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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Sea spray aerosol as a unique source of ice nucleating particles
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ; 2016
    In:  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Vol. 113, No. 21 ( 2016-05-24), p. 5797-5803
    Details
    In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 113, No. 21 ( 2016-05-24), p. 5797-5803
    Abstract: Ice nucleating particles (INPs) are vital for ice initiation in, and precipitation from, mixed-phase clouds. A source of INPs from oceans within sea spray aerosol (SSA) emissions has been suggested in previous studies but remained unconfirmed. Here, we show that INPs are emitted using real wave breaking in a laboratory flume to produce SSA. The number concentrations of INPs from laboratory-generated SSA, when normalized to typical total aerosol number concentrations in the marine boundary layer, agree well with measurements from diverse regions over the oceans. Data in the present study are also in accord with previously published INP measurements made over remote ocean regions. INP number concentrations active within liquid water droplets increase exponentially in number with a decrease in temperature below 0 °C, averaging an order of magnitude increase per 5 °C interval. The plausibility of a strong increase in SSA INP emissions in association with phytoplankton blooms is also shown in laboratory simulations. Nevertheless, INP number concentrations, or active site densities approximated using “dry” geometric SSA surface areas, are a few orders of magnitude lower than corresponding concentrations or site densities in the surface boundary layer over continental regions. These findings have important implications for cloud radiative forcing and precipitation within low-level and midlevel marine clouds unaffected by continental INP sources, such as may occur over the Southern Ocean.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0027-8424 , 1091-6490
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1514034112
    RVK:
    TA 1000
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
    Publication Date: 2016
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A Transformational Approach to Winter Orographic Weather Modification Research: The SNOWIE Project
    American Meteorological Society ; 2019
    In:  Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society Vol. 100, No. 1 ( 2019-01), p. 71-92
    Details
    In: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 100, No. 1 ( 2019-01), p. 71-92
    Abstract: The Seeded and Natural Orographic Wintertime Clouds: The Idaho Experiment (SNOWIE) project aims to study the impacts of cloud seeding on winter orographic clouds. The field campaign took place in Idaho between 7 January and 17 March 2017 and employed a comprehensive suite of instrumentation, including ground-based radars and airborne sensors, to collect in situ and remotely sensed data in and around clouds containing supercooled liquid water before and after seeding with silver iodide aerosol particles. The seeding material was released primarily by an aircraft. It was hypothesized that the dispersal of the seeding material from aircraft would produce zigzag lines of silver iodide as it dispersed downwind. In several cases, unambiguous zigzag lines of reflectivity were detected by radar, and in situ measurements within these lines have been examined to determine the microphysical response of the cloud to seeding. The measurements from SNOWIE aim to address long-standing questions about the efficacy of cloud seeding, starting with documenting the physical chain of events following seeding. The data will also be used to evaluate and improve computer modeling parameterizations, including a new cloud-seeding parameterization designed to further evaluate and quantify the impacts of cloud seeding.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0003-0007 , 1520-0477
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/BAMS-D-17-0152.1
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2019
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Chilean Coastal Orographic Precipitation Experiment: Observing the Influence of Microphysical Rain Regimes on Coastal Orographic Precipitation
    American Meteorological Society ; 2017
    In:  Journal of Hydrometeorology Vol. 18, No. 10 ( 2017-10-01), p. 2723-2743
    Details
    In: Journal of Hydrometeorology, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 18, No. 10 ( 2017-10-01), p. 2723-2743
    Abstract: The Chilean Coastal Orographic Precipitation Experiment (CCOPE) was conducted during the austral winter of 2015 (May–August) in the Nahuelbuta Mountains (peak elevation 1.3 km MSL) of southern Chile (38°S). CCOPE used soundings, two profiling Micro Rain Radars, a Parsivel disdrometer, and a rain gauge network to characterize warm and ice-initiated rain regimes and explore their consequences for orographic precipitation. Thirty-three percent of foothill rainfall fell during warm rain periods, while 50% of rainfall fell during ice-initiated periods. Warm rain drop size distributions were characterized by many more and relatively smaller drops than ice-initiated drop size distributions. Both the portion and properties of warm and ice-initiated rainfall compare favorably with observations of coastal mountain rainfall at a similar latitude in California. Orographic enhancement is consistently strong for rain of both types, suggesting that seeding from ice aloft is not a requisite for large orographic enhancement. While the data suggest that orographic enhancement may be greater during warm rain regimes, the difference in orographic enhancement between regimes is not significant. Sounding launches indicate that differences in orographic enhancement are not easily explainable by differences in low-level moisture flux or nondimensional mountain height between the regimes.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1525-755X , 1525-7541
