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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Reducing Virus Transmission from Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning Systems of Urban Subways
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Toxics Vol. 10, No. 12 ( 2022-12-17), p. 796-
    Details
    In: Toxics, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 12 ( 2022-12-17), p. 796-
    Abstract: Aerosols carrying the virus inside enclosed spaces is an important mode of transmission for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), as supported by growing evidence. Urban subways are one of the most frequented enclosed spaces. The subway is a utilitarian and low-cost transit system in modern society. However, studies are yet to demonstrate patterns of viral transmission in subway heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. To fill this gap, we performed a computational investigation of the airflow (and associated aerosol transmission) in an urban subway cabin equipped with an HVAC system. We employed a transport equation for aerosol concentration, which was added to the basic buoyant solver to resolve the aerosol transmission inside the subway cabin. This was achieved by considering the thermal, turbulent, and induced ventilation flow effects. Using the probability of encountering aerosols on sampling surfaces crossing the passenger breathing zones, we detected the highest infection risk zones inside the urban subway under different settings. We proposed a novel HVAC system that can impede aerosol spread, both vertically and horizontally, inside the cabin. In the conventional model, the maximum probability of encountering aerosols from the breathing of infected individuals near the fresh-air ducts was equal to 51.2%. This decreased to 3.5% in the proposed HVAC model. Overall, using the proposed HVAC system for urban subways led to a decrease in the mean value of the probability of encountering the aerosol by approximately 84% compared with that of the conventional system.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2305-6304
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/toxics10120796
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2733883-6
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Jet fans in the underground car parking areas and virus transmission
    AIP Publishing ; 2021
    In:  Physics of Fluids Vol. 33, No. 1 ( 2021-01-01)
    Details
    In: Physics of Fluids, AIP Publishing, Vol. 33, No. 1 ( 2021-01-01)
    Abstract: Jet fans are increasingly preferred over traditional ducted systems as a means of ventilating pollutants in large environments such as underground car parks. The spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)—which causes the novel coronavirus disease—through the jet fans in underground car parks has been considered a matter of key concern. A quantitative understanding of the propagation of respiratory droplets/particles/aerosols containing the virus is important. However, to date, studies have yet to demonstrate viral (e.g., SARS-CoV-2) transmission in underground car parks equipped with jet fans. In this paper, numerical simulation has been performed to assess the effects of jet fans on the spreading of viruses inside underground car parks.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1070-6631 , 1089-7666
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1063/5.0033557
    Language: English
    Publisher: AIP Publishing
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1472743-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 241528-8
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Impacts of Air Pollution on Health and Economy in Southeast Asia
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Energies Vol. 13, No. 7 ( 2020-04-09), p. 1812-
    Details
    In: Energies, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 7 ( 2020-04-09), p. 1812-
    Abstract: The accessibility of cheap fossil fuels, due to large government subsidies, promotes the accelerated gross domestic product (GDP) per capita growth in Southeast Asia. However, the ambient air pollution from fossil fuel combustion has a latent cost, which is the public health issues such as respiratory diseases, lung cancer, labor loss, and economic burden in the long-run. In Southeast Asia, lung cancer is the leading and second leading cause of cancer-related death in men, and women, respectively. This nexus study employs the panel vector error correction model (VECM) and panel generalized method of moments (GMM) using data from ten Southeast Asian countries from the period (2000–2016) to explore the possible association between emissions, lung cancer, and the economy. The results confirm that CO2 and PM2.5 are major risk factors for lung cancer in the region. Additionally, the increasing use of renewable energy and higher healthcare expenditure per capita tend to reduce the lung cancer prevalence. Governments specially in low oil price era, have to transfer subsidies from fossil fuels to renewable energy to create a healthy environment. Furthermore, cost creation for fossil fuel consumption through carbon taxation, especially in the power generation sector, is important to induce private sector investment in green energy projects.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1996-1073
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/en13071812
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2437446-5
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  • 4
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    Online Resource
    How Is Mortality Affected by Fossil Fuel Consumption, CO2 Emissions and Economic Factors in CIS Region?
