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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition)
    Informa UK Limited ; 2016
    In:  Autophagy Vol. 12, No. 1 ( 2016-01-02), p. 1-222
    Details
    In: Autophagy, Informa UK Limited, Vol. 12, No. 1 ( 2016-01-02), p. 1-222
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1554-8627 , 1554-8635
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2015.1100356
    Language: English
    Publisher: Informa UK Limited
    Publication Date: 2016
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2262043-6
    SSG: 12
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  • 2
    Online Resource
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    A Lagrangian analysis of pockets of open cells over the southeastern Pacific
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2022
    In:  Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Vol. 22, No. 12 ( 2022-06-23), p. 8197-8219
    Details
    In: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 22, No. 12 ( 2022-06-23), p. 8197-8219
    Abstract: Abstract. Pockets of open cells (POCs) have been shown to develop within closed-cell stratocumulus (StCu), and a large body of evidence suggests that the development of POCs result from changes in small-scale processes internal to the boundary layer rather than large-scale forcings. Precipitation is widely viewed as a key process important to POC development and maintenance. In this study, GOES-16 satellite observations are used in conjunction with MERRA-2 winds to track and compare the microphysical and environmental evolution of two populations of closed-cell StCu selected by visual inspection over the southeastern Pacific Ocean: one group that transitions to POCs and another comparison group (CLOSED) that does not. The high spatiotemporal resolution of the new GOES-16 data allows for a detailed examination of the temporal evolution of POCs in this region. We find that POCs tend to develop near the coast, last tens of hours, are larger than 104 km2, and often (88 % of cases) do not re-close before they exit the StCu deck. Most POCs are observed to form at night and tend to exit the StCu during the day when the StCu is contracting in area. Relative to the CLOSED trajectories, POCs have systematically larger effective radii, lower cloud drop number concentrations, a comparable conditional in-cloud liquid water path, and a higher frequency of more intense precipitation. Meanwhile, no systematic environmental differences other than boundary layer height are observed between POC and CLOSED trajectories. Interestingly, there are no differences in reanalysis aerosol optical depth between both sets of trajectories, which may lead one to the interpretation that differences in aerosol concentrations are not influencing POC development or resulting in a large number that re-close. However, this largely depends on the reanalysis treatment of aerosol–cloud interactions, and the product used in this study has no explicit handling of these important processes. These results support the consensus view regarding the importance of precipitation on the formation and maintenance of POCs and demonstrate the utility of modern geostationary remote sensing data in evaluating the POC life cycle.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1680-7324
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/acp-22-8197-2022
    DOI: 10.5194/acp-22-8197-2022-supplement
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2092549-9
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2069847-1
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Tissue‐Engineered Vascular Grafts: Effects of Braiding Parameters on Tissue Engineered Vascular Graft Development (Adv. Healthcare Mater. 24/2020)
    Wiley ; 2020
    In:  Advanced Healthcare Materials Vol. 9, No. 24 ( 2020-12)
    Details
    In: Advanced Healthcare Materials, Wiley, Vol. 9, No. 24 ( 2020-12)
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2192-2640 , 2192-2659
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/adhm.v9.24
    DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202070086
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2645585-7
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  • 4
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    Effects of Braiding Parameters on Tissue Engineered Vascular Graft Development
    Wiley ; 2020
    In:  Advanced Healthcare Materials Vol. 9, No. 24 ( 2020-12)
    Details
    In: Advanced Healthcare Materials, Wiley, Vol. 9, No. 24 ( 2020-12)
    Abstract: Tissue engineered vascular grafts (TEVGs) using scaffolds fabricated from braided poly(glycolic acid) (PGA) fibers coated with poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS) are developed. The approach relies on in vivo tissue engineering by which neotissue forms solely within the body after a scaffold has been implanted. Herein, the impact of altering scaffold braid design and scaffold coating on neotissue formation is investigated. Several combinations of braiding parameters are manufactured and evaluated in a Beige mouse model in the infrarenal abdominal aorta. Animals are followed with 4D ultrasound analysis, and 12 week explanted vessels are evaluated for biaxial mechanical properties as well as histological composition. Results show that scaffold parameters (i.e., braiding angle, braiding density, and presence of a PGS coating) have interdependent effects on the resulting graft performance, namely, alteration of these parameters influences levels of inflammation, extracellular matrix production, graft dilation, neovessel distensibility, and overall survival. Coupling carefully designed in vivo experimentation with regression analysis, critical relationships between the scaffold design and the resulting neotissue that enable induction of favorable cellular and extracellular composition in a controlled manner are uncovered. Such an approach provides a potential for fabricating scaffolds with a broad range of features and the potential to manufacture optimized TEVGs.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2192-2640 , 2192-2659