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/JHM-D-17-0005.1
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2017
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Wintertime aerosol measurements during the Chilean Coastal Orographic Precipitation Experiment
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2019
    In:  Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Vol. 19, No. 19 ( 2019-10-07), p. 12377-12396
    Details
    In: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 19, No. 19 ( 2019-10-07), p. 12377-12396
    Abstract: Abstract. The Chilean Coastal Orographic Precipitation Experiment (CCOPE) was a 3-month field campaign (June, July and August 2015) that investigated wintertime coastal rain events. Reported here are analyses of aerosol measurements made at a coastal site during CCOPE. The aerosol monitoring site was located near Arauco, Chile. Aerosol number concentrations and aerosol size distributions were acquired with a condensation particle counter (CPC) and an ultra high sensitivity aerosol spectrometer (UHSAS). Arauco CPC data were compared to values measured at the NOAA observatory Trinidad Head (THD) on the northern Pacific coast of California. The winter-averaged CPC concentration at Arauco is 2971 ± 1802 cm−3; at THD the average is 1059 ± 855 cm−3. Despite the typically more pristine South Pacific region, the Arauco average is larger than at THD (p〈0.01). Aerosol size distributions acquired during episodes of onshore flow were analyzed with Köhler theory and used to parameterize cloud condensation nuclei activation spectra. In addition, sea salt aerosol (SSA) concentration was parameterized as a function of sea surface wind speed. It is anticipated these parameterizations will be applied in modeling of wintertime Chilean coastal precipitation.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1680-7324
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/acp-19-12377-2019
    DOI: 10.5194/acp-19-12377-2019-supplement
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2019
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Sulfur dioxide oxidation in winter orographic clouds
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1994
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres Vol. 99, No. D9 ( 1994-09-20), p. 18713-18733
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 99, No. D9 ( 1994-09-20), p. 18713-18733
    Abstract: The production of sulfate in cloud droplets, and the attendant depletion of sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) oxidants were studied in wintertime orographic clouds over southeastern Wyoming. By periodic (5–20 min) releases of SO 2 into the cloud the mixing ratio of SO 2 was raised to about double its background value of 0.7 parts per billion by volume (ppbv). Average values of the in‐cloud reaction time, pseudo‐first‐order SO 2 reaction rate, and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) depletion were 400 s, 2.3×10 −4 s −1 , and 0.04 ppbv, respectively. The measured sulfate yields and H 2 O 2 depletions show that H 2 O 2 is the dominant oxidant for SO 2 in this situation; this finding is consistent with model results. Model simulations reveal that the O 2 /SO 2 reaction pathway (catalyzed by Mn(II) and Fe(III)) was competitive with the H 2 O 2 /SO 2 reaction pathway on one out of the nine observation days. Organohydroperoxides were not depleted and other modeled reaction pathways (O 3 /SO 2 and HCHO/SO 2 ) were inferred to be inhibited due to either the chemical ( p H 〈 4.7) or physical (temperature below −5°C, cloud water content less than 0.3 cm 3 m −3 ) properties of the cloud. The agreement found in this work between observed and predicted properties of the H 2 O 2 /SO 2 /H 2 O system contrasts with the work of Chandler et al. (1988a, b, 1989) and Gallagher et al. (1990) who observe a factor of 3 or larger discrepancy between laboratory and field measurements of the H 2 O 2 /SO 2 reaction rate.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/94JD01522
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1994
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    SSG: 16,13
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Accumulation mode aerosol, pockets of open cells, and particle nucleation in the remote subtropical Pacific marine boundary layer
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 2006
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research Vol. 111, No. D2 ( 2006)
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 111, No. D2 ( 2006)
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/2004JD005694
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 2006
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    SSG: 16,13
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Supersaturation in the Wyoming CCN Instrument
    American Meteorological Society ; 2006
    In:  Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology Vol. 23, No. 10 ( 2006-10-01), p. 1323-1339
    Details
    In: Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 23, No. 10 ( 2006-10-01), p. 1323-1339