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Energies Vol. 13, No. 9 ( 2020-05-04), p. 2255-
    Details
    In: Energies, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 9 ( 2020-05-04), p. 2255-
    Abstract: It is widely discussed that GDP growth has a vague impact on environmental pollution due to carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels consumed in production, transportation, and power generation. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the relationships between economic growth, fossil fuel consumption, mortality (from cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes mellitus (DM), cancer, and chronic respiratory disease (CRD), and environmental pollution since environmental pollution can be a reason for societal mortality rate increases. This study uses the generalized method of moments (GMM) estimation technique for the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) members for the period from 1993–2018. The major results revealed that the highest variability of mortality could be explained by CO2 variability. Regarding fossil fuel consumption, the estimation proved that this variable positively affects mortality from CVD, DM, cancer, and CRD. Additionally, any improvements in the human development index (HDI) have a negative effect on mortality increases from CVD, DM, cancer, and CRD in the CIS region. It is recommended that the CIS members implement different policies to improve energy transitions, indicating movement from fossil fuel energy sources to renewable sources. Moreover, we recommend the CIS members enhance various policies for easy access to electricity from green sources and increase the renewable supply through improved technologies, sustainable economic growth, and increase the use of green sources in daily social life.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1996-1073
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/en13092255
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2437446-5
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Economic Burden of Neurological Disorders in an Aging Society, the Example of Japan: A Panel Data Analysis
    Elsevier BV ; 2020
    In:  SSRN Electronic Journal
    Details
    In: SSRN Electronic Journal, Elsevier BV
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1556-5068
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3514749
    Language: English
    Publisher: Elsevier BV
    Publication Date: 2020
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Health Status Transition and Medical Expenditure Evaluation of Elderly Population in China
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Vol. 18, No. 13 ( 2021-06-27), p. 6907-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, MDPI AG, Vol. 18, No. 13 ( 2021-06-27), p. 6907-
    Abstract: (1) Background: Because of the rapid expansion of the aging population in China, their health status transition and future medical expenditure have received increasing attention. This paper analyzes the health transition of the elderly and how their health transition impacts medical expenditures. At the same time, feasible policy suggestions are provided to respond to the rising medical expenditure and the demand for social care. (2) Methods: The data were obtained from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) from 2011 to 2015 and analyzed using the Markov model and the Two-Part model (TPM) to forecast the size of the elderly population and their medical expenditures for the period 2020–2060. (3) Results: The study indicates that: (1) for the elderly with a mild disability, the probability of their health improvement is high; in contrast, for the elderly with a moderate or severe disability, their health deterioration is almost certain; (2) the frequency of the diagnosis and treatments of the elderly is closely related to their health status and medical expenditure; alternatively, as the health status deteriorates, the intensity of the elderly individuals’ acceptance of their diagnosis and treatment increases, and so does the medical expense; (3) the population of the elderly with mild and moderate disability demonstrates an inverted “U”-shape, which reaches a peak around 2048, whereas the elderly with severe disability show linear growth, being the target group for health care; (4) with the population increase of the elderly who have severe disability, the medical expenditure increases significantly and poses a huge threat to medical service supply. Conclusions: It is necessary to provide classified and targeted health care according to the health status of the elderly. In addition, improving the level of medical insurance, establishing a mechanism for sharing medical expenditure, and adjusting the basic demographic structure are all important policy choices.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1660-4601
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18136907
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2175195-X
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Effects of High-speed Wind, Humidity, and Temperature on the Generation of a SARS-CoV-2 Aerosol; a Novel Point of View
    Taiwan Association for Aerosol Research ; 2021
    In:  Aerosol and Air Quality Research Vol. 21, No. 8 ( 2021), p. 200574-
    Details
    In: Aerosol and Air Quality Research, Taiwan Association for Aerosol Research, Vol. 21, No. 8 ( 2021), p. 200574-
