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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Gradients in richness and turnover of a forest passerine's diet prior to breeding: A mixed model approach applied to faecal metabarcoding data
    Wiley ; 2020
    In:  Molecular Ecology Vol. 29, No. 6 ( 2020-03), p. 1199-1213
    Details
    In: Molecular Ecology, Wiley, Vol. 29, No. 6 ( 2020-03), p. 1199-1213
    Abstract: Rather little is known about the dietary richness and variation of generalist insectivorous species, including birds, due primarily to difficulties in prey identification. Using faecal metabarcoding, we provide the most comprehensive analysis of a passerine's diet to date, identifying the relative magnitudes of biogeographic, habitat and temporal trends in the richness and turnover in diet of Cyanistes caeruleus (blue tit) along a 39 site and 2° latitudinal transect in Scotland. Faecal samples were collected in 2014–2015 from adult birds roosting in nestboxes prior to nest building. DNA was extracted from 793 samples and we amplified COI and 16S minibarcodes. We identified 432 molecular operational taxonomic units that correspond to putative dietary items. Most dietary items were rare, with Lepidoptera being the most abundant and taxon‐rich prey order. Here, we present a statistical approach for estimation of gradients and intersample variation in taxonomic richness and turnover using a generalised linear mixed model. We discuss the merits of this approach over existing tools and present methods for model‐based estimation of repeatability, taxon richness and Jaccard indices. We found that dietary richness increases significantly as spring advances, but changes little with elevation, latitude or local tree composition. In comparison, dietary composition exhibits significant turnover along temporal and spatial gradients and among sites. Our study shows the promise of faecal metabarcoding for inferring the macroecology of food webs, but we also highlight the challenge posed by contamination and make recommendations of laboratory and statistical practices to minimise its impact on inference.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0962-1083 , 1365-294X
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/mec.v29.6
    DOI: 10.1111/mec.15394
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2020
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The effects of woodland habitat and biogeography on blue tit Cyanistes caeruleus territory occupancy and productivity along a 220 km transect
    Wiley ; 2018
    In:  Ecography Vol. 41, No. 12 ( 2018-12), p. 1967-1978
    Details
    In: Ecography, Wiley, Vol. 41, No. 12 ( 2018-12), p. 1967-1978
    Abstract: The nesting phenology and productivity of hole‐nesting woodland passerines, such as tit species ( Paridae ), has been the subject of many studies and played a central role in advancing our understanding of the causes and consequences of trophic mismatch. However, as most studies have been conducted in mature, oak‐rich ( Quercus sp.) woodlands, it is unknown whether insights from such studies generalise to other habitats used by woodland generalist species. Here we applied spatial mixed models to data collected over three years (2014–2016) from 238 nestboxes across 40 sites – that vary in woodland habitat and elevation – along a 220 km transect in Scotland. We evaluate the importance of habitat, biogeography and food availability as predictors of mesoscale among‐site variation in blue tit Cyanistes caeruleus nestbox occupancy and two components of productivity (clutch size and fledging success). We found that habitat was not a significant predictor of occupancy or clutch size but that occupancy exhibited pronounced biogeographic trends, declining with increasing latitude and elevation. However, fledging success, defined as the proportion of a clutch that fledged, was positively correlated with site level availability of birch, oak and sycamore, and tree diversity. The lack of correspondence between the effects of habitat on fledging success versus occupancy and clutch size may indicate that blue tits do not accurately predict the future quality of their breeding sites when selecting territories and laying clutches. We found little evidence of spatial autocorrelation in occupancy or clutch size, whereas spatial autocorrelation in fledging success extends over multiple sites, albeit non‐significantly. Taken together, our findings suggest that the relationship between breeding decisions and breeding outcomes varies among habitats, and we urge caution when extrapolating inferences from one habitat to others.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0906-7590 , 1600-0587
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/ecog.2018.v41.i12
    DOI: 10.1111/ecog.03573
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2018
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1112659-0
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  • 3
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    Online Resource
    Territory‐level temperature influences breeding phenology and reproductive output in three forest passerine birds
    Wiley ; 2022
    In:  Oikos Vol. 2022, No. 8 ( 2022-08)
    Details
