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  • 1
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    Cantharis 200c counters heat stress in germinating seeds of Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.
    International Journal of High Dilution Research - IJHDR ; 2021
    In:  International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206 Vol. 17, No. 3-4 ( 2021-07-15), p. 9-19
    Details
    In: International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206, International Journal of High Dilution Research - IJHDR, Vol. 17, No. 3-4 ( 2021-07-15), p. 9-19
    Abstract: Background Thermal stress during early imbibitional phase of germination causes disruption of redox-homeostasis by increasing accumulation of ROS Reactive Oxygen species (assessed in terms of hydrogen peroxide) and significant reduction of antioxidative defense (assessed in terms of catalase and peroxidase) in germinating tissues of cowpea (Vigna ungiculata). It also induces oxidative damage to newly assembled membrane system by aggravating membrane lipid peroxidation [measured in terms of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS)]. Cantharis is a homeopathic remedy used for treating burn injuries in humans. The objective is to see whether potentized Cantharis could ameliorate heat stress in germinating seeds of cowpea. Methodology Seeds, imbibed in water overnight, were divided into four groups (n=50/group): Control I (Water 200c), Control II (Ethanol 200c), treated with Cantharis 200c and untreated and unstressed. Water soaked seeds were dipped in control/drug solution for 5 min and then washed. Control II and Cantharis 200c were diluted with water 1:1000 to minimize the ethanol effect. Except the fourth group, all other groups were subjected to heat stress (450C for 8 hours). All the groups were allowed to germinate for 5 days in germination chamber at 25 ± 20C. Groups 1 and 2 (Control I and II) served as systematic negative controls throughout the experiment. Ten independent replications were performed for each group in parallel. All experiments were randomized and blinded. Results The systematic negative controls (I, II) did not produce any significant effect. The results in terms of germination, growth, soluble sugar, protein, accumulation of reactive oxygen species and loss of membrane permeability clearly exhibit that Cantharis 200c could mitigate heat stress significantly (p
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1982-6206
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.51910/ijhdr.v17i3-4
    DOI: 10.51910/ijhdr.v17i3-4.909
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: International Journal of High Dilution Research - IJHDR
    Publication Date: 2021
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  • 2
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    Extremely Dilution of Strychnos Nux vomica Mitigates Alcohol-Induced Reduction in Enthalpies Associated With Free Water Molecules in a Fish Brain
    International Journal of High Dilution Research - IJHDR ; 2021
    In:  International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206 Vol. 17, No. 3-4 ( 2021-07-15), p. 2-8
    Details
    In: International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206, International Journal of High Dilution Research - IJHDR, Vol. 17, No. 3-4 ( 2021-07-15), p. 2-8
    Abstract: Introduction Alcohol intoxication affects aquaporins in the glial cells of brain resulting in oedema. Nux vomica, a homeopathic drug of plant origin, is known to counteract alcohol effect. The objective of this present study is to find out the level of free water molecules in the brain of a teleost fish under ethanol intoxication. The second objective is to determine whether Nux vomica could restore the level of free water in the alcohol treated fish. Materials and methods One group of fish was exposed to 456 mM ethanol for 30 min, another exposed first to a solution of Nux vomica 200c for 20 min and then to 456 mM ethanol for 30 min. The third group served as an untreated control. The mid brain of each fish was kept in an aluminium sample pan and its free water level was assessed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Results All alcohol treated fish showed significant reduction in the level of free water molecules as compared to the untreated control. Treatment with Nux vomica increased the level of free water in the brain significantly as compared to the untreated alcoholic group. Conclusion Alcohol intoxication reduces free water molecules in the fish brain. Nux vom might have acted on aquaporins in the glial cells thereby increasing the level of free water in the brain.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1982-6206
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.51910/ijhdr.v17i3-4
    DOI: 10.51910/ijhdr.v17i3-4.908
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: International Journal of High Dilution Research - IJHDR
    Publication Date: 2021
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  • 3
