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  • 1
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    Vitamin A and anthropometric status of South African preschool children from four areas with known distinct eating patterns
    Elsevier BV ; 2015
    In:  Nutrition Vol. 31, No. 1 ( 2015-01), p. 64-71
    Details
    In: Nutrition, Elsevier BV, Vol. 31, No. 1 ( 2015-01), p. 64-71
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0899-9007
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2014.04.024
    RVK:
    XA 10000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Elsevier BV
    Publication Date: 2015
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2010168-5
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  • 2
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    Ascaris, co-infection and allergy: the importance of analysis based on immunological variables rather than egg excretion
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 2007
    In:  Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Vol. 101, No. 7 ( 2007-7), p. 680-682
    Details
    In: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 101, No. 7 ( 2007-7), p. 680-682
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0035-9203
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2006.11.006
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2007
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2135136-3
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  • 3
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    Effects of a multi-micronutrient-fortified beverage, with and without sugar, on growth and cognition in South African schoolchildren: a randomised, double-blind, controlled intervention
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2013
    In:  British Journal of Nutrition Vol. 110, No. 12 ( 2013-12-28), p. 2271-2284
    Details
    In: British Journal of Nutrition, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 110, No. 12 ( 2013-12-28), p. 2271-2284
    Abstract: Little is known about the effects of combined micronutrient and sugar consumption on growth and cognition. In the present study, we investigated the effects of micronutrients and sugar, alone and in combination, in a beverage on growth and cognition in schoolchildren. In a 2 × 2 factorial design, children ( n 414, 6–11 years) were randomly allocated to consume beverages containing (1) micronutrients with sugar, (2) micronutrients with a non-nutritive sweetener, (3) no micronutrients with sugar or (4) no micronutrients with a non-nutritive sweetener for 8·5 months. Growth was assessed and cognition was tested using the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children version II (KABC-II) subtests and the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test (HVLT). Micronutrients decreased the OR for Fe deficiency at the endpoint (OR 0·19; 95 % CI 0·07, 0·53). Micronutrients increased KABC Atlantis (intervention effect: 0·76; 95 % CI 0·10, 1·42) and HVLT Discrimination Index (1·00; 95 % CI 0·01, 2·00) scores. Sugar increased KABC Atlantis (0·71; 95 % CI 0·05, 1·37) and Rover (0·72; 95 % CI 0·08, 1·35) scores and HVLT Recall 3 (0·94; 95 % CI 0·15, 1·72). Significant micronutrient × sugar interaction effects on the Atlantis, Number recall, Rover and Discrimination Index scores indicated that micronutrients and sugar in combination attenuated the beneficial effects of micronutrients or sugar alone. Micronutrients or sugar alone had a lowering effect on weight-for-age z -scores relative to controls (micronutrients − 0·08; 95 % CI − 0·15, − 0·01; sugar − 0·07; 95 % CI − 0·14, − 0·002), but in combination, this effect was attenuated. The beverages with micronutrients or added sugar alone had a beneficial effect on cognition, which was attenuated when provided in combination.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0007-1145 , 1475-2662
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S000711451300189X
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2013
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2016047-1
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  • 4
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    Vitamin A, Iron, and Zinc Content of Fortified Maize Meal and Bread at the Household Level in 4 Areas of South Africa
    SAGE Publications ; 2015
    In:  Food and Nutrition Bulletin Vol. 36, No. 3 ( 2015-09), p. 315-326
    Details
    In: Food and Nutrition Bulletin, SAGE Publications, Vol. 36, No. 3 ( 2015-09), p. 315-326
    Abstract: A national mandatory food fortification program, fortifying wheat flour and maize meal with various micronutrients, was introduced in South Africa in 2003 to address micronutrient deficiencies. Objective: This study aimed to determine vitamin A, iron, and zinc content of raw maize meal and wheat flour bread sampled at household level from 2 urban and 2 rural areas in South Africa and to compare with the regulatory minimum requirements. Methods: Maize meal (250 g) and/or supermarket/local shop bread (3 inner slices) were collected from 50 randomly selected households from each study area. Maize meal samples were reduced to 10 composite samples per area. Bread samples were composited similarly; 1 composite sample consisted of 15 intact slices. Overall, 8 composite samples were obtained for both brown and white bread. The Southern African Grain Laboratory analyzed the samples for vitamin A, iron, and zinc. Results: Mean content of maize meal (100 g) represented ratios of 0.56 to 0.98 of the minimum fortification requirement for vitamin A, 0.76 to 1.08 for iron, and 0.89 to 1.00 for zinc; brown bread (100 g) represented ratios of 0.57, 1.97, and 1.67 of the minimum requirement for vitamin A, iron, and zinc, respectively, and white bread (100 g) represented ratios of 0.89, 2.22, and 2.07 for vitamin A, iron, and zinc, respectively. Conclusion: The variation in vitamin A, iron, and zinc content in maize meal and the higher than required iron and zinc content in wheat bread needs to be investigated in further studies.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0379-5721 , 1564-8265
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1177/0379572115597588