    In: Oikos, Wiley, Vol. 2022, No. 8 ( 2022-08)
    Abstract: Temperature plays an important role in determining the breeding phenology of birds in temperate climates, with higher spring temperatures associated with earlier breeding. However, the effect of localised territory‐scale temperature variations is poorly understood, with relationships between temperature and breeding phenology mostly studied using coarse‐grained climatic indices. Here, we interpolate spring temperatures recorded at 150‐m 2 grid intersections encompassing 417 ha of forest to examine the influence of territory‐scale temperature, and its interaction with mean annual temperature, on territory selection, breeding phenology, clutch size and fledging success for three co‐occurring single‐brooded passerine birds using data from 672 nests over four years. All species exhibited significant trends in reproductive traits associated with territory‐scale temperature. Pied flycatchers Ficedula hypoleuca settled in cooler territories first, where they raised more fledglings. Blue tits Cyanistes caeruleus laid larger clutches in warmer territories in warm years and always laid earlier at warmer territories irrespective of annual temperature variation. Contrastingly, pied flycatcher and wood warbler Phylloscopus sibilatrix breeding phenology was earlier at warmer territories in cool years and cooler territories in warm years, with wood warbler clutch size responding similarly to this interaction. Greater previous breeding experience and higher rates of historical territory occupancy (territory quality) also predicted earlier breeding phenology and higher fledging success for pied flycatchers. We suggest that the migratory pied flycatcher and wood warbler are best synchronised with their prey availability in cooler years at a local population level. However resident blue tits match local phenology across all years, which is potentially advantageous under warmer predicted climate change scenarios. We conclude that temperature at the territory scale can be an important driver of settlement and breeding phenology and influence reproductive traits.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0030-1299 , 1600-0706
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/oik.v2022.i8
    DOI: 10.1111/oik.09171
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2025658-9
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 207359-6
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  • 4
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    Online Resource
    The environmental predictors of spatio-temporal variation in the breeding phenology of a passerine bird
    The Royal Society ; 2019
    In:  Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences Vol. 286, No. 1908 ( 2019-08-14), p. 20190952-
    Details
    In: Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, The Royal Society, Vol. 286, No. 1908 ( 2019-08-14), p. 20190952-
    Abstract: Establishing the cues or constraints that influence avian timing of breeding is the key to accurate prediction of future phenology. This study aims to identify the aspects of the environment that predict the timing of two measures of breeding phenology (nest initiation and egg laying date) in an insectivorous woodland passerine, the blue tit ( Cyanistes caeruleus ). We analyse data collected from a 220 km, 40-site transect over 3 years and consider spring temperatures, tree leafing phenology, invertebrate availability and photoperiod as predictors of breeding phenology. We find that mean night-time temperature in early spring is the strongest predictor of both nest initiation and lay date and suggest this finding is most consistent with temperature acting as a constraint on breeding activity. Birch budburst phenology significantly predicts lay date additionally to temperature, either as a direct cue or indirectly via a correlated variable. We use cross-validation to show that our model accurately predicts lay date in two further years and find that similar variables predict lay date well across the UK national nest record scheme. This work refines our understanding of the principal factors influencing the timing of tit reproductive phenology and suggests that temperature may have both a direct and indirect effect.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0962-8452 , 1471-2954
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.0952
    Language: English
    Publisher: The Royal Society
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1460975-7
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A Spatial Perspective on the Phenological Distribution of the Spring Woodland Caterpillar Peak
    University of Chicago Press ; 2019
    In:  The American Naturalist Vol. 194, No. 5 ( 2019-11), p. E109-E121
    Details
    In: The American Naturalist, University of Chicago Press, Vol. 194, No. 5 ( 2019-11), p. E109-E121
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0003-0147 , 1537-5323
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1086/705241
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: University of Chicago Press
    Publication Date: 2019
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2669910-2
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  • 6
