In:
PLOS Pathogens, Public Library of Science (PLoS), Vol. 19, No. 2 ( 2023-2-17), p. e1011160-
Abstract:
The development of COVID 19 vaccines as an effort to mitigate the outbreak, has saved millions of lives globally. However, vaccination breakthroughs have continuously challenged the vaccines’ effectiveness and provided incentives to explore facets holding potential to alter vaccination-induced immunity and protection from subsequent infection, especially VOCs (Variants Of Concern). We explored the functional dynamics of nasopharyngeal transcriptionally active microbes (TAMs) between vaccination breakthroughs and unvaccinated SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals. Microbial taxonomic communities were differentially altered with skewed enrichment of bacterial class/genera of Firmicutes and Gammaproteobacteria with grossly reduced phylum Bacteroidetes in vaccination breakthrough individuals. The Bacillus genus was abundant in Firmicutes in vaccination breakthrough whereas Prevotella among Bacteroides dominated the unvaccinated. Also, Pseudomonas and Salmonella of Gammaproteobacteria were overrepresented in vaccination breakthrough, whilst unvaccinated showed presence of several genera, Achromobacter , Bordetella , Burkholderia , Neisseria , Hemophilus , Salmonella and Pseudomonas , belonging to Proteobacteria. At species level, the microbiota of vaccination breakthrough exhibited relatively higher abundance of unique commensals, in comparison to potential opportunistic microbes enrichment in unvaccinated patients’ microbiota. Functional metabolic pathways like amino acid biosynthesis, sulphate assimilation, fatty acid and beta oxidation, associated with generation of SCFAs (short chain fatty acids), were enriched in vaccination breakthroughs. Majorly, metabolic pathways of LCFAs biosynthesis (long chain fatty acids; oleate, dodecenoate, palmitoleate, gondoate) were found associated with the unvaccinated. Our research highlights that vaccination decreases the microbial diversity in terms of depleting opportunistic pathogens and increasing the preponderance of commensals with respect to unvaccinated patients. Metabolic pathway analysis substantiates the shift in diversity to functionally modulate immune response generation, which may be related to mild clinical manifestations and faster recovery times during vaccination breakthroughs.
Type of Medium:
Online Resource
ISSN:
1553-7374
DOI:
10.1371/journal.ppat.1011160
DOI:
10.1371/journal.ppat.1011160.g001
DOI:
10.1371/journal.ppat.1011160.g002
DOI:
10.1371/journal.ppat.1011160.g003
DOI:
10.1371/journal.ppat.1011160.g004
DOI:
10.1371/journal.ppat.1011160.g005
DOI:
10.1371/journal.ppat.1011160.g006
DOI:
10.1371/journal.ppat.1011160.g007
DOI:
10.1371/journal.ppat.1011160.g008
DOI:
10.1371/journal.ppat.1011160.t001
DOI:
10.1371/journal.ppat.1011160.s001
DOI:
10.1371/journal.ppat.1011160.s002
DOI:
10.1371/journal.ppat.1011160.s003
DOI:
10.1371/journal.ppat.1011160.s004
DOI:
10.1371/journal.ppat.1011160.s005
Language:
English
Publisher:
Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Publication Date:
2023
detail.hit.zdb_id:
2205412-1
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