Keywords:
Environmental chemistry.
;
Electronic books.
Type of Medium:
Online Resource
Pages:
1 online resource (582 pages)
Edition:
1st ed.
ISBN:
9783527614448
URL:
https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/geomar/detail.action?docID=481343
DDC:
572
Language:
English
Note:
Intro -- Refractory Organic Substances in the Environment -- Contents -- Preface -- List of Authors -- List of Abbreviations -- 1 Setting the Scene -- 1.1 The Relevance of Reference Materials - Isolation and General Characterization -- 1.1.1 Introduction -- 1.1.2 Concept of Standard and Reference Material -- 1.1.3 Reference Materials in the ROSIG Priority Program -- 1.1.4 Experimental Details -- 1.1.4.1 Origin of the Samples -- 1.1.4.2 Isolation -- 1.1.4.3 Analytical Methods -- 1.1.5 Discussion -- 1.1.5.1 Mass Balance of the Isolates -- 1.1.5.2 Spectroscopic Characterization in the UV and Visible Range -- 1.1.5.3 Elemental Analysis -- 1.1.5.4 Proton and Complexation Capacities -- 1.1.5.5 Size-exclusion Chromatography -- 1.1.6 Conclusions -- References -- Additional References for ROS Literature -- 1.2 Element Determination and its Quality Control in Fractions of Refractory Organic Substances and the Corresponding Original Water Samples -- 1.2.1 Introduction -- 1.2.2 Description of Analytical Methods -- 1.2.2.1 Sample Treatment -- 1.2.2.2 Flame and Graphite Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS, GF-AAS) -- 1.2.2.3 Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) -- 1.2.2.4 Inductively Coupled Plasma Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry (ICP-IDMS) -- 1.2.2.5 Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) -- 1.2.2.6 Total Reflection X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (TXRF) -- 1.2.3 Results of the Interlaboratory Study -- 1.2.3.1 Element Concentrations in ROS Fractions and their Original Samples -- 1.2.3.2 Relative Enrichment Factors of Elements in Separated FA and HA Fractions -- 1.2.3.3 Quality Control of Analytical Data -- References -- 2 Structural Investigations -- 2.1 Heavy Metal and Halogen Interactions with Fractions of Refractory Organic Substances Separated by Size-exclusion Chromatography -- 2.1.1 Introduction.
,
2.1.2 SEC/ICP-MS System and the Isotope Dilution Technique -- 2.1.3 Determination of Heavy Metal-ROS Complexes in Fractions Separated by SEC -- 2.1.4 Correlation of Metal-ROS Complexes with other Analytical Data -- 2.1.5 Kinetically Stable Cr(III) and Co(III) Complexes of ROS -- 2.1.6 Determination of Halogen-ROS Compounds in Fractions separated by SEC -- 2.1.7 Conclusions -- References -- 2.2 Characterization of Refractory Organic Substances and their Metal Species by Combined Analytical Procedures -- 2.2.1 Introduction -- 2.2.2 Size Distribution and Stability of ROS-Metal Species Assessed by Ultrafiltration, EDTA Exchange, and Atomic Spectrometry -- 2.2.3 On-site Characterization of Aquatic Refractory Organic Substances and their Metal Species by Mobile Fractionation and Exchange Techniques -- 2.2.4 Conclusions -- References -- 2.3 Application of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy to Structural Investigations of Refractory Organic Substances - Principles and Definitions -- 2.3.1 Potential of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy for ROS Structure Elucidation -- 2.3.2 Quantification of Solution-state and Solid-state NMR Spectra of ROS -- 2.3.3 Assignment of ROS NMR Signals -- References -- 2.4 Structural Characterization of Refractory Organic Substances by Solid-state High-resolution (13)C and (15)N Nuclear Magnetic Resonance -- 2.4.1 Introduction -- 2.4.2 Pulse Sequences Used -- 2.4.2.1 Cross Polarization Magic Angle Spinning (CPMAS) -- 2.4.2.2 Magic Angle Spinning (MAS) or Bloch-decay Spectra -- 2.4.2.3 Dipolar Dephasing Techniques (DD Techniques) -- 2.4.3 Lake Hohloh Samples -- 2.4.3.1 (13)C Solid-state Spectra -- 2.4.3.2 Proton Solution Spectra -- 2.4.3.3 (15)N CPMAS Spectra -- 2.4.4 Comparison of Samples from Different Locations -- 2.4.4.1 (13)C Solid-state Spectra -- 2.4.4.2 (15)N CPMAS Spectra -- 2.4.5 Conclusions.
,
2.4.5.1 Methods -- 2.4.5.2 Structural Results -- References -- 2.5 Quantification of Substructures of Refractory Organic Substances by Means of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance -- 2.5.1 Introduction -- 2.5.2 Experimental Details -- 2.5.2.1 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance -- 2.5.2.2 Multistage Ultrafiltration -- 2.5.3 Results from Solution-state NMR investigations -- 2.5.3.1 General Considerations -- 2.5.3.2 Aliphatic Structural Moieties -- 2.3.3.3 Aromatic Structural Moieties -- 2.5.4 Combination of Multistage Ultrafiltration and Two-dimensional HMQC NMR -- 2.5.5 Conclusions -- References -- 2.6 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Investigations of Silylated Refractory Organic Substances -- 2.6.1 Introduction -- 2.6.1.1 Functional Group Analysis in Refractory Organic Substances -- 2.6.1.2 Silylation of Refractory Organic Substances -- 2.6.2 Materials and Methods -- 2.6.3 Two-dimensional NMR Spectroscopy of Silylated Natural Organic Matter -- 2.6.3.1 Comparative Analysis of 2D NMR Spectra -- Visualization of Conformity and Variation by Calculation of Minimum and Difference Spectra -- 2.6.4 NMR Functional Group Analysis of FA and HA Fractions Isolated from Samples of Different Origin -- 2.6.4.1 Comparison of BS1 FA, HO10 FA, FG1 FA, HO13 FA and SUW FA -- 2.6.4.2 Comparison of BS1 HA, HO13 HA, and SUW HA -- 2.6.4.3 Comparison of Results from NMR Functional Group Analysis with Data Obtained from Complementary Methods -- 2.6.5 Conclusions -- References -- 2.7 Isotopic Evidence for the Origin and Formation of Refractory Organic Substances -- 2.7.1 Variations of Stable Isotope Abundances in the Course of the Synthesis and Diagenesis of Biomass -- 2.7.2 Bulk Isotope Analysis -- 2.7.3 Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry-Isotope-ratio Mass Spectrometry (Py-GC/MS-IRMS) -- 2.7.4 Bulk Isotopic Analyses of the Reference Samples.
