Abstract: The Southern Ocean greatly contributes to the regulation of the global climate by controlling important heat and carbon exchanges between the atmosphere and the ocean. Rates of climate change on decadal timescales are therefore impacted by oceanic processes taking place in the Southern Ocean, yet too little is known about these processes. Limitations come both from the lack of observations in this extreme environment and its inherent sensitivity to intermittent processes at scales that are not well captured in current Earth system models. The Southern Ocean Carbon and Heat Impact on Climate programme was launched to address this knowledge gap, with the overall objective to understand and quantify variability of heat and carbon budgets in the Southern Ocean through an investigation of the key physical processes controlling exchanges between the atmosphere, ocean and sea ice using a combination of observational and modelling approaches. Here, we provide a brief overview of the programme, as well as a summary of some of the scientific progress achieved during its first half. Advances range from new evidence of the importance of specific processes in Southern Ocean ventilation rate (e.g. storm-induced turbulence, sea–ice meltwater fronts, wind-induced gyre circulation, dense shelf water formation and abyssal mixing) to refined descriptions of the physical changes currently ongoing in the Southern Ocean and of their link with global climate. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Heat and carbon uptake in the Southern Ocean: the state of the art and future priorities’.

Abstract: Regional glider missions reveal 1–10 day mixed layer variability in the Subantarctic, Polar, and sea‐ice impacted Southern Ocean Surface heating drives buoyancy gain in all regions, while entrainment leads to buoyancy loss in the Subantarctic and Marginal Ice Zone In the Polar Frontal Zone, deep mixing by storms suppresses intraseasonal thermohaline variability

Abstract: 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 List of Abstract Titles and authors: 〈 br / 〉 〈 /strong 〉 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 1. Psychosis: A matter of mental effort? 〈 /strong 〉 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 M Borg, Y Y van der Zee, J H Hsieh, H Temmingh, D J Stein, F M Howells 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 2.In search of an affordable, effective post-discharge intervention: A randomised control trial assessing the influence of a telephone-based intervention on readmissions for patients with severe mental illness in a developing country 〈 /strong 〉 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 〈 /strong 〉 U A Botha, L Koen, M Mazinu, E Jordaan, D J H Niehaus 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 3. The effect of early abstinence from long-term methamphetamine use on brain metabolism using 1H-magnetic resonance spectro-scopy (1H-MRS) 〈 /strong 〉 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 A Burger, S Brooks, D J Stein, F M Howells 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 4. The effect of 〈 em 〉 in utero exposure  〈 /em 〉 to methamphetamine on brain metabolism in childhood using 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) 〈 /strong 〉 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 A Burger, A Roos, M Kwiatkowski, D J Stein, K A Donald, F M Howells 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 5. A prospective study of clinical, biological and functional aspects of outcome in first-episode psychosis: The EONKCS Study 〈 /strong 〉 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 〈 /strong 〉 B Chiliza, L Asmal, R Emsley 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 6. Stimulants as cognitive enhancers - perceptions v. evidence in a very real world 〈 /strong 〉 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 〈 /strong 〉 H M Clark 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 7. Pharmacogenomics in antipsychotic drugs 〈 /strong 〉 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 〈 /strong 〉 Ilse du Plessis 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 8. Serotonin in anxiety disorders and beyond 〈 /strong 〉 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 〈 /strong 〉 Ilse du Plessis 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 9. HIV infection results in ventral-striatal reward system hypo-activation during cue processing 〈 /strong 〉 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 〈 /strong 〉 S du Plessis, M Vink, J A Joska, E Koutsilieri, A Bagadia, D J Stein, R Emsley 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 10. Disease progression in schizophrenia: Is the illness or the treatment to blame? 〈 /strong 〉 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 R Emsley, M J Sian 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 11. Serotonin transporter variants play a role in anxiety sensitivity in South African adolescents 〈 /strong 〉 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉  S M J Hemmings, L I Martin, L van der Merwe, R Benecke, K Domschke, S Seedat 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 12. Iron deficiency in two children diagnosed with multiple sclerosis: Report on whole exom sequencing 〈 /strong 〉 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 〈 /strong 〉 S Janse van Rensburg, R van Toorn, J F Schoeman, A Peeters, L R Fisher, K Moremi, M J Kotze 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 13. Benzodiazepines: Practical pharmacokinetics 〈 /strong 〉 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 〈 /strong 〉 P Joubert 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 14. What to consider when prescribing psychotropic medications 〈 /strong 〉 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 〈 /strong 〉 G Lippi 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 15. Current prescribing practices for obsessive-compulsive disorder in South Africa: Controversies and consensus 〈 /strong 〉 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 〈 /strong 〉 C Lochner, L Taljaard, D J Stein 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 16. Correlates of emotional and behavioural problems in children with preinatally acquired HIV in Cape Town, South Africa 〈 /strong 〉 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 〈 /strong 〉 K-A Louw, N Phillips, JIpser, J Hoare 