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    The correlates of intraspecific variation in nest height and nest building duration in the Eurasian blue tit Cyanistes caeruleus
    Wiley ; 2021
    In:  Journal of Avian Biology Vol. 52, No. 3 ( 2021-03)
    Details
    In: Journal of Avian Biology, Wiley, Vol. 52, No. 3 ( 2021-03)
    Abstract: Birds build nests primarily as a receptacle to lay their eggs in, but they can also provide secondary benefits including structural support, camouflage and adjustment of the microclimate surrounding the eggs and offspring. The factors underlying intraspecific variation in nest characteristics are poorly understood. In this study, we aim to identify the environmental factors that predict nest height variation and the duration of nest building in blue tits Cyanistes caeruleus , evaluating latitude, elevation, temperature and the timing of egg‐laying as predictors of nest height, while also taking into account female and male parental identity. Using 713 nest height observations collected over a period of five years along a 220 km transect in Scotland, we found that if the annual mean timing of egg‐laying was earlier, nests were taller. However, there was no correlation between nest height and elevation, latitude, the minimum temperature in the 14 days pre‐egg‐laying or the phenology of birds within a year. Female parental identity accounted for a large amount of variation in nest height, suggesting that individual behaviour has an influence on nest structure. We also found that nest building duration was shorter when egg laying occurred earlier in the year, and that across all observations taller nests took longer to build. Overall, our results show that blue tits are able to alter their nest characteristics based on environmental gradients like latitude (in the case of building duration) and the annual mean phenological variation of egg laying, and that birds build relatively taller nests faster.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0908-8857 , 1600-048X
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/jav.2021.v52.i3
    DOI: 10.1111/jav.02528
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2028018-X
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Faecal metabarcoding reveals pervasive long-distance impacts of garden bird feeding
    The Royal Society ; 2021
    In:  Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences Vol. 288, No. 1951 ( 2021-05-26), p. 20210480-
    Details
    In: Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, The Royal Society, Vol. 288, No. 1951 ( 2021-05-26), p. 20210480-
    Abstract: Supplementary feeding of wildlife is widespread, being undertaken by more than half of households in many countries. However, the impact that these supplemental resources have is unclear, with impacts largely considered to be restricted to urban ecosystems. We reveal the pervasiveness of supplementary foodstuffs in the diet of a wild bird using metabarcoding of blue tit ( Cyanistes caeruleus ) faeces collected in early spring from a 220 km transect in Scotland with a large urbanization gradient. Supplementary foodstuffs were present in the majority of samples, with peanut ( Arachis hypogaea ) the single commonest (either natural or supplementary) dietary item. Consumption rates exhibited a distance decay from human habitation but remained high at several hundred metres from the nearest household and continued to our study limit of 1.4 km distant. Supplementary food consumption was associated with a near quadrupling of blue tit breeding density and a 5-day advancement of breeding phenology. We show that woodland bird species using supplementary food have increasing UK population trends, while species that do not, and/or are outcompeted by blue tits, are likely to be declining. We suggest that the impacts of supplementary feeding are larger and more spatially extensive than currently appreciated and could be disrupting population and ecosystem dynamics.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0962-8452 , 1471-2954
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.0480
    Language: English
    Publisher: The Royal Society
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1460975-7
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  • 8
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    Online Resource
    Killing with kindness: Does widespread generalised provisioning of wildlife help or hinder biodiversity conservation efforts?
    Elsevier BV ; 2021
    In:  Biological Conservation Vol. 261 ( 2021-09), p. 109295-
    Details
    In: Biological Conservation, Elsevier BV, Vol. 261 ( 2021-09), p. 109295-
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0006-3207
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2021.109295
    Language: English
    Publisher: Elsevier BV
    Publication Date: 2021
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    SSG: 23
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  • 9
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    Online Resource
    The importance of multi‐year studies and commercial yield metrics in measuring pollinator dependence ratios: A case study in UK raspberries Rubus idaeus L.