,
2.7.4.1 Differences Between the Isotope Content of the Reference Samples -- 2.7.5 Formation of Refractory Organic Substances in a Peat Profile of the Hohlohsee -- 2.7.5.1 Bulk Isotope Analyses on Hohlohsee Samples -- 2.7.5.2 δ(13)C Values of Pyrolysis Products of Sphagnum Peat and DOM from Bog Water -- References -- 2.8 Analytical Pyrolysis of Humic Substances and Dissolved Organic Matter in Water -- 2.8.1 Introduction -- 2.8.2 Methods -- 2.8.3 Characterization and Differentiation of Structural Properties -- 2.8.4 Pyrolysis-Field Ionization Mass Spectrometry -- 2.8.5 Structural Variations as a Result of Sampling Season and Year -- 2.8.6 Quality Control and Changes During Sample Storage -- 2.8.7 Correlations between (13)C NMR and Py-FIMS -- 2.8.8 Developments of Quantitative GC/MS -- 2.8.8.1 Determination of Hexose Subunits of Cellulose by Py-GC/MS -- 2.8.8.2 Determination of Solvent-extracted Fatty Acids by GC/MS -- 2.8.9 Conclusions -- References -- 2.9 Characterization of Refractory Organic Substances by HPLC/MS -- 2.9.1 Introduction -- 2.9.2 Experimental Details -- 2.9.2.1 Mass Spectrometry -- 2.9.2.2 Size-exclusion Chromatography (SEC) -- 2.9.3 Results and Discussion -- 2.9.3.1 Mass Spectra of Refractory Organic Substances -- 2.9.3.2 Size-exclusion Chromatography of Refractory Organic Substances -- References -- 2.10 UV-Visible Spectroscopy and the Potential of Fluorescent Probes -- 2.10.1 UV-Visible Absorption Spectroscopy -- 2.10.2 Colorimetric Analysis -- 2.10.3 Fluorescence of Refractory Organic Substances -- 2.10.4 Aging of Refractory Organic Substances -- 2.10.5 Complexing of Heavy Metals -- References -- 2.11 Stationary and Time-resolved Fluorescence for Refractory Organic Substances Characterization -- 2.11.1 Introduction -- 2.11.2 Experimental Details -- 2.11.3 Results and Discussion.
,
2.11.3.1 Steady-state Fluorescence of Humic Substances -- 2.11.3.2 Time-resolved Fluorescence of Humic Substances -- 2.11.3.3 Fluorescence of Chemically Altered Humic Substances -- 2.11.4 Conclusions -- References -- 2.12 Structural Characterization of Refractory Organic Substances by Pyrolysis-GC/FTIR -- 2.12.1 Introduction -- 2.12.2 Experimental Details -- 2.12.2.1 Sample Preparation -- 2.12.2.2 Curie-point Pyrolysis -- 2.12.2.3 Flash Pyrolysis -- 2.12.2.4 GC/FTIR Spectroscopy -- 2.12.3 Results and Discussion -- References -- 2.13 X-ray Microscopy Studies of Refractory Organic Substances -- 2.13.1 Introduction -- 2.13.2 X-ray Microscopy -- 2.13.3 Results -- 2.13.3.1 Refractory Organic Substances in Soils -- 2.13.3.2 Flocculation of Refractory Organic Substances by Cations -- 2.13.3.3 Spectromicroscopy of Refractory Organic Substances -- 2.13.4 Conclusions -- References -- 2.14 Fractionation of Refractory Organic Substances by Electrophoresis -- 2.14.1 Introduction -- 2.14.2 Experimental Details -- 2.14.3 Results and Discussion -- 2.14.4 pH-dependence -- 2.14.5 Electrophoresis with Organic Modifiers -- 2.14.6 Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography -- 2.14.7 Electrophoresis in Sieving Media -- 2.14.8 Isoelectric Focusing -- 2.14.9 Characterization of Degradation Products of Refractory Organic Substances -- 2.14.10 Hydrothermolysis -- 2.14.11 Pyrolysis -- 2.14.12 Conclusions -- References -- 2.15 Occurrence of Amino Acids, Carbohydrates, and Low-molecular-weight Organic Acids in Refractory Organic Substances -- 2.15.1 Introduction -- 2.15.2 Experimental Details -- 2.15.2.1 Samples -- 2.15.2.2 Determination of Amino Acids -- 2.15.2.3 Determination of Carbohydrates -- 2.15.2.4 Determination of Low-molecular-weight Organic Acids -- 2.15.3 Results and Discussion -- 2.15.3.1 Acid-hydrolyzable Amino Acids and Carbohydrates.
,
2.15.3.2 Enzymatically Hydrolyzable Amino Acids and Carbohydrates.
Permalink