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/adhm.v9.24
    DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001093
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2645585-7
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Alaska Daily Extreme Precipitation Processes in a Subset of CMIP5 Global Climate Models
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 2019
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres Vol. 124, No. 8 ( 2019-04-27), p. 4584-4600
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 124, No. 8 ( 2019-04-27), p. 4584-4600
    Abstract: Self‐organizing maps help identify large‐scale circulations conducive to precipitation extremes in a subset of Global Climate Models Global climate models can simulate large‐scale processes conducive to daily precipitation extremes Global climate model topography can be too coarse to properly simulate orographically forced extreme precipitation
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2169-897X , 2169-8996
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/2018JD028643
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 710256-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2016800-7
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2969341-X
    SSG: 16,13
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  • 6
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    Corrections for Geostationary Cloud Liquid Water Path Using Microwave Imagery
    American Meteorological Society ; 2023
    In:  Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology Vol. 40, No. 9 ( 2023-09), p. 1049-1061
    Details
    In: Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 40, No. 9 ( 2023-09), p. 1049-1061
    Abstract: Geostationary observations provide measurements of the cloud liquid water path (LWP), permitting continuous observation of cloud evolution throughout the daylit portion of the diurnal cycle. Relative to LWP derived from microwave imagery, these observations have biases related to scattering geometry, which systematically varies throughout the day. Therefore, we have developed a set of bias corrections using microwave LWP for the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite-16 and -17 ( GOES-16 and GOES-17 ) observations of LWP derived from retrieved cloud-optical properties. The bias corrections are defined based on scattering geometry (solar zenith, sensor zenith, and relative azimuth) and low cloud fraction. We demonstrate that over the low-cloud regions of the northeast and southeast Pacific, these bias corrections drastically improve the characteristics of the retrieved LWP, including its regional distribution, diurnal variation, and evolution along short-time-scale Lagrangian trajectories. Significance Statement Large uncertainty exists in cloud liquid water path derived from geostationary observations, which is caused by changes in the scattering geometry of sunlight throughout the day. This complicates the usefulness of geostationary satellites to analyze the time evolution of clouds using geostationary data. Therefore, microwave imagery observations of liquid water path, which do not depend on scattering geometry, are used to create a set of corrections for geostationary data that can be used in future studies to analyze the time evolution of clouds from space.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0739-0572 , 1520-0426
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/JTECH-D-23-0030.1
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2021720-1
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 48441-6
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  • 7
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    Online Resource
    The Role of Cloud Size and Environmental Moisture in Shallow Cumulus Precipitation
    American Meteorological Society ; 2020
    In:  Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology Vol. 59, No. 3 ( 2020-03), p. 535-550
    Details
    In: Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 59, No. 3 ( 2020-03), p. 535-550
    Abstract: Cloud models show that precipitation is more likely to occur in larger shallow clouds and/or in an environment with more moisture, in part as a result of decreasing the impacts of entrainment mixing on the updrafts. However, the role of cloud size in shallow cloud precipitation onset from global satellite observations has mostly been examined with precipitation proxies from imagers and has not been systematically examined in active sensors, primarily because of sensitivity limitations of previous spaceborne active instruments. Here we use the more sensitive CloudSat / CALIPSO observations to identify and characterize the properties of individual contiguous shallow cumulus cloud objects. The objects are conditionally sampled by cloud-top height to determine the changes in precipitation likelihood with increasing cloud size and column water vapor. On average, raining shallow cumulus clouds are typically taller by a factor of 2 and have a greater horizontal extent than their nonraining counterparts. Results show that for a fixed cloud-top height the likelihood of precipitation increases with increasing cloud size and generally follows a double power-law distribution. This suggests that the smallest cloud objects are able to grow freely within the boundary layer but the largest cloud objects are limited by environmental moisture. This is supported by our results showing that, for a fixed cloud-top height and cloud size, the precipitation likelihood also increases as environmental moisture increases. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that larger clouds occurring in a wetter environment may be better able to protect their updrafts from entrainment effects, increasing their chances of raining.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1558-8424 , 1558-8432
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/JAMC-D-19-0145.1
    RVK:
    UA 4547