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    DSC reveals variation in enthalpy associated with free water molecules in water-ethanol solution exposed to x-rays and magnetic field
    International Journal of High Dilution Research - IJHDR ; 2021
    In:  International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206 Vol. 17, No. 1 ( 2021-07-22), p. 07-07
    Details
    In: International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206, International Journal of High Dilution Research - IJHDR, Vol. 17, No. 1 ( 2021-07-22), p. 07-07
    Abstract: Aqueous ethanol is the standard medium for all drugs used in homeopathy. X-ray and Magnetispoli ambo are 2 homeopathic drugs prepared by exposure of aqueous ethanol to x-rays and static magnetic field, respectively.Mother tinctures (MT)weresuccessively diluted with solvent 1:100 and succussed in several steps to prepare centesimal potencies 8 cH, 14 cH and 32 cH. The solvent was processed in the same way. Although identical in chemical composition (0.03 molar ethanol) and water content (96%) these preparations like the Mother tinctures and three potencies of X-ray and Magnetispoli amboexhibit different therapeutic pathological effects. Potency 8cH of each preparation was diluted with water to reach concentrations 4%, 20%, 40% and 80% ethanol. The aim of the study was to establish whether these potencies exhibited variation in free water molecules. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) of MT and potencies exhibited almost similar freezing and melting points, but they remarkably differed in freezing and melting enthalpy and free water molecules. The various dilutions of potency 8cH exhibited variation in enthalpies and free water molecules, being this variation independent of the amount of water added. We conclude that exposure of aqueous ethanol to x-rays and magnetic field, with subsequent dilution and agitation induces changes in the solvent involving free water molecules. All X-ray and Magnetispoli ambo potencies were analyzed by means of Raman spectroscopy for free water molecules. The results were compared to the ones of DSC, being more or less similar.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1982-6206
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.51910/ijhdr.v17i1
    DOI: 10.51910/ijhdr.v17i1.906
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: International Journal of High Dilution Research - IJHDR
    Publication Date: 2021
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  • 4
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    Vibrational and Raman spectroscopy provide further evidence in support of free OH groups and hydrogen bond strength underlying difference in two more drugs at ultra high dilutions
    International Journal of High Dilution Research - IJHDR ; 2021
    In:  International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206 Vol. 15, No. 3 ( 2021-08-18), p. 2-10
    Details
    In: International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206, International Journal of High Dilution Research - IJHDR, Vol. 15, No. 3 ( 2021-08-18), p. 2-10
    Abstract: Objective: To confirm that free water molecules and hydrogen bond strength of OH groups underlie difference between two homeopathic drugs at ultrahigh dilution (UHD). Method: FTIR and Laser Raman spectra of UHDs of X-ray and Magnetis Poli Ambo were obtained in the wave number regions of 2400-4000 cm-1 and 2400-4200 cm-1, respectively. Mother tincture (MT) were prepared by exposing ethanol water to X-radiation for X-ray and magnetic field for Magnetis. Spectra of the reference water and the three UHDs of Ethanol were also taken. All the samples were in water-ethanol solution in which the ethanol content was 25%. For FTIR the difference spectrum (absorbance of a UHD minus absorbance of reference water) was obtained after normalization of the spectrum at 3410 cm-1. For Raman spectra the intensity ratio at vibration frequencies between 3200 and 3420 cm-1 (R1), and that between 3620 and 3420 cm-1 (R2), were calculated for each UHD. The intensity at 3600 cm-1 in the difference spectra (FTIR) represents the number of free water molecules in UHDs. R2 values in Raman scattering suggest the same thing. Results: The data in both cases follow almost a similar pattern of difference among the UHDs studied here. For example, X-ray: FTIR 14
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1982-6206
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.51910/ijhdr.v15i3
    DOI: 10.51910/ijhdr.v15i3.826
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: International Journal of High Dilution Research - IJHDR
    Publication Date: 2021
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  • 5
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    Free water molecules and hydrogen bonding form the basis of variation in homeopathic potencies as revealed by vibrational spectroscopy
    International Journal of High Dilution Research - IJHDR ; 2021
    In:  International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206 