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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The latent dimensionality of DIS/DSM-III-R nicotine dependence: exploratory analyses (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Addiction 91 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1360-0443
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Decisions on DSM-IV criteria for alcohol dependence were based in part on latent structure analyses of field survey data on alcohol problems. Analogously, to investigate the latent structure of nicotine dependence in an epidemiological sample, we carried out a dichotomous item factor analysis of DSM-III-R symptom data gathered from 394 young adults who reported a history of sustained daily smoking. Smokers and their dependence symptoms were identified by means of the NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule version III revised, administered to a random sample of 1007 21–30-year-olds who were members of a health maintenance organization in the Detroit area. Comparing different latent structure models using LISCOMP software with bootstrap re-sampling, followed by multiple logistic regression, vie found that a two-factor model indicating a ‘general dependence’ and a ‘failed cessation’ dimension best accounted for the observed data. Current smoking status (persistent vs. past smoking) was associated with the two factors independently. Replication and additional research on construct, discriminant and convergent validity are needed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.1996.91458312.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Socially desirable responding and self-reported HIV infection risk behaviors among intravenous drug users (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Addiction 88 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1360-0443
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: This study examined the extent to which self-report of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) risk behaviors might depend upon socially desirable response tendencies, and whether socially desirable responding might serve as a confounding variable in the study of risk behaviors and HIV serostatus. The subjects were 2885 intravenous drug users participating in the ALIVE study in Baltimore, Maryland. Participants completed an interview and were tested for HIV serostatus. The interview covered HIV risk behaviors, and included established scales to measure ‘self-deception’ and ‘impression management’, two separate dimensions of socially desirable responding. Seven items for each scale were scored true/false, with a summary score used for analysis. Scores on self-deception and impression management were inversely related to self-reports of sharing injection equipment, injecting at shooting galleries, and injecting more than once a day. Neither self-deception nor impression management was associated with cocaine use. Self-reported receptive anal intercourse was associated inversely with self-deception but not with impression management. HIV serostatus was not associated with social desirability, and statistically controlling for social desirability had a negligible impact on the magnitude of associations between risk behaviors and HIV serostatus. The results indicate that measures of social desirability may be used to ascertain sensitive areas of inquiry in interviews of intravenous drug users.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02058.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The adolescent behavioral repertoire as a context for drug exposure: behavioral autarcesis at play (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Addiction 99 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1360-0443
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Aims  The aim of this study is to investigate suspected behavioral autarcesis. Autarcesis refers to a mechanism of non-specific shielding from or immunity to infection or disease. Here, suspecting that some facets of the adolescent behavioral repertoire (ABR) might shield youths from early drug involvement, we studied recent-onset occurrence of first chances to try a drug and first actual drug use, expressed as a function of five observed ABR dimensions: religious, socializing, sports-related, gender socialization, and home-based activities.Design and participants  Nationally representative samples of school-attending youths were drawn in Panama, the five Spanish heritage countries of Central America and the Dominican Republic (n = 12 797).Measurements  Drug involvement and ABR were assessed via anonymous self-administered questionnaires.Findings  A religious activity dimension and a separate sports dimension were associated inversely with recent onset of adolescent drug experiences, and a socializing activity dimension was related to an increased occurrence of these experiences. For example, for each unit increase of the religious activity dimension of the ABR, there was an associated reduced occurrence of the first chance to try tobacco (OR = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.63–0.90, P = 0.002). Adolescents at higher levels of sports activities and home-based activities were less likely to experience recent-onset actual use of marijuana (OR = 0.45, 95% CI: 0.30–0.67, P 〈 0.001; OR = 0.56, 95% CI: 0.32–0.99, P = 0.048, respectively).Conclusions  The study evidence lends some support for behavioral autarcesis. Manipulation of selected ABR dimensions might help prevent or reduce adolescent drug involvement, enhancing autarcesis as a protective mechanism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2004.00774.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Behavioral autarcesis—reprise (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Addiction 99 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1360-0443