    Abstract: Two thermal diffusion cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) instruments were intercompared using a nearly monodisperse test aerosol composed of sodium chloride and ammonium sulfate. The main objective of this work is the determination of the maximum steady-state supersaturation within a thermal diffusion chamber. This required analysis of the uncertainties associated with the calibration of the instrument’s plate temperature and light scattering measurement systems. The fraction of test particles activating to form cloud droplets, the activated fraction, was evaluated over a range of dry particle diameters at four supersaturations. Values of both the particle size, corresponding to an activated fraction equal to 0.5, and the width of a fitted activation function were derived. The former was used to evaluate the maximum steady-state chamber supersaturation. These studies reveal three significant findings. First, the derived chamber supersaturation is ∼40% smaller than values based on temperature measured at the top and bottom of the diffusion chamber. Second, using deliquesced test particles, mobility selected at a prescribed relative humidity, it is shown that the 40% discrepancy is not the result of a test particle shape effect. Third, the width of the activation function is substantially larger than the width of the test particle size spectra. Plausible explanations for the 40% bias are considered. Contributors are the unintentional overestimation of the temperature difference imposed across the CCN chamber and the implicit assumption that water at the top and bottom of the CCN chamber has a vapor pressure equal to that over pure water.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1520-0426 , 0739-0572
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/JTECH1916.1
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2006
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cloud droplet activation of polymerized organic aerosol
    Stockholm University Press ; 2006
    In:  Tellus B Vol. 58, No. 3 ( 2006-7-1)
    Details
    In: Tellus B, Stockholm University Press, Vol. 58, No. 3 ( 2006-7-1)
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1600-0889 , 0280-6509
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3402/tellusb.v58i3.16867
    RVK:
    RA 1000
    RVK:
    UA 8382.2
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Stockholm University Press
    Publication Date: 2006
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    SSG: 16,13
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Airborne measurements of aerosol extinction in the lower and middle troposphere over Wyoming, USA
    Elsevier BV ; 2003
    In:  Atmospheric Environment Vol. 37, No. 6 ( 2003-2), p. 789-802
    Details
    In: Atmospheric Environment, Elsevier BV, Vol. 37, No. 6 ( 2003-2), p. 789-802
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1352-2310
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00952-4
    Language: English
    Publisher: Elsevier BV
    Publication Date: 2003
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A Relationship between Reflectivity and Snow Rate for a High-Altitude S-Band Radar
    American Meteorological Society ; 2012
    In:  Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology Vol. 51, No. 6 ( 2012-06), p. 1111-1128
    Details
    In: Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 51, No. 6 ( 2012-06), p. 1111-1128
    Abstract: An important application of radar reflectivity measurements is their interpretation as precipitation intensity. Empirical relationships exist for converting microwave backscatter retrieved from precipitation particles (represented by an equivalent reflectivity factor Z e ) to precipitation intensity. The reflectivity–snow-rate relationship has the form Z e = αS β , where S is a liquid-equivalent snow rate and α and β are fitted coefficients. Substantial uncertainty exists in radar-derived values of snow rate because the reflectivity and intensity associated with snow tend to be smaller than those for rain and because of snow-particle drift between radar and surface detection. Uncertainty in radar-derived snow rate is especially evident at the few available high-altitude sites for which a relationship between reflectivity and snow rate has been developed. Using a new type of precipitation sensor and a National Weather Service radar, this work investigates the Z e – S relationship at a high-altitude site (Cheyenne, Wyoming). The S measurements were made 25 km northwest of the radar on the eastern flank of the Rocky Mountains; vertical separation between the radar range gate and the ground was less than 700 m. A meteorological feature of the snowstorms was northeasterly upslope flow of humid air at low levels. The Z e – S data pairs were fitted with β = 2. The finding of this study for Cheyenne, α = 110 mm 4 h 2 m −3 , is bounded by previous determinations made at other high-altitude National Weather Service sites. Also investigated was the temperature dependence of α . A positive α – T relationship is evident and is hypothesized to result from ice crystals produced by heterogeneous ice nucleation, at cloud top, followed by diffusional crystal growth during sedimentation.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1558-8424 , 1558-8432
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/JAMC-D-11-0112.1
    RVK:
    UA 4547
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2012
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