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2015
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2075729-3
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  • 5
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    Serum retinol in 1–6-year-old children from a low socio-economic South African community with a high intake of liver: implications for blanket vitamin A supplementation
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2012
    In:  Public Health Nutrition Vol. 15, No. 4 ( 2012-04), p. 716-724
    Details
    In: Public Health Nutrition, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 15, No. 4 ( 2012-04), p. 716-724
    Abstract: To assess serum retinol, liver intake patterns, breast-feeding history and anthropometric status in pre-school children of a low socio-economic community where liver is regularly consumed. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Northern Cape Province, South Africa. Subjects Children aged 1–6 years ( n 243) who attended the local primary health-care facility and had not received a vitamin A supplement in the 6 months preceding the study. Non-pregnant female caregivers ( n 225), below 50 years of age, were also assessed. Results Despite stunting, underweight and wasting being prevalent in 40·5 %, 23·1 % and 8·4 % of the children, only 5·8 % had serum retinol concentrations 〈 20 μg/dl, which is in sharp contrast to the national prevalence of 63·6 %. None of the caregivers were vitamin A deficient. Liver was eaten by 89·2 % of children, with 87 % of households eating liver at least once monthly and 30 % eating it at least once weekly; liver was introduced into the diet of the children at a median age of 18 months. Ninety-three per cent of the children were being breast-fed or had been breast-fed in the past; children were breast-fed to a median age of 18 months. A significant negative correlation was found between educational level of the caregiver and frequency of liver intake ( r = −0·143, P =0·032). There was no correlation between serum retinol and indicators of anthropometric or socio-economic status. Conclusions The blanket approach in applying the national vitamin A supplementation programme may not be appropriate for all areas in the country, even though the community may be poor and undernourished.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1368-9800 , 1475-2727
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S1368980011002126
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2012
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2016337-X
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  • 6
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    Liver is widely eaten by preschool children in the Northern Cape province of South Africa: Implications for routine vitamin A supplementation
    Wiley ; 2020
    In:  Maternal & Child Nutrition Vol. 16, No. 3 ( 2020-07)
    Details
    In: Maternal & Child Nutrition, Wiley, Vol. 16, No. 3 ( 2020-07)
    Abstract: Previous research has demonstrated a virtual absence of vitamin A deficiency and adequacy of vitamin A intake through consumption of liver in preschool children of a community in the Northern Cape province of South Africa where sheep farming is common, and liver, an exceptionally rich source of vitamin A, is frequently eaten. Only 60–75 g of liver per month is needed to meet the vitamin A requirement of preschool children. Because this may have implications for routine vitamin A supplementation, and because liver consumption for the rest of the province is unknown, the study aim was to establish the prevalence and frequency of liver intake in a provincial‐wide survey. An unquantified liver‐specific food frequency questionnaire, covering a period of 1 month, complemented by a 1‐year recall, was administered to mothers of 2‐ to 5‐year‐old children ( n = 2,864) attending primary health care facilities in all five districts and 26 subdistricts. A total of 86% of children were reported to eat liver, which was eaten in all districts by at least 80% of children. The overall median frequency of liver intake was 1.0 [25th, 75th percentiles: 0.5, 3.0] times per month and ranged from 1.0 [0.3, 2.0] to 2.0 [1.0, 4.0] for the various districts. Based on a previously reported portion size of 66 g, these results suggest vitamin A dietary adequacy in all districts and possibly also vitamin A intake exceeding the Tolerable Upper Intake Level in some children. Routine vitamin A supplementation in this province may not be necessary and should be reconsidered.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1740-8695 , 1740-8709
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/mcn.v16.3
    DOI: 10.1111/mcn.12931
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2140908-0
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  • 7
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    Low intake of calcium and vitamin D, but not zinc, iron or vitamin A, is associated with stunting in 2- to 5-year-old children
    Elsevier BV ; 2015
    In:  Nutrition Vol. 31, No. 6 ( 2015-06), p. 841-846
    Details
    In: Nutrition, Elsevier BV, Vol. 31, No. 6 ( 2015-06), p. 841-846
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0899-9007
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2014.12.011
    RVK:
    XA 10000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Elsevier BV
    Publication Date: 2015
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  • 8
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    Serum retinol in post‐partum mothers and newborns from an impoverished South African community where liver is frequently eaten and vitamin A deficiency is absent
    Wiley ; 2017
    In:  Maternal & Child Nutrition Vol. 13, No. 1 ( 2017-01)
    Details
    In: Maternal & Child Nutrition, Wiley, Vol. 13, No. 1 ( 2017-01)
