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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    American Society for Microbiology ; 2003
    In:  Infection and Immunity Vol. 71, No. 2 ( 2003-02), p. 1011-1015
    In: Infection and Immunity, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 71, No. 2 ( 2003-02), p. 1011-1015
    Abstract: Using a Mycobacterium bovis BCG mutant (AS1) lacking a Bacillus subtilis l -arginine transporter homolog, we demonstrate here that the interaction between intracellular mycobacteria and the macrophage with respect to l- arginine transport and metabolism is quite complex. Intracellular AS1 stimulates macrophage l- arginine transport and accumulates 2.5-fold more 3 H label derived from l- arginine than does the wild type. These studies suggest that the accumulation of 3 H label reflects the acquisition of metabolites of l- arginine produced by the macrophage.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0019-9567 , 1098-5522
    RVK:
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 2003
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1483247-1
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    American Society for Microbiology ; 2018
    In:  Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy Vol. 62, No. 11 ( 2018-11)
    In: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 62, No. 11 ( 2018-11)
    Abstract: Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the etiological agent that is responsible for causing tuberculosis (TB), which continues to affect millions of people worldwide, and the rate of resistance of M. tuberculosis to antibiotics is ever increasing. We tested the synergistic effects of N -acetyl cysteine (NAC; the precursor molecule for the synthesis of glutathione [GSH]) and individual first-line antibiotics typically given for the treatment of TB, such as isoniazid (INH), rifampin (RIF), ethambutol (EMB), and pyrazinamide (PZA), to improve the ability of macrophages to control intracellular M. tuberculosis infection. GSH, a pleiotropic antioxidant molecule, has previously been shown to display both antimycobacterial and immune-enhancing effects. Our results indicate that there was not only an increase in beneficial immunomodulatory effects but also a greater reduction in the intracellular viability of M. tuberculosis when macrophages were treated with the combination of antibiotics (INH, RIF, EMB, or PZA) and NAC.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0066-4804 , 1098-6596
    RVK:
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1496156-8
    SSG: 12
    SSG: 15,3
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Frontiers Media SA ; 2015
    In:  Frontiers in Immunology Vol. 6 ( 2015-10-22)
    In: Frontiers in Immunology, Frontiers Media SA, Vol. 6 ( 2015-10-22)
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1664-3224
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
    Publication Date: 2015
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2606827-8
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  • 4
    In: Clinics and Practice, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 2 ( 2021-05-19), p. 309-321
    Abstract: As the world continues to suffer from an ever-growing number of confirmed cases of the SARS-CoV-2 novel coronavirus, researchers are at the forefront of developing the best plan to overcome this pandemic through analyzing the pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment options pertaining to the virus. In the midst of a pandemic, the main route for detection of the virus has been conducting antigen tests for rapid results, using qRT-PCR, and conducting more accurate molecular tests, using rRT-PCR, on samples from patients. Most common treatments for those infected with COVID-19 include Remdesivir, an antiviral, dexamethasone, a steroid, and rarely, monoclonal antibody treatments. Although these treatments exist and are used commonly in hospitals all around the globe, clinicians often challenge the efficacy and benefit of these remedies for the patient. Furthermore, targeted therapies largely focus on interfering with or reducing the binding of viral receptors and host cell receptors affected by the SARS-CoV-2 novel coronavirus. In addition to treatment, the most efficacious method of preventing the spread of COVID-19 is the development of multiple vaccines that have been distributed as well as the development of multiple vaccine candidates that are proving hopeful in preventing severe symptoms of the virus. The exaggerated immune response to the virus proves to be a worrying complication due to widespread inflammation and subsequent clinical sequela. The medical and scientific community as a whole will be expected to respond with the latest in technology and research, and further studies into the pathogenesis, clinical implications, identification, diagnosis, and treatment of COVID-19 will push society past this pandemic.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2039-7283
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2605724-4
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  • 5
    In: Cells, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 16 ( 2023-08-14), p. 2061-
    Abstract: Research has shown that obesity increases the risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus (Type 2 DM) by promoting insulin resistance, increases serum estrogen levels by the upregulation of aromatase, and promotes the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by macrophages. Increased circulating glucose has been shown to activate mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a significant signaling pathway in breast cancer pathogenesis. Estrogen plays an instrumental role in estrogen-receptor-positive breast cancers. The role of ROS in breast cancer warrants continued investigation, in relation to both pathogenesis and treatment of breast cancer. We aim to review the role of obesity in breast cancer pathogenesis and novel therapies mediating obesity-associated breast cancer development. We explore the association between body mass index (BMI) and breast cancer incidence and the mechanisms by which oxidative stress modulates breast cancer pathogenesis. We discuss the role of glutathione, a ubiquitous antioxidant, in breast cancer therapy. Lastly, we review breast cancer therapies targeting mTOR signaling, leptin signaling, blood sugar reduction, and novel immunotherapy targets.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4409
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2661518-6
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  • 6
    In: Clinics and Practice, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 3 ( 2021-09-09), p. 619-630
    Abstract: Although there has been a drastic decline in the cases of Tuberculosis in the United States, the prevalence of infections caused by Mycobacterium avium Complex (MAC) has steadily increased in the past decades. Mycobacterium avium (M. avium) is one of the most abundant microorganisms in the MAC species. The mycobacterium genus is divided into two major groups: tuberculosis causing mycobacteria and non-tuberculous mycobacteria. MAC is most prominent among the non-tuberculous mycobacteria. MAC is an opportunistic pathogen that is present in soil, water, and droplets in the air. MAC infections can result in respiratory disease and can disseminate in affected patients. MAC infections are especially prevalent in patients with preexisting respiratory conditions such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). COPD is one of the most common lung conditions in the world with the primary cause being smoking in developed countries. COPD involves chronic inflammation of lung tissue resulting in increased susceptibility to infection. There is a lack of research regarding the pathophysiology that leads COPD patients to be susceptible to MAC infection. Our review paper therefore aims to investigate how the pathogenicity of MAC bacteria and immune decline seen in COPD patients leads to a greater susceptibility to MAC infection among COPD patients.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2039-7283