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1680-8584 , 2071-1409
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.4209/aaqr.200574
    Language: English
    Publisher: Taiwan Association for Aerosol Research
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2715139-6
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    THE ENERGY–POLLUTION–HEALTH NEXUS: A PANEL DATA ANALYSIS OF LOW- AND MIDDLE-INCOME ASIAN COUNTRIES
    World Scientific Pub Co Pte Ltd ; 2021
    In:  The Singapore Economic Review Vol. 66, No. 02 ( 2021-03), p. 435-455
    Details
    In: The Singapore Economic Review, World Scientific Pub Co Pte Ltd, Vol. 66, No. 02 ( 2021-03), p. 435-455
    Abstract: Increased consumption of nonrenewable energy sources may lead to more air pollution, resulting in negative health impacts in a society. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between fossil fuel energy consumption and health issues using generalized method of moments estimation technique for data from 18 Asian countries (both low- and middle-income) over the period 1991–2018. The findings demonstrate that fossil fuel energy consumption increases the risk of lung and respiratory diseases. In addition, the results demonstrate the significant effect of CO 2 emissions and fossil fuel consumption on undernourishment and death rates. Furthermore, we find that increases in the gross domestic product per capita and healthcare expenditure may help reduce undernourishment and death ratio. The conclusion recommends that diversification of energy in low- and middle-income countries from too much reliance on fossil fuels to more renewable energy sources can improve energy insecurity, at the same time reduce greenhouse gas emissions and minimize the negative impacts on human health.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0217-5908 , 1793-6837
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1142/S0217590820430043
    Language: English
    Publisher: World Scientific Pub Co Pte Ltd
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2098755-9
    SSG: 6,25
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Macroeconomic effects of oil price fluctuations on emerging and developed economies in a model incorporating monetary variables
    Franco Angeli ; 2016
    In:  ECONOMICS AND POLICY OF ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT , No. 2 ( 2016-04), p. 51-75
    Details
    In: ECONOMICS AND POLICY OF ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT, Franco Angeli, , No. 2 ( 2016-04), p. 51-75
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2280-7659 , 2280-7667
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3280/EFE2015-002005
    Language: Italian
    Publisher: Franco Angeli
    Publication Date: 2016
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Fair premium rate of the deposit insurance system based on banks’ creditworthiness
    Emerald ; 2019
    In:  Studies in Economics and Finance Vol. 36, No. 1 ( 2019-05-30), p. 8-31
    Details
    In: Studies in Economics and Finance, Emerald, Vol. 36, No. 1 ( 2019-05-30), p. 8-31
    Abstract: Deposit insurance is a key element in modern banking, as it guarantees the financial safety of deposits at depository financial institutions. It is necessary to have at least a dual fair premium rate system based on creditworthiness of financial institutions, as considering singular premium system for all banks will have moral hazard. This paper aims to develop theoretical and empirical model for calculating dual fair premium rates. Design/methodology/approach The definition of a fair premium rate in this paper is a rate that covers the operational expenditures of the deposit insuring organization, provides it with sufficient funds to enable it to pay a certain percentage share of deposit amounts to depositors in case of bank default and provides it with sufficient funds as precautionary reserves. To identify and classify healthier and more stable banks, the authors use credit rating methods that use two major dimensional reduction techniques. For forecasting nonperforming loans (NPLs), the authors develop a model that can capture both macro shocks and idiosyncratic shocks to financial institutions in a vector error correction model. Findings The response of NPLs/loans to macro shocks and idiosyncratic innovations shows that using a model with macro variables only is insufficient, as it is possible that under favorable economic conditions, some banks show negative performance due to bank level reasons such as mismanagement or vice versa. The final results show that deposit insurance premium rate needs to be vary based on banks’ creditworthiness. Originality/value The results provide interesting insight for financial authorities to set fair deposit insurance premium rate. A high premium rate reduces the capital adequacy of individual financial institutions, which endangers the stability of the financial system; a low premium rate will reduce the security of the financial system.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1086-7376
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1108/SEF-05-2017-0105
    Language: English
    Publisher: Emerald
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2070355-7
    SSG: 3,2
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