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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Convection Initiation and Downburst Experiment (CINDE)
    American Meteorological Society ; 1988
    In:  Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society Vol. 69, No. 11 ( 1988-11), p. 1328-1348
    Details
    In: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 69, No. 11 ( 1988-11), p. 1328-1348
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0003-0007 , 1520-0477
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/1520-0477(1988)069〈1328:CIADE〉2.0.CO;2
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 1988
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  • 2
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    Assessment of NWP Forecast Models in Simulating Offshore Winds through the Lower Boundary Layer by Measurements from a Ship-Based Scanning Doppler Lidar
    American Meteorological Society ; 2017
    In:  Monthly Weather Review Vol. 145, No. 10 ( 2017-10), p. 4277-4301
    Details
    In: Monthly Weather Review, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 145, No. 10 ( 2017-10), p. 4277-4301
    Abstract: Evaluation of model skill in predicting winds over the ocean was performed by comparing retrospective runs of numerical weather prediction (NWP) forecast models to shipborne Doppler lidar measurements in the Gulf of Maine, a potential region for U.S. coastal wind farm development. Deployed on board the NOAA R/V Ronald H. Brown during a 2004 field campaign, the high-resolution Doppler lidar (HRDL) provided accurate motion-compensated wind measurements from the water surface up through several hundred meters of the marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL). The quality and resolution of the HRDL data allow detailed analysis of wind flow at heights within the rotor layer of modern wind turbines and data on other critical variables to be obtained, such as wind speed and direction shear, turbulence, low-level jet properties, ramp events, and many other wind-energy-relevant aspects of the flow. This study will focus on the quantitative validation of NWP models’ wind forecasts within the lower MABL by comparison with HRDL measurements. Validation of two modeling systems rerun in special configurations for these 2004 cases—the hourly updated Rapid Refresh (RAP) system and a special hourly updated version of the North American Mesoscale Forecast System [NAM Rapid Refresh (NAMRR)]—are presented. These models were run at both normal-resolution (RAP, 13 km; NAMRR, 12 km) and high-resolution versions: the NAMRR-CONUS-nest (4 km) and the High-Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR, 3 km). Each model was run twice: with (experimental runs) and without (control runs) assimilation of data from 11 wind profiling radars located along the U.S. East Coast. The impact of the additional assimilation of the 11 profilers was estimated by comparing HRDL data to modeled winds from both runs. The results obtained demonstrate the importance of high-resolution lidar measurements to validate NWP models and to better understand what atmospheric conditions may impact the accuracy of wind forecasts in th e marine atmospheric boundary layer. Results of this research will also provide a first guess as to the uncertainties of wind resource assessment using NWP models in one of the U.S. offshore areas projected for wind plant development.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0027-0644 , 1520-0493
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/MWR-D-16-0442.1
    RVK:
    RA 1000
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2017
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    SSG: 14
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  • 3
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    Connecting Land–Atmosphere Interactions to Surface Heterogeneity in CHEESEHEAD19
    American Meteorological Society ; 2021
    In:  Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society Vol. 102, No. 2 ( 2021-02), p. E421-E445
    Details
    In: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 102, No. 2 ( 2021-02), p. E421-E445
    Abstract: The Chequamegon Heterogeneous Ecosystem Energy-Balance Study Enabled by a High-Density Extensive Array of Detectors 2019 (CHEESEHEAD19) is an ongoing National Science Foundation project based on an intensive field campaign that occurred from June to October 2019. The purpose of the study is to examine how the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) responds to spatial heterogeneity in surface energy fluxes. One of the main objectives is to test whether lack of energy balance closure measured by eddy covariance (EC) towers is related to mesoscale atmospheric processes. Finally, the project evaluates data-driven methods for scaling surface energy fluxes, with the aim to improve model–data comparison and integration. To address these questions, an extensive suite of ground, tower, profiling, and airborne instrumentation was deployed over a 10 km × 10 km domain of a heterogeneous forest ecosystem in the Chequamegon–Nicolet National Forest in northern Wisconsin, United States, centered on an existing 447-m tower that anchors an AmeriFlux/NOAA supersite (US-PFa/WLEF). The project deployed one of the world’s highest-density networks of above-canopy EC measurements of surface energy fluxes. This tower EC network was coupled with spatial measurements of EC fluxes from aircraft; maps of leaf and canopy properties derived from airborne spectroscopy, ground-based measurements of plant productivity, phenology, and physiology; and atmospheric profiles of wind, water vapor, and temperature using radar, sodar, lidar, microwave radiometers, infrared interferometers, and radiosondes. These observations are being used with large-eddy simulation and scaling experiments to better understand submesoscale processes and improve formulations of subgrid-scale processes in numerical weather and climate models.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0003-0007 , 1520-0477
