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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Has nitrogen availability decreased over much of the land surface in the past century? A model-based analysis
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2024
    In:  Biogeochemistry Vol. 167, No. 6 ( 2024-05-03), p. 793-806
    Details
    In: Biogeochemistry, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 167, No. 6 ( 2024-05-03), p. 793-806
    Abstract: A recent publication (Mason et al. in Science 376:261, 2022a) suggested that nitrogen (N) availability has declined as a consequence of multiple ongoing components of anthropogenic global change. This suggestion is controversial, because human alteration of the global N cycle is substantial and has driven much-increased fixation of N globally. We used a simple model that has been validated across a climate gradient in Hawai ‘i to test the possibility of a widespread decline in N availability, the evidence supporting it, and the possible mechanisms underlying it. This analysis showed that a decrease in δ 15 N is not sufficient evidence for a decline in N availability, because δ 15 N in ecosystems reflects both the isotope ratios in inputs of N to the ecosystem AND fractionation of N isotopes as N cycles, with enrichment of the residual N in the ecosystem caused by greater losses of N by the fractionating pathways that are more important in N-rich sites. However, there is other evidence for declining N availability that is independent of 15 N and that suggests a widespread decline in N availability. We evaluated whether and how components of anthropogenic global change could cause declining N availability. Earlier work had demonstrated that both increases in the variability of precipitation due to climate change and ecosystem-level disturbance could drive uncontrollable losses of N that reduce N availability and could cause persistent N limitation at equilibrium. Here we modelled climate-change-driven increases in temperature and increasing atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 . We show that increasing atmospheric CO 2 concentrations can drive non-equilibrium decreases in N availability and cause the development of N limitation, while the effects of increased temperature appear to be relatively small and short-lived. These environmental changes may cause reductions in N availability over the vast areas of Earth that are not affected by high rates of atmospheric deposition and/or N enrichment associated with urban and agricultural land use.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1007/s10533-024-01146-y
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2024
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1478541-9
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Deliberate Introductions of Species: Research Needs
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 1999
    In:  BioScience Vol. 49, No. 8 ( 1999-8), p. 619-630
    Details
    In: BioScience, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 49, No. 8 ( 1999-8), p. 619-630
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1525-3244 , 0006-3568
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.2307/1313438
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 1999
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 280313-6
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2066019-4
    SSG: 12
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    Online Resource
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Framing Sustainability in a Telecoupled World
    Resilience Alliance, Inc. ; 2013
    In:  Ecology and Society Vol. 18, No. 2 ( 2013)
    Details
    In: Ecology and Society, Resilience Alliance, Inc., Vol. 18, No. 2 ( 2013)
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1708-3087
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5751/ES-05873-180226
    Language: English
    Publisher: Resilience Alliance, Inc.
    Publication Date: 2013
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2647724-5
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Changes in belowground biodiversity during ecosystem development
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ; 2019
    In:  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Vol. 116, No. 14 ( 2019-04-02), p. 6891-6896
    Details
    In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 116, No. 14 ( 2019-04-02), p. 6891-6896
    Abstract: Belowground organisms play critical roles in maintaining multiple ecosystem processes, including plant productivity, decomposition, and nutrient cycling. Despite their importance, however, we have a limited understanding of how and why belowground biodiversity (bacteria, fungi, protists, and invertebrates) may change as soils develop over centuries to millennia (pedogenesis). Moreover, it is unclear whether belowground biodiversity changes during pedogenesis are similar to the patterns observed for aboveground plant diversity. Here we evaluated the roles of resource availability, nutrient stoichiometry, and soil abiotic factors in driving belowground biodiversity across 16 soil chronosequences (from centuries to millennia) spanning a wide range of globally distributed ecosystem types. Changes in belowground biodiversity during pedogenesis followed two main patterns. In lower-productivity ecosystems (i.e., drier and colder), increases in belowground biodiversity tracked increases in plant cover. In more productive ecosystems (i.e., wetter and warmer), increased acidification during pedogenesis was associated with declines in belowground biodiversity. Changes in the diversity of bacteria, fungi, protists, and invertebrates with pedogenesis were strongly and positively correlated worldwide, highlighting that belowground biodiversity shares similar ecological drivers as soils and ecosystems develop. In general, temporal changes in aboveground plant diversity and belowground biodiversity were not correlated, challenging the common perception that belowground biodiversity should follow similar patterns to those of plant diversity during ecosystem development. Taken together, our findings provide evidence that ecological patterns in belowground biodiversity are predictable across major globally distributed ecosystem types and suggest that shifts in plant cover and soil acidification during ecosystem development are associated with changes in belowground biodiversity over centuries to millennia.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0027-8424 , 1091-6490