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2004.00824.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Possible age-associated bias in reporting of clinical features of drug dependence: epidemiological evidence on adolescent-onset marijuana use (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Addiction 98 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1360-0443
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Aims  To probe recent evidence on apparent excess occurrence of marijuana dependence when marijuana smoking starts in adolescence.Design and participants  A national sample of recent-onset marijuana users was identified within public data files of the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA), 1995–98 (1866 adolescents and 762 adults).Measurements  Marijuana dependence was assessed via seven standardized questions about its clinical features, such as being unable to cut down. Multivariate response models (GLM/GEE and MIMIC) were used to evaluate adolescent excess risk and possible item biases.Findings  Among people who had just started to use marijuana, clinical features of marijuana dependence occurred twice as often among adolescents compared to adults, even with statistical adjustment for other covariates (P 〈 0.01 from GLM/GEE). MIMIC analyses suggest that adolescent-onset users have somewhat higher levels of marijuana dependence, and they also provide evidence of age-associated response bias for some but not all clinical features of marijuana dependence. That is, even with level of marijuana dependence held constant, adolescent recent-onset users were more likely than adults to report being unable to cut down (P = 0.01) and tolerance (P = 0.029).Conclusion  Nosologic, methodological and substantive reasons for observed age-related excess in occurrence of marijuana dependence problems among early onset users deserve more attention in future research.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2003.00237.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Associations between drug use and behavioral repertoire in urban youths (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Addiction 91 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1360-0443
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Converging with psycho-social research findings, animal and human laboratory studies indicate that behavioral alternatives are important determinants of drug-taking. To investigate associations between how early adolescents spend their time, i.e. their behavioral repertoire and drug use (use of marijuana, crack/cocaine or inhalants), we analyzed data from an epidemiological sample of 1516 urban middle-school students who had completed private interviews in spring 1993. The interview included a 36-item questionnaire to assess how frequently the youth engaged in different activities; history of drug-taking was assessed separately. Multiple logistic regression was used to estimate associations between drug use and each of seven behavioral domains as well as sex, age and racial-ethnic status. Youths spending a great deal of lime working for pay and assuming other adult-like roles were more likely to have initiated drug use (estimated odds ratio, OR = 3.49; p= 0.002). Those who spent much time in religious activities were less likely (OR = 0.2, p 〈 0.001). An exploratory search for interactions disclosed other associations that merit attention in future research. These results corroborate evidence on the potential etiological significance of behavioral repertoire in relation to risk of drug use.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.1996.9111173114.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Death of the ‘stepping-stone’ hypothesis and the ‘gateway’ model? comments on Morral et  al. (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Addiction 97 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1360-0443
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2002.00287.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Male-female differences in the earliest stages of drug involvement (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Carfax Publishing, Taylor & Francis Ltd
    Addiction 94 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1360-0443
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Aims. To examine whether male-female differences in rates of drug use could be traced back to differences in rates of exposure to initial opportunities to try drugs, rather than to sex differences in the probability of making a transition to use, once opportunity has occurred. Design. Cross-sectional sample survey research with nationally representative samples and retrospective assessments. Setting. United States, 1979-94. Participants. Respondents were 131 226 residents aged 12 years and older, recruited for the National Household Surveys on Drug Abuse by multi-stage probability sampling at nine time points. Measurements. Estimated proportion of males and females with an opportunity to use marijuana, cocaine, hallucinogens and heroin; proportions reporting use among those having an opportunity to use each drug; proportion making a "rapid transition" from initial opportunity to initial use. Findings. For each survey year, males were more likely than females to have an initial opportunity to use drugs. However, few male-female differences were observed in the probability of making a transition into drug use, once an opportunity had occurred. Conclusions. Previously documented male excess in rates of drug use may be due to greater male exposure to opportunities to try drugs, rather than to greater chance of progressing from initial opportunity to actual use. This suggestes that sex differences in drug involvement emerge early in the process. Implications of these findings are discussed in relation to the epidemiology and prevention of drug use, and future research on sex differences in drug involvement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.1999.949141312.x
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