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/BAMS-D-19-0346.1
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2021
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  • 4
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    Evaluating and Improving NWP Forecast Models for the Future: How the Needs of Offshore Wind Energy Can Point the Way
    American Meteorological Society ; 2018
    In:  Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society Vol. 99, No. 6 ( 2018-06), p. 1155-1176
    Details
    In: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 99, No. 6 ( 2018-06), p. 1155-1176
    Abstract: To advance the understanding of meteorological processes in offshore coastal regions, the spatial variability of wind profiles must be characterized and uncertainties (errors) in NWP model wind forecasts quantified. These gaps are especially critical for the new offshore wind energy industry, where wind profile measurements in the marine atmospheric layer spanned by wind turbine rotor blades, generally 50–200 m above mean sea level (MSL), have been largely unavailable. Here, high-quality wind profile measurements were available every 15 min from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/Earth System Research Laboratory (NOAA/ESRL)’s high-resolution Doppler lidar (HRDL) during a monthlong research cruise in the Gulf of Maine for the 2004 New England Air Quality Study. These measurements were compared with retrospective NWP model wind forecasts over the area using two NOAA forecast-modeling systems [North American Mesoscale Forecast System (NAM) and Rapid Refresh (RAP)]. HRDL profile measurements quantified model errors, including their dependence on height above sea level, diurnal cycle, and forecast lead time. Typical model wind speed errors were ∼2.5 m s−1, and vector-wind errors were ∼4 m s−1. Short-term forecast errors were larger near the surface—30% larger below 100 m than above and largest for several hours after local midnight (biased low). Longer-term, 12-h forecasts had the largest errors after local sunset (biased high). At more than 3-h lead times, predictions from finer-resolution models exhibited larger errors. Horizontal variability of winds, measured as the ship traversed the Gulf of Maine, was significant and raised questions about whether modeled fields, which appeared smooth in comparison, were capturing this variability. If not, horizontal arrays of high-quality, vertical-profiling devices will be required for wind energy resource assessment offshore. Such measurement arrays are also needed to improve NWP models.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0003-0007 , 1520-0477
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/BAMS-D-16-0310.1
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2018
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 419957-1
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  • 5
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    Evaluating convective planetary boundary layer height estimations resolved by both active and passive remote sensing instruments during the CHEESEHEAD19 field campaign
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2022
    In:  Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Vol. 15, No. 8 ( 2022-04-25), p. 2479-2502
    Details
    In: Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 15, No. 8 ( 2022-04-25), p. 2479-2502
    Abstract: Abstract. During the Chequamegon Heterogeneous Ecosystem Energy-balance Study Enabled by a High-density Extensive Array of Detectors 2019 (CHEESEHEAD19) field campaign, held in the summer of 2019 in northern Wisconsin, USA, active and passive ground-based remote sensing instruments were deployed to understand the response of the planetary boundary layer to heterogeneous land surface forcing. These instruments include radar wind profilers, microwave radiometers, atmospheric emitted radiance interferometers, ceilometers, high spectral resolution lidars, Doppler lidars, and collaborative lower-atmospheric mobile profiling systems that combine several of these instruments. In this study, these ground-based remote sensing instruments are used to estimate the height of the daytime planetary boundary layer, and their performance is compared against independent boundary layer depth estimates obtained from radiosondes launched as part of the field campaign. The impact of clouds (in particular boundary layer clouds) on boundary layer depth estimations is also investigated. We found that while all instruments are overall able to provide reasonable boundary layer depth estimates, each of them shows strengths and weaknesses under certain conditions. For example, radar wind profilers perform well during cloud-free conditions, and microwave radiometers and atmospheric emitted radiance interferometers have a very good agreement during all conditions but are limited by the smoothness of the retrieved thermodynamic profiles. The estimates from ceilometers and high spectral resolution lidars can be hindered by the presence of elevated aerosol layers or clouds, and the multi-instrument retrieval from the collaborative lower atmospheric mobile profiling systems can be constricted to a limited height range in low-aerosol conditions.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1867-8548