    Abstract: Serum retinol was assessed in mothers and newborns from an impoverished South African community where liver is frequently eaten and vitamin A deficiency known to be absent. Paired cord and maternal blood ( n  = 201) were collected after delivery and analysed for serum retinol and C‐reactive protein (CRP). Liver intake during pregnancy and intention to breastfeed were also assessed. Mean serum retinol was 1.03 µmol/L ± 0.40 in mothers and 0.73 ± 0.24 µmol/L in newborns, with 21.4% and 49.3% having serum retinol 〈 0.70 µmol/L ( 〈 20 µg/dL), respectively. Raised CRP was found in 59.9% of mothers, with a significant negative correlation between serum retinol and CRP ( r  = −0.273; p   〈  0.0001). Liver was eaten by 87.6% of mothers, and 99% indicated their intention to breastfeed. Despite consumption of liver, serum retinol was low in both the mother and the newborn. The conventional cut‐off for serum retinol, i.e. 〈 0.70 µmol/L may therefore not apply for the mother and newborn in the period immediately after delivery. Serum retinol may be influenced by factors other than vitamin A status, e.g. the haemodilution of pregnancy, as well as the acute phase response induced by the birth process, as suggested by raised CRP in 60% of mothers. In the newborns, the low serum retinol is likely to increase rapidly, as liver is frequently eaten by mothers and practically all of them intended to breastfeed. Our results confirm the need for better indicators of vitamin A status or alternative cut‐off values during this period.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1740-8695 , 1740-8709
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/mcn.2017.13.issue-1
    DOI: 10.1111/mcn.12223
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2017
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2140908-0
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  • 9
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    Liver intake in 24–59-month-old children from an impoverished South African community provides enough vitamin A to meet requirements
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2014
    In:  Public Health Nutrition Vol. 17, No. 12 ( 2014-12), p. 2798-2805
    Details
    In: Public Health Nutrition, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 17, No. 12 ( 2014-12), p. 2798-2805
    Abstract: To assess the contribution of liver to the vitamin A intake of 24–59-month-old children from an impoverished South African community where liver is frequently consumed and vitamin A deficiency previously shown to be absent. Design Cross-sectional. Setting Northern Cape Province, South Africa. Subjects Children aged 24–59 months ( n 150). Vitamin A intake from liver was assessed using a single 24 h recall and a quantified liver frequency questionnaire. In addition, information on vitamin A intake via the national fortification programme was obtained from the 24 h recall and information on vitamin A supplementation from the Road-to-Health Chart. Height, weight and socio-economic data were also collected. Results Stunting, underweight and wasting were prevalent in 36·9 %, 25·5 % and 12·1 % of children. Mean daily vitamin A intake from liver was 537 and 325 μg retinol equivalents measured by the 24 h recall and liver frequency questionnaire, respectively. Liver was consumed in 92·7 % of households and by 84·7 % of children; liver intake was inversely related to socio-economic status ( P 〈 0·05). The food fortification programme contributed 80 μg retinol equivalents and the vitamin A supplementation programme 122 μg retinol equivalents to daily vitamin A intake. Conclusions The study showed that liver alone provided more than 100 % of the Estimated Average Requirement of the pre-school children in this impoverished community. The results also challenge the notion generally held by international health bodies that vitamin A deficiency, poor anthropometric status and poverty go together, and reinforces the fact that South Africa is a culturally diverse society for which targeted interventions are required.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1368-9800 , 1475-2727
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S1368980013003212
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2014
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2016337-X
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  • 10
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    The efficacy of ferrous bisglycinate and electrolytic iron as fortificants in bread in iron-deficient school children
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2006
    In:  British Journal of Nutrition Vol. 95, No. 3 ( 2006-03), p. 532-538
    Details
    In: British Journal of Nutrition, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 95, No. 3 ( 2006-03), p. 532-538
    Abstract: Food fortification is an important long-term strategy for addressing micronutrient deficiencies. Finding the ideal Fe fortification compound, however, remains a challenge. In the present study the effect of ferrous bisglycinate as fortificant in brown bread was compared with that of electrolytic Fe among Fe-deficient school children in a randomised controlled trial. Children ( n 160), aged 6–11 years, with serum ferritin 〈 20μg/l, were randomly assigned to one of three treatment categories: (i) standard unfortified bread; (ii) bread with electrolytic Fe as fortificant; and (iii) bread with ferrous bisglycinate as fortificant. Each child received four slices of bread (120g) on school days, which supplied an average of 3·66mg elemental Fe per intervention day for 137d (2·52mg/d for 75d and 5·04mg/d for 62d) over a period of 7·5 months. Hb, serum ferritin, serum Fe and transferrin saturation were measured at baseline and at the end of the intervention. Significant treatment effects were observed for Hb ( P =0·013), serum Fe ( P =0·041) and transferrin saturation ( P =0·042) in the ferrous bisglycinate group, but not in the electrolytic Fe group. There were no significant intervention effects for serum ferritin in either treatment group. Overall, ferrous bisglycinate as Fe fortificant in brown bread performed better than electrolytic Fe in a group of Fe-deficient school children over a period of 7·5 months.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0007-1145 , 1475-2662
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1079/BJN20051669
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2006
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2016047-1
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    SSG: 21
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