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1818400116
    RVK:
    TA 1000
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 209104-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1461794-8
    SSG: 11
    SSG: 12
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    Online Resource
  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    FACTORS INFLUENCING DYNAMICS OF TWO INVASIVE C 4 GRASSES IN SEASONALLY DRY HAWAIIAN WOODLANDS
    Wiley ; 2001
    In:  Ecology Vol. 82, No. 1 ( 2001-01), p. 89-104
    Details
    In: Ecology, Wiley, Vol. 82, No. 1 ( 2001-01), p. 89-104
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0012-9658
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1890/0012-9658(2001)082[0089:FIDOTI]2.0.CO;2
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2001
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1797-8
    SSG: 12
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The response of native species to removal of invasive exotic grasses in a seasonally dry Hawaiian woodland
    Wiley ; 1998
    In:  Journal of Vegetation Science Vol. 9, No. 5 ( 1998-10), p. 699-712
    Details
    In: Journal of Vegetation Science, Wiley, Vol. 9, No. 5 ( 1998-10), p. 699-712
    Abstract: Abstract. Non‐native perennial grasses form 30% of the live understory biomass in seasonally dry, submontane forests in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, yet their effects on native species are unknown. We removed these grasses from plots of 20 m × 20 m in 1991 and maintained removal and control areas over the next three years. Two fast growing shrub species, Dodonaea viscosa and Osteomeles anthylidifolia , increased in size significantly more in removal areas than in controls. Individuals of the most abundant shrub species, Styphelia tameiameia showed no net growth response to grass removal. They did, however, change their architecture: many branches along the mid and upper sections of the main trunk died and a proliferation of new leaves and shoots occurred in the lower 40 cm of trunk. Basal diameter increase was very small in Metrosideros polymorpha , the dominant tree species in these sites. All species except Styphelia had significantly increased leaf tissue nitrogen in removal plots by 18 months after removal when compared to shrubs in control areas suggesting that removal plot shrubs had greater access to soil nitrogen. Available soil‐N pools, which were generally higher in the removal plots, support this interpretation. Light levels near the soil surface were also higher where grasses were removed than where they were present which may have contributed to increased shrub growth. By contrast, soil moisture was consistently lower where grasses were removed than where they were still present. Shrub tissue carbon isotope values were consistent with the interpretation that shrubs in removal plots had less rather than more water available to them. Hence, the increased growth observed in removal plot shrubs could not be due to release from moisture competition. Lastly, our results showed that seedlings of all woody species except Metrosideros were significantly more abundant in removal plots at both one and three years after removal and initially high sapling mortality was balanced by high recruitment into the sapling class. We believe that over time this will result in increased densities of native shrubs if grasses are kept out. With the presence of grasses, shrub growth in these woodlands is reduced and biomass is shifting towards grasses.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1100-9233 , 1654-1103
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.2307/3237288
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 1998
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2047714-4
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1053769-7
    SSG: 12
    SSG: 23
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    Online Resource
  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Understanding ecosystem retrogression
    Wiley ; 2010
    In:  Ecological Monographs Vol. 80, No. 4 ( 2010-11), p. 509-529
    Details
    In: Ecological Monographs, Wiley, Vol. 80, No. 4 ( 2010-11), p. 509-529
    Abstract: Over time scales of thousands to millions of years, and in the absence of rejuvenating disturbances that initiate primary or early secondary succession, ecosystem properties such as net primary productivity, decomposition, and rates of nutrient cycling undergo substantial declines termed ecosystem retrogression. Retrogression results from the depletion or reduction in the availability of nutrients, and can only be reversed through rejuvenating disturbance that resets the system; this differs from age‐related declines in forest productivity that are driven by shorter‐term depression of nutrient availability and plant ecophysiological process rates that occur during succession. Here we review and synthesize the findings from studies of long‐term chronosequences that include retrogressive stages for systems spanning the boreal, temperate, and subtropical zones. Ecosystem retrogression has been described by ecologists, biogeochemists, geologists, and pedologists, each of which has developed somewhat independent conceptual frameworks; our review seeks to unify this literature in order to better understand the causes and consequences of retrogression. Studies of retrogression have improved our knowledge of how long‐term pedogenic changes drive shorter‐term biological processes, as well as the consequences of these changes for ecosystem development. Our synthesis also reveals that similar patterns of retrogression (involving reduced soil fertility, predictable shifts in organismic traits, and ecological processes) occur in systems with vastly different climatic regimes, geologic substrates, and vegetation types, even though the timescales and mechanisms driving retrogression may vary greatly among sites. Studies on retrogression also provide evidence that in many regions, high biomass or “climax” forests are often transient, and do not persist indefinitely in the absence of rejuvenating disturbance. Finally, our review highlights that studies on retrogressive chronosequences in contrasting regions provide unparalleled opportunities for developing general principles about the long‐term feedbacks between biological communities and pedogenic processes, and how these control ecosystem development.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0012-9615 , 1557-7015
