzoyl peroxide polymerization systems. Determination of the polymer add-on on the basis of double bond analysis revealed that the remained double bond is governed by the magnitude of the polymer add-on as well as by the type of initiator.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 2885-2889 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 31 (1966), S. 100-108 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Alkylation of 5-nitroindazole (I) with dimethyl sulphate and/or diethyl sulphate in presence of sodium hydroxide yields mixtures containing more 2-alkylated than 1-alkylated products. The action of diazomethane on 5-nitro (I) and 6-nitro-indazole (IV) was investigated. Reduction of nitroindazoles with hydrogen on Pd/charcoal proceeds smoothly. The synthesis of several new benzimidazole and indazole dye intermediates is also described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 103 (1982), S. 143-152 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Polymerisation von Allylmethacrylat und Nylon 6 und Dibenzoylperoxid als Initiator wurde unter verschiedenen Bedingungen durchgeführt. Die Ausbeute hängt von der Allylmethacrylat- und Dibenzoylperoxidkonzentration, der Polymerisationszeit, der Temperatur, sowie von der Zugabe von Metallsalzen oder organischen Lösungsmitteln ab. Die Ausbeute steigt mit zunehmender Initiatorkonzentration bis zu 0,5 mmol/l, sinkt dann aber bei weiterer Peroxidzugabe; sie nimmt zu mit steigender Allylmethacrylatkonzentration, untersucht von 80 bis 300 mmol/l. 85°C ist die optimale Polymerisationstemperatur, darunter und darüber wird eine geringere Ausbeute erhalten. Der Effekt der Polymerisationszeit ist mit der Polymerisationstemperatur verknüpft, es gibt keine Induktionszeit bei 95°C, dagegen 15 bzw. 30 Minuten bei 85 bzw. 75°C. Ein Zusatz von Cu+ + -Ionen zum Polymerisationsansatz verbessert die Ausbeute. Ähnlich ist es mit Fe+++ - und Li+ -Ionen. Ein Gemisch aus Wasser und einem organischen Lösungsmittel als Medium für die Polymerisation war vorteilhaft zur Erhöhung der Ausbeute, vorausgesetzt, daß das organische Lösungsmittel 1% bei Ethanol und Isopropanol und 4% bei Methanol nicht überstieg.
    Notes: Polymerization of allyl methacrylate with nylon 6 using benzoyl peroxide as initiator was carried out under different conditions. The polymer add-on was dependent upon allyl methacrylate and benzoyl peroxide concentrations, polymerization time and temperature as well as addition of metallic salts or organic solvents. The polymer add-on increased by increasing benzoyl peroxide concentration up to 0.5 mmol/l then decreased by further increase in peroxide concentration, whereas it increased as the allyl methacrylate concentration increased from 80 - 300 mmol/l. A polymerization temperature of 85°C constituted the optimal temperature, below or above this temperature resulted in lower polymer add-on. The effect of polymerization time was related to the polymerization temperature, no induction period occured at 95°C in contrast to 15 and 30 minutes at 85°C and 75°C, respectively. The incorporation of Cu+ +ions in the polymerization system improved the magnitude of polymer add-on. A similar situation was encountered with Fe+ + + and Li+ ions. Using a water/organic solvent mixture as a polymerization medium was advantageous in enhancing polymer add-on provided that the organic solvent did not exceed 1% in case of ethanol and isopropanol and 4% in case of methanol.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 21 (1983), S. 2463-2472 
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A number of poly(acrylic acid)-co-nylon graft copolymers were prepared. Two approaches were used. The first involved the direct, radiation-induced grafting of acrylic acid onto the nylon, while the second involved the hydrolysis of polyacrylonitrile-co-nylon graft copolymers. All the resulting poly(acrylic acid)-co-nylon graft copolymers coupled large amounts of protein when the carbodimides CMC and EDAC were used as coupling agents. However, when the enzymes β-galactosidase and trypsin were immobilized, the retention of activity was relatively low. A number of reasons for this effect can be postulated, some of which were investigated. From the evidence, it would appear that the major reason is that the carboxylic acid groups are fixed to a “rigid” backbone, which allows them to interact with the enzyme after the establishment of an initial covalent attachment. Additionally, with acid phosphatase, it was observed that the enzyme interacted with immobilized carboxylic acid groups before coupling occurred.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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