    Wiley ; 2023
    In:  Ecology and Evolution Vol. 13, No. 5 ( 2023-05)
    Details
    In: Ecology and Evolution, Wiley, Vol. 13, No. 5 ( 2023-05)
    Abstract: The benefit of pollinators to crop production is normally calculated using “pollinator dependence ratios,” which reflect the proportion of yield lost (here reported as a value between 0 and 1) in the absence of pollinators; these ratios are quantified experimentally using pollinator exclusion experiments. Pollinator dependence ratio estimates can vary considerably for a single crop, creating large, frequently overlooked, uncertainty in economic valuations of pollinators. The source of this variation is usually unclear. We experimentally measured the pollinator dependence ratio of two UK commercial cultivars of raspberry Rubus idaeus L . , using a range of yield metrics—fruit set, marketable fruit set, fruit weight, and marketable fruit weight—over 3 years (2019–2021), to quantify the effects of yield metric, interannual variation, and cultivar on pollinator dependence ratio estimates. We found a difference in the pollinator dependence ratio for fruit set of 0.71 between 2019 and 2020, showing the importance of carrying out exclusion studies over multiple years. Averaged over multiple years and two cultivars, the dependence ratio was 0.68 measured using marketable fruit set and 0.64 using marketable fruit weight. Imposing a quality threshold (size and shape) below which fruits would not be of commercial value (marketable fruit set/weight) dramatically increased both the pollinator dependence ratio and subsequent economic valuations of pollination service derived from it. Our study shows that, for raspberry, estimates of the pollinator dependence ratio, and therefore, the economic value of insect pollinators, are highly sensitive to the choice of yield metric and can change between years and cultivars. Many economic decisions about pollinator management, at farm, regional and national scales rely on estimates of pollinator dependence. We, therefore, recommend that for estimating pollinator dependence ratios, pollinator exclusion studies are conducted over three or more years and use yield metrics that incorporate quality criteria linked to actual market values and commercial thresholds.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2045-7758 , 2045-7758
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/ece3.v13.5
    DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10044
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2635675-2
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  • 10
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    River dolphins (Inia geoffrensis and Sotalia fluviatilis) in the Peruvian Amazon: habitat preferences and feeding behavior
    Sociedad Latinoamericana de Especialistas en Mamiferos Acuaticos (SOLAMAC) ; 2022
    In:  Latin American Journal of Aquatic Mammals ( 2022-04-12)
    Details
    In: Latin American Journal of Aquatic Mammals, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Especialistas en Mamiferos Acuaticos (SOLAMAC), ( 2022-04-12)
    Abstract: To estimate river dolphin habitat preference through density, as well as which habitats were preferred for feeding in the Pacaya- Samiria National Reserve, surveys were conducted during the high- to low-water season transition, from 2016 to 2018, in the channels, lakes, and confluences of the Samiria River. Both the Amazon river dolphin and tucuxi dolphin showed a preference for the confluences. The wide channel (Amazon: 24.8 dolphins/ km2, tucuxi: 7.6 dolphins/km2) and narrow channel (Amazon: 73.0 dolphins/km2; tucuxi: 6.0 dolphins/km2) also had high dolphin densities, especially for the Amazon river dolphins. In contrast with previous studies, the lakes had the lowest densities of dolphins for both species. High proportions of feeding behavior were observed in the confluence and wide channel habitats. The potentially larger presence of fish in these two habitats is likely the primary reason for the high dolphin densities. The high dolphin densities in the narrow channel, on the other hand, were associated with a low proportion of feeding behavior. Therefore, there are likely separate environmental factors attracting the dolphins, although additional data will be required to determine these factors. The results of this study will continue to help identify potential conservation and management actions by contributing to a better understanding of the ecology of river dolphins and their dependence on various habitats in one of the world’s largest protected flooded forests. 
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2236-1057 , 1676-7497
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5597/lajam00268
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Sociedad Latinoamericana de Especialistas en Mamiferos Acuaticos (SOLAMAC)
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2638984-8
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