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1890/09-1552.1
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2010
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 410216-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2010129-6
    SSG: 12
    SSG: 14
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Nitrogen Availability and Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Loblolly Pine Stands
    Wiley ; 1986
    In:  Ecology Vol. 67, No. 1 ( 1986-02), p. 69-79
    Details
    In: Ecology, Wiley, Vol. 67, No. 1 ( 1986-02), p. 69-79
    Abstract: The effects of nitrogen availability on N cycling and N use efficiency (NUE) were examined in natural and fertilized loblolly pine stands on the upper coastal plain of South Carolina. Indices of N availability, based on potential rates of N mineralization, ranged from 1.6 to 11 kg°ha — 1 (8 wk) — 1 in the stands, and concentrations of N in foliage, wood, fine roots, and needlefall increased with greater N availability. Litterfall dry masses, net aboveground production, and litterfall nitrogen were all positively correlated with N availability, while indices of NUE decreased with increased N availability. Mechanisms that could explain increased NUE in low—N sites were examined in the field and in a phytotron study. First, nitrogen retranslocation on a per needle basis did not change significantly across the N—availability gradient, and thus could not account for the change in NUE efficiency. For the stands as a whole, however, substantially more N was retranslocated at the highest levels of N availability. Second, an increase in N uptake efficiency could not account for an increase in NUE with low N availability, since phytotron—grown seedlings fertilized with N had significantly higher rates of N uptake per unite root mass and lower root: shoot ratios than N—limited seedlings. Third, net production per unit N within pine seedlings was significantly higher in the N—limited plants, suggesting that an increase in the amount of carbon fixed per unit of tissue N could account for the observed increased in NUE in loblolly pine stands at low levels of N availability.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0012-9658 , 1939-9170
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.2307/1938504
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 1986
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1797-8
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2010140-5
    SSG: 12
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Nitrate Losses From Disturbed Forests: Patterns and Mechanisms
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 1979
    In:  Forest Science Vol. 25, No. 4 ( 1979-12-01), p. 605-619
    Details
    In: Forest Science, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 25, No. 4 ( 1979-12-01), p. 605-619
    Abstract: Losses of nitrate in drainage water from disturbed forest ecosystems vary over a wide range. High losses of nitrate to streamwater or groundwater have been observed in a few sites, while in others only small increases in losses have occurred. A limited set of mechanisms could be responsible for such differences. Before disturbance, annual nitrogen mineralization and plant nitrogen uptake vary widely among temperate forests, with higher rates observed in deciduous forests. Destructive disturbance increases nitrogen mineralization and (at least briefly) reduces plant uptake. The nitrogen mineralized in excess of plant uptake could be lost to streamwater or groundwater, lost to the atmosphere through ammonia volatilization or denitrification, or retained within the disturbed system through nitrogen immobilization by decomposers, clay fixation of ammonium, lags in nitrification, nitrate reduction to ammonium, nitrate adsorption on soil colloids, a lack of water for nitrate transport, or (once plant regrowth is established) plant nitrogen uptake. Systematic studies of these mechanisms will allow the development of a more thorough understanding of the nitrogen cycle in disturbed ecosystems. Such an understanding should in turn permit the prediction of nitrate losses from distrubed forests. Forest Sci. 25:605-619.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0015-749X , 1938-3738
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1093/forestscience/25.4.605
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 1979
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 212943-7
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2043866-7
    SSG: 23
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Opportunities and constraints for intensive agriculture in the Hawaiian archipelago prior to European contact
    Elsevier BV ; 2009
    In:  Journal of Archaeological Science Vol. 36, No. 10 ( 2009-10), p. 2374-2383
    Details
    In: Journal of Archaeological Science, Elsevier BV, Vol. 36, No. 10 ( 2009-10), p. 2374-2383
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0305-4403
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2009.06.030
    Language: English
    Publisher: Elsevier BV
    Publication Date: 2009
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 186698-9
    SSG: 6,14
    SSG: 6,11
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