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/amt-15-2479-2022
    DOI: 10.5194/amt-15-2479-2022-supplement
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2022
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  • 6
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    A Similarity Analysis of the Structure of Airflow over Surface Waves
    American Meteorological Society ; 1997
    In:  Journal of Physical Oceanography Vol. 27, No. 6 ( 1997-06), p. 1018-1037
    Details
    In: Journal of Physical Oceanography, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 27, No. 6 ( 1997-06), p. 1018-1037
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-3670 , 1520-0485
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/1520-0485(1997)027〈1018:ASAOTS〉2.0.CO;2
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 1997
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  • 7
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    Improving thermodynamic profile retrievals from microwave radiometers by including radio acoustic sounding system (RASS) observations
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2022
    In:  Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Vol. 15, No. 2 ( 2022-01-31), p. 521-537
    Details
    In: Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 15, No. 2 ( 2022-01-31), p. 521-537
    Abstract: Abstract. Thermodynamic profiles are often retrieved from the multi-wavelength brightness temperature observations made by microwave radiometers (MWRs) using regression methods (linear, quadratic approaches), artificial intelligence (neural networks), or physical iterative methods. Regression and neural network methods are tuned to mean conditions derived from a climatological dataset of thermodynamic profiles collected nearby. In contrast, physical iterative retrievals use a radiative transfer model starting from a climatologically reasonable profile of temperature and water vapor, with the model running iteratively until the derived brightness temperatures match those observed by the MWR within a specified uncertainty. In this study, a physical iterative approach is used to retrieve temperature and humidity profiles from data collected during XPIA (eXperimental Planetary boundary layer Instrument Assessment), a field campaign held from March to May 2015 at NOAA's Boulder Atmospheric Observatory (BAO) facility. During the campaign, several passive and active remote sensing instruments as well as in situ platforms were deployed and evaluated to determine their suitability for the verification and validation of meteorological processes. Among the deployed remote sensing instruments were a multi-channel MWR as well as two radio acoustic sounding systems (RASSs) associated with 915 and 449 MHz wind profiling radars. In this study the physical iterative approach is tested with different observational inputs: first using data from surface sensors and the MWR in different configurations and then including data from the RASS in the retrieval with the MWR data. These temperature retrievals are assessed against co-located radiosonde profiles. Results show that the combination of the MWR and RASS observations in the retrieval allows for a more accurate characterization of low-level temperature inversions and that these retrieved temperature profiles match the radiosonde observations better than the temperature profiles retrieved from only the MWR in the layer between the surface and 3 km above ground level (a.g.l.). Specifically, in this layer of the atmosphere, both root mean square errors and standard deviations of the difference between radiosonde and retrievals that combine MWR and RASS are improved by mostly 10 %–20 % compared to the configuration that does not include RASS observations. Pearson correlation coefficients are also improved. A comparison of the temperature physical retrievals to the manufacturer-provided neural network retrievals is provided in Appendix A.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1867-8548
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/amt-15-521-2022
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2022
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  • 8
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    Observational case study of a persistent cold pool and gap flow in the Columbia River Basin
    American Meteorological Society ; 2021
    In:  Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology ( 2021-07-08)
    Details
    In: Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, American Meteorological Society, ( 2021-07-08)
    Abstract: Persistent cold pools form as layers of cold stagnant air within topographical depressions mainly during wintertime when the near-surface air cools and/or the air aloft warms and daytime surface heating is insufficient to mix out the stable layer. An area often affected by persistent cold pools is the Columbia River Basin in the Pacific Northwest, when a high-pressure system east of the Cascade Range promotes radiative cooling and easterly flow. The only major outflow for the easterly flow is through the narrow Columbia River Gorge which cuts through the north-south oriented Cascade Range and often experiences very strong gap flows. Observations collected during the Second Wind Forecast Improvement Project (WFIP2) are used to study a persistent cold pool in the Columbia River Basin between 10-19 Jan 2017 which was associated with a strong gap flow. We used data from various remote sensing and in situ instruments and a optimal estimation physical retrieval to obtain thermodynamic profiles to address the temporal and spatial characteristics of the cold pool and gap flow and to investigate the physical processes involved during formation, maintenance and decay. While large-scale temperature advection occurred during all phases, we found that the cold pool vertical structure was modulated by the existence of low-level clouds and that turbulent shear-induced mixing and downslope wind storms likely played a role during its decay.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1558-8424 , 1558-8432