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2227779-1
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2227759-6
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  • 8
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    Contribution of different processes to changes in tropical lower-stratospheric water vapor in chemistry–climate models
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2017
    In:  Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Vol. 17, No. 13 ( 2017-07-04), p. 8031-8044
    Details
    In: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 17, No. 13 ( 2017-07-04), p. 8031-8044
    Abstract: Abstract. Variations in tropical lower-stratospheric humidity influence both the chemistry and climate of the atmosphere. We analyze tropical lower-stratospheric water vapor in 21st century simulations from 12 state-of-the-art chemistry–climate models (CCMs), using a linear regression model to determine the factors driving the trends and variability. Within CCMs, warming of the troposphere primarily drives the long-term trend in stratospheric humidity. This is partially offset in most CCMs by an increase in the strength of the Brewer–Dobson circulation, which tends to cool the tropical tropopause layer (TTL). We also apply the regression model to individual decades from the 21st century CCM runs and compare them to a regression of a decade of observations. Many of the CCMs, but not all, compare well with these observations, lending credibility to their predictions. One notable deficiency is that most CCMs underestimate the impact of the quasi-biennial oscillation on lower-stratospheric water vapor. Our analysis provides a new and potentially superior way to evaluate model trends in lower-stratospheric humidity.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1680-7324
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/acp-17-8031-2017
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2017
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2092549-9
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  • 9
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    The impact of rain rate, raining patch size, and spacing on southeastern Pacific cloud fraction transitions
    IOP Publishing ; 2021
    In:  Environmental Research Communications Vol. 3, No. 5 ( 2021-05-01), p. 051001-
    Details
    In: Environmental Research Communications, IOP Publishing, Vol. 3, No. 5 ( 2021-05-01), p. 051001-
    Abstract: Rain-induced cold pools are one mechanism by which transitions in cloud fraction in marine stratocumulus over the southeast Pacific occur. We use CloudSat/CALIPSO to identify raining patches within stratocumulus over the southeast Pacific, and then calculate the cloud fraction surrounding each raining patch, nearest-neighbor distance (spacing), mean rain rate, and raining patch size (extent). The spatial patterns show that as cloud fraction decreases and rain rate increases from east to west, a minimum in spacing exists between 80 °W-100 °W, but the maximum extent occurs further west. Holding spacing constant, cloud fraction decreases with rain rate but increases with extent. Additionally, cloud fraction is generally lower between 80 °W-100 °W when cells are large. This behavior is consistent with the idea that heavier rainfall associated with larger cells may result in possible cold pool interactions that could drive lower cloud fractions around the largest cells producing the most intense rainfall.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2515-7620
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1088/2515-7620/abf9ad
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: IOP Publishing
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2968222-8
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  • 10
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    A-Train estimates of the sensitivity of the cloud-to-rainwater ratio to cloud size, relative humidity, and aerosols
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2021
    In:  Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Vol. 21, No. 4 ( 2021-02-24), p. 2765-2779
    Details
    In: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 21, No. 4 ( 2021-02-24), p. 2765-2779
    Abstract: Abstract. Precipitation efficiency has been found to play an important role in constraining the sensitivity of the climate through its role in controlling cloud cover, yet its controls are not fully understood. Here we use CloudSat observations to identify individual contiguous shallow cumulus cloud objects and compute the ratio of cloud water path to rainwater (WRR) path as a proxy for warm-rain efficiency. Cloud objects are then conditionally sampled by cloud-top height, relative humidity, and aerosol optical depth (AOD) to analyze changes in WRR as a function of cloud size (extent). For a fixed cloud-top height, WRR increases with extent and environmental humidity following a double power-law distribution, as a function of extent. Similarly, WRR increases, holding average relative humidity at or below 850 mb constant. There is little relationship between WRR and AOD when conditioned by cloud-top height, suggesting that, once rain drop formation begins, aerosols may not be as important for WRR as cloud size and depth. Consistent with prior studies, results show an increase in WRR with sea-surface temperature. However, for a given depth and SST, WRR is also dependent on cloud size and becomes larger as cloud size increases. Given that larger objects become more frequent with increasing SST, these results imply that increasing precipitation efficiencies with SST are due not only to deeper clouds with greater cloud water contents but also to the propensity for larger clouds which may have more protected updrafts.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1680-7324
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/acp-21-2765-2021
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2092549-9
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2069847-1
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