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 17. The role of non-coding RNAs in fear extinction 〈 /strong 〉 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 〈 /strong 〉 S Malan-Muller, L Fairbairn, W M U Daniels, M J S Dashti, E J Oakleley, M Altorfer, J Harvey, S Seedat, J Gamieldien, S M J Hemmings 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 18. An analysis of the management og HIV-mental illness comorbidity at the psychiatric unit of the Dr George Mukhari Academic Hospital 〈 /strong 〉 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 〈 /strong 〉 M L Maodi, S T Rataemane, T Kyaw 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 19. The identification of novel genes in anxiety disorders: A gene X environment correlation and interaction study 〈 /strong 〉 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 〈 /strong 〉 N W McGregor, J Dimatelis, S M J Hemmings, C J Kinnear, D J Stein, V Russel, C Lochner 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 20. Collaborations between conventional medicine and traditional healers: Obstacles and possibilities 〈 /strong 〉 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 〈 /strong 〉 G Nortje, S Seedat, O Gureje 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 21. Thought disorder and form perception: Relationships with symptoms and cognitive function in first-episode schizophrenia 〈 /strong 〉 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 M R Olivier, R Emsley 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 22. Investigating the functional significance of genome-wide variants associated with antipsychotic treatment response 〈 /strong 〉 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 〈 /strong 〉 E Ovenden, B Drogemoller, L van der Merwe, R Emsley, L Warnich 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 23. The moral and bioethical determinants of "futility" in psychiatry 〈 /strong 〉 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 〈 /strong 〉 W P Pienaar 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 24. Single voxel proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) and volumetry of the amylgdala in social anxiety disorder in the context of early developmental trauma 〈 /strong 〉 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 D Rosenstein, A T Hess, J Zwart, F Ahmed-Leitao, E Meintjies, S Seedat 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 25. Schizoaffective disorder in an acute psychiatric unit: Profile of users and agreement with Operational Criteria (OPCRIT) 〈 /strong 〉 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 〈 /strong 〉 R R Singh, U Subramaney 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 26. The right to privacy and confidentiality: The ethics of expert diagnosis in the public media and the Oscar Pistorius trial 〈 /strong 〉 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 〈 /strong 〉 C Smith 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 27. A birth cohort study in South Africa: A psychiatric perspective 〈 /strong 〉 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 D J Stein 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 28. 'Womb Raiders': Women referred for observation in terms of the Criminal Procedures Act (CPA) charged with fetal abduction and murder 〈 /strong 〉 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 〈 /strong 〉 U Subramaney 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 29. Psycho-pharmacology of sleep wake disorders: An update 〈 /strong 〉 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 R Sykes 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 30. Refugee post-settlement in South Africa: Role of adjustment challenges and family in mental health outcomes 〈 /strong 〉 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 〈 /strong 〉 L Thela, A Tomita, V Maharaj, M Mhlongo, K Jonathan 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 31. Dstinguishing ADHD symptoms in psychotic disorders: A new insight in the adult ADHD questionnaire 〈 /strong 〉 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 Y van der Zee, M Borg, J H Hsieh, H Temmingh, D J Stein, F M Howells 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 32. Oscar Pistorius ethical dilemmas in a trial by media: Does this include psychiatric evaluation by media? 〈 /strong 〉 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 M Vorster 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 33. Genetic investigation of apetite aggression in South African former young offenders: The involvement of serotonin transporter gene 〈 /strong 〉 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 K Xulu, J Somer, M Hinsberger, R Weierstall, T Elbert, S Seedat, S Hemmings 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 34. Effects of HIV and childhood trauma on brain morphemtry and neurocognitive function 〈 /strong 〉 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 G Spies, F Ahmed-Leitao, C Fennema-Notestine, M Cherner, S Seedat 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 35. Measuring intentional behaviour normative data of a newly developed motor task battery 〈 /strong 〉 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 〈 /strong 〉 S Bakelaar, J Blampain, S Seedat, J van Hoof, Y Delevoye-Turrel 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 36. Resilience in social anxiety disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder in the context of childhood trauma 〈 /strong 〉 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 M Bship, S Bakelaar, D Rosenstein, S Seedat 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 37. The ethical dilemma of seclusion practices in psychiatry 〈 /strong 〉 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 G Chiba, U Subramaney 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 38. Physical activity and neurological soft signs in patients with schizophrenia 〈 /strong 〉 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 O Esan, C Osunbote, I Oladele, S Fakunle, C Ehindero 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 39. A retrospective study of completed suicides in the Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Area from 2008 to 2013 - preliminary results 〈 /strong 〉 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 〈 /strong 〉 C Grobler, J Strumpher, R Jacobs 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 40. Serotonin transporter variants play a role in anxiety sensitivity in South African adolescents 〈 /strong 〉 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 〈 /strong 〉 S M J Hemmings, L I Martin, L van der Merwe, R Benecke, K Domschke, S Seedat 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 41. Investigation of variants within antipsychotic candidate pharmacogenes associated with treatment outcome 〈 /strong 〉 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 F Higgins, B Drogmoller, G Wright, L van der Merwe, N McGregor, B Chiliza, L Asmal, L Koen, D Niehaus, R Emsley, L Warnich 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 42. Effects of diet, smoking and alcohol consumption on disability (EDSS) in people diagnosed with multiple sclerosis 〈 /strong 〉 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 S Janse van Rensburg, W Davis, D Geiger, F J Cronje, L Whati, M Kidd, M J Kotze 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 43. The clinical utility of neuroimaging in an acute adolescnet psychiatric inpatient population 〈 /strong 〉 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 〈 /strong 〉 Z Khan, A Lachman, J Harvey 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 44. Relationships between childhood trauma (CT) and premorbid adjustment (PA) in a highly traumatised sample of patients with first-episode schizophrenia (FES 〈 /strong 〉 ) 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 S Kilian, J Burns, S Seedat, L Asmal, B Chiliza, S du Plessis, R Olivier, R Emsley 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 45. Functional and cognitive outcomes using an mTOR inhibitor in an adolescent with TSC 〈 /strong 〉 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 A Lachman, C van der Merwe, P Boyes, P de Vries 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 46. Perceptions about adolescent body image and eating behaviour 〈 /strong 〉 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 〈 /strong 〉 K Laxton, A B R Janse van Rensburg 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 47. Clinical relevance of FTO rs9939609 as a determinant of cardio-metabolic risk in South African patients with major depressive disorder 〈 /strong 〉 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 H K Luckhoff, M J Kotze 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 48. Childhood abuse and neglect as predictors of deficits in verbal auditory memory in non-clinical adolescents with low anxiety proneness 〈 /strong 〉 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 L Martin, K Martin, S Seedat 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 49. The changes of pro-inflammatory cytokines in a prenatally stressed febrile seizure animal model and whether 〈 em 〉 Rhus chirindensis 〈 /em 〉 may attenuate these changes 〈 /strong 〉 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 〈 /strong 〉 A Mohamed, M V Mabandla, L Qulu 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 50. Influence of TMPRSS6 A736v and HFE C282y on serum iron parameters and age of onset in patients with multiple sclerosis 〈 /strong 〉 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 〈 /strong 〉 K E Moremi, M J Kotze, H K Luckhoff, L R Fisher, M Kidd, R van Toorn, S Janse van Rensburg 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 51. Polypharmacy in pregnant women with serious mental illness 〈 /strong 〉 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 E Thomas, E du Toit, L Koen, D Niehaus 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 52. Infant attachment and maternal depression as predictors of neurodevelopmental and behavioural outcomes at follow-up 〈 /strong 〉 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 J Nothling, B Laughton, S Seedat 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 53. Differences in abuse, neglect and exposure to community violence in adolescents with and without PTSD 〈 /strong 〉 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 〈 /strong 〉 J Nothling, S Suliman, L Martin, C Simmons, S Seedat 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 54. Assessment of oxidative stress markers in children with autistic spectrum disorders in Lagos, Nigeria 〈 /strong 〉 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 〈 /strong 〉 Y Oshodi, O Ojewunmi, T A Oshodi, T Ijarogbe, O F Aina, J Okpuzor, O C F E A Lesi 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 55. Change in diagnosis and management of 'gender identity disorder' in pre-adolescent children 〈 /strong 〉 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 S Pickstone-Taylor 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 56. Brain network connectivity in women exposed to intimate partner violence 〈 /strong 〉 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 A Roos, J-P Fouche, B Vythilingum, D J Stein 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 57. Prolonged exposure treatment for PTSD in a Third-World, task-shifting, community-based environment 〈 /strong 〉 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 J Rossouw, E Yadin, I Mbanga, T Jacobs, W Rossouw, D Alexander, S Seedat 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 58. Contrasting effects of early0life stress on mitochondrial energy-related proteins in striatum and hippocampus of a rat model of attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder 〈 /strong 〉 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 〈 /strong 〉 V Russell, J Dimatelis, J Womersley, T-L Sterley 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 59. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults: A South African perspective 〈 /strong 〉 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 R Schoeman, M de Klerk, M Kidd 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 60. Cognitive function in women with HIV infection and early-life stress 〈 /strong 〉 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 G Spies, C Fennema-Notestine, M Cherner, S Seedat 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 61. Changes in functional connectivity networks in bipolar disorder patients after mindfulness-based cognitic therapy 〈 /strong 〉 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 J A Starke, C F Beckmann, N Horn 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 62. Post-traumatic stress disorder, overweight and obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis 〈 /strong 〉 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 〈 /strong 〉 S Suliman, L Anthonissen, J Carr, S du Plessis, R Emsley, S M J Hemmings, C Lochner, N McGregor L van den Heuvel, S Seedat 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 63. The brain and behaviour in a third-trimester equivalent animal model of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders 〈 /strong 〉 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 P C Swart, C B Currin, J J Dimatelis, V A Russell 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 64. Irritability Assessment Model (IAM) to monitor irritability in child and adolescent psychiatric disorders. 〈 /strong 〉 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 D van der Westhuizen 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 65. Outcome of parent-adolescent training in chilhood victimisation: Adaptive functioning, psychosocial and physiological variables 〈 /strong 〉 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 D van der Westhuizen 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 66. The effect of ketamine in the Wistar-Kyoto and Sprague Dawley rat models of depression 〈 /strong 〉 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 P J van Zyl, J J Dimatelis, V A Russell 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 67. Investigating COMT variants in anxiety sensitivity in South African adolescents 〈 /strong 〉 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 L J Zass, L Martin, S Seedat, S M J Hemmings 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉   〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉   〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉   〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉   〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉   〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉   〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉   〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉   〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉   〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉   〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉   〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉   〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 strong 〉 〈 br / 〉 〈 /strong 〉 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉   〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉   〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉   〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉   〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉   〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉   〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉   〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉   〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉   〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉   〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉   〈 /p 〉

Abstract: Understanding SARS-CoV-2 transmission in higher education settings is important to limit spread between students, and into at-risk populations. In this study, we sequenced 482 SARS-CoV-2 isolates from the University of Cambridge from 5 October to 6 December 2020. We perform a detailed phylogenetic comparison with 972 isolates from the surrounding community, complemented with epidemiological and contact tracing data, to determine transmission dynamics. We observe limited viral introductions into the university; the majority of student cases were linked to a single genetic cluster, likely following social gatherings at a venue outside the university. We identify considerable onward transmission associated with student accommodation and courses; this was effectively contained using local infection control measures and following a national lockdown. Transmission clusters were largely segregated within the university or the community. Our study highlights key determinants of SARS-CoV-2 transmission and effective interventions in a higher education setting that will inform public health policy during pandemics.

Abstract: Despite advances in surgery and pharmacotherapy, there remains significant residual ischemic risk after coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. Methods: In REDUCE-IT (Reduction of Cardiovascular Events With Icosapent Ethyl–Intervention Trial), a multicenter, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial, statin-treated patients with controlled low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and mild to moderate hypertriglyceridemia were randomized to 4 g daily of icosapent ethyl or placebo. They experienced a 25% reduction in risk of a primary efficacy end point (composite of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, stroke, coronary revascularization, or hospitalization for unstable angina) and a 26% reduction in risk of a key secondary efficacy end point (composite of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke) when compared with placebo. The current analysis reports on the subgroup of patients from the trial with a history of coronary artery bypass grafting. Results: Of the 8179 patients randomized in REDUCE-IT, a total of 1837 (22.5%) had a history of coronary artery bypass grafting, with 897 patients randomized to icosapent ethyl and 940 to placebo. Baseline characteristics were similar between treatment groups. Randomization to icosapent ethyl was associated with a significant reduction in the primary end point (hazard ratio [HR], 0.76 [95% CI, 0.63–0.92] ; P =0.004), in the key secondary end point (HR, 0.69 [95% CI, 0.56–0.87]; P =0.001), and in total (first plus subsequent or recurrent) ischemic events (rate ratio, 0.64 [95% CI, 0.50–0.81]; P =0.0002) compared with placebo. This yielded an absolute risk reduction of 6.2% (95% CI, 2.3%–10.2%) in first events, with a number needed to treat of 16 (95% CI, 10–44) during a median follow-up time of 4.8 years. Safety findings were similar to the overall study: beyond an increased rate of atrial fibrillation/flutter requiring hospitalization for at least 24 hours (5.0% vs 3.1%; P =0.03) and a nonsignificant increase in bleeding, occurrences of adverse events were comparable between groups. Conclusions: In REDUCE-IT patients with a history of coronary artery bypass grafting, treatment with icosapent ethyl was associated with significant reductions in first and recurrent ischemic events. Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov ; Unique identifier: NCT01492361.