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/JAMC-D-21-0013.1
    RVK:
    UA 4547
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2021
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  • 9
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    Data assimilation impact of in situ and remote sensing meteorological observations on wind power forecasts during the first W ind F orecast I mprovement P roject (WFIP)
    Wiley ; 2019
    In:  Wind Energy Vol. 22, No. 7 ( 2019-07), p. 932-944
    Details
    In: Wind Energy, Wiley, Vol. 22, No. 7 ( 2019-07), p. 932-944
    Abstract: During the first Wind Forecast Improvement Project (WFIP), new meteorological observations were collected from a large suite of instruments, including wind velocities measured on networks of tall towers provided by wind industry partners, wind speeds measured by cup anemometers mounted on the nacelles of wind turbines, and wind profiles by networks of Doppler sodars and radar wind profilers. Previous data denial studies found a significant improvement of up to 6% root mean squared error (RMSE) reduction for short‐term wind power forecasts due to the assimilation of all of these observations into the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Rapid Refresh (RAP) forecast model using a 3D variational data assimilation scheme. As a follow‐on study, we now investigate the impacts of assimilating into the RAP model either the additional remote sensing observations (sodars and radar wind profilers) alone or assimilating the industry‐provided in situ observations (tall towers and nacelle anemometers) alone, in addition to routinely available standard meteorological data sets. The more numerous tall tower/nacelle observations provide a relatively large improvement through the first 3 to 4 hours of the forecasts, which diminishes to a negligible impact by forecast hour 6. In comparison, the sparser vertical profiling sodars/radars provide an initially smaller impact that decays at a much slower rate, with a positive impact present through the first 12 hours of the forecast. Large positive assimilation impacts for both sets of instruments are found during daytime hours, while small or even negative impacts are found during nighttime hours.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1095-4244 , 1099-1824
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/we.v22.7
    DOI: 10.1002/we.2332
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2019
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  • 10
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    A wind profiler climatology of boundary layer structure above the boreal forest
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1997
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres Vol. 102, No. D24 ( 1997-12-26), p. 29083-29100
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 102, No. D24 ( 1997-12-26), p. 29083-29100
    Abstract: During the Boreal Ecosystem‐Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) summer 1994 campaign, a 915 MHz wind profiling radar and surface meteorological station were operated continuously from May 21 through September 20, 1994, near the old jack pine site in the southern study area. The data provided by the wind profiler are vertical profiles of wind speed and direction and virtual temperature, as well as boundary layer depth and the presence of precipitation. From this data set, we have documented the diurnal evolution of the atmospheric boundary layer and lower troposphere, especially changes in the diurnal pattern during the course of the summer growing season. Boundary layer depths are found to be surprisingly large, with summer‐averaged midafternoon values nearly 1.75 km and individual daily maximum depths often greater than 3 km. Monthly averaged profiler winds show a diurnal variation in scalar wind speed in the lowest kilometer, with a minimum reached near the time of greatest surface heating and a maximum reached shortly after midnight, with the difference as large as 2.4 m s −1 . We interpret this to be the result of greater coupling between the atmosphere and Earth's surface during the day and a subsequent inertially generated nocturnal low‐level jet. Also evident in the summer‐averaged wind profiler statistics is the semidiurnal atmospheric tide. The amplitude of the tide, approximately 0.5 m s −1 , is in agreement with theory and with previous measurements, as are the times of the maxima in north and west wind components. Frequency of precipitation as measured by the radar profiler shows a clear late afternoon and early evening maxima for the first half of the summer, and little diurnal variation in the second half. Finally, mean statistics from each Intensive Field Campaign (IFC) have been compared to the longer term averages to check for the meteorological representativeness of the IFCs. Similarly, mean statistics for the Golden Days within each IFC have been compared to the IFC for representativeness.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/97JD02315
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1997
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