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2605724-4
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Clinics and Practice Vol. 13, No. 1 ( 2023-01-25), p. 155-165
    In: Clinics and Practice, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 1 ( 2023-01-25), p. 155-165
    Abstract: Tuberculosis (TB) prevalence is increasing in developed nations and continuing to cause significant mortality in low- and middle-income countries. As a result of the uptick in cases, there also exists an increased prevalence of extrapulmonary TB. TB is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb). When M. tb disseminates to the vertebral column, it is called Pott’s disease or spinal TB. The frequency, symptoms, and severity of the disease range by the location of the spine and the region of the affected vertebrae. While the current literature shows that timely diagnosis is crucial to reduce the morbidity and mortality from Pott’s disease, there is a lack of specific clinical diagnostic criteria for Pott’s disease, and the symptoms may be very non-specific. Studies have shown that novel molecular diagnostic methods are effective and timely choices. Research has implicated the risk factors for the susceptibility and severity of Pott’s disease, such as HIV and immunosuppression, poverty, and malnutrition. Based on the current literature available, our group aims to summarize the pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnostic challenges, as well as the known risk factors for Pott’s disease within this literature review.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2039-7283
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2605724-4
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  • 8
    In: BioMed Research International, Hindawi Limited, Vol. 2013 ( 2013), p. 1-14
    Abstract: Glutathione (GSH) is a tripeptide that regulates intracellular redox and other vital aspects of cellular functions. GSH plays a major role in enhancing the immune system. Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent antigen presenting cells that participate in both innate and acquired immune responses against microbial infections. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a significant role in immune homeostasis. In this study, we investigated the effects of GSH in enhancing the innate and adaptive immune functions of DCs against Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( M. tb ) infection. We also characterized the functions of the sub-populations of CD4+T cells such as Tregs and non-Tregs in modulating the ability of monocytes to control the intracellular M. tb infection. Our results indicate that GSH by its direct antimycobacterial activity inhibits the growth of intracellular M. tb inside DCs. GSH also increases the expressions of costimulatory molecules such as HLA-DR, CD80 and CD86 on the cell surface of DCs. Furthermore, GSH-enhanced DCs induced a higher level of T-cell proliferation. We also observed that enhancing the levels of GSH in Tregs resulted in downregulation in the levels of IL-10 and TGF- β and reduction in the fold growth of M. tb inside monocytes. Our studies demonstrate novel regulatory mechanisms that favor both innate and adaptive control of M. tb infection.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2314-6133 , 2314-6141
    Language: English
    Publisher: Hindawi Limited
    Publication Date: 2013
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2698540-8
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  • 9
    In: Antioxidants, MDPI AG, Vol. 9, No. 10 ( 2020-09-25), p. 914-
    Abstract: Morbidity and mortality of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are due in large part to severe cytokine storm and hypercoagulable state brought on by dysregulated host-inflammatory immune response, ultimately leading to multi-organ failure. Exacerbated oxidative stress caused by increased levels of interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) along with decreased levels of interferon α and interferon β (IFN-α, IFN-β) are mainly believed to drive the disease process. Based on the evidence attesting to the ability of glutathione (GSH) to inhibit viral replication and decrease levels of IL-6 in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis (TB) patients, as well as beneficial effects of GSH on other pulmonary diseases processes, we believe the use of liposomal GSH could be beneficial in COVID-19 patients. This review discusses the epidemiology, transmission, and clinical presentation of COVID-19 with a focus on its pathogenesis and the possible use of liposomal GSH as an adjunctive treatment to the current treatment modalities in COVID-19 patients.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-3921
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2704216-9
    SSG: 15,3
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  • 10
    In: Antioxidants, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 7 ( 2023-07-02), p. 1375-
    Abstract: Glutathione (GSH) is an important intracellular antioxidant responsible for neutralizing reactive oxygen species (ROS). Our laboratory previously demonstrated that the oral administration of liposomal GSH improves immune function against mycobacterium infections in healthy patients along with patients with HIV and Type 2 diabetes. We aim to determine if the topical application of a glutathione–cyclodextrin nanoparticle complex (GSH-CD) confers a therapeutic effect against mycobacterium infections. In our study, healthy participants received either topical GSH-CD (n = 15) or placebo (n = 15) treatment. Subjects were sprayed four times twice a day for three days topically on the abdomen. Blood draws were collected prior to application, and at 1, 4, and 72 h post-initial topical application. GSH, malondialdehyde (MDA), and cytokine levels were assessed in the processed blood samples of study participants. Additionally, whole blood cultures from study participants were challenged with Mycobacterium avium (M. avium) infection in vitro to assess mycobacterium survival post-treatment. Topical GSH-CD treatment was observed to elevate GSH levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and red blood cells and decrease MDA levels in PBMCs 72 h post-treatment. An increase in plasma IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-12p70, and TNF-α was observed at 72 h post-topical GSH-CD treatment. Enhanced mycobacterium clearance was observed at 4 h and 72 h post-topical GSH-CD treatment. Overall, topical GSH-CD treatment was associated with improved immune function against M. avium infection. The findings of this pilot study suggest GSH–cyclodextrin complex formulation can be used topically as a safe alternative mode of GSH delivery in the peripheral blood.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-3921
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2704216-9
    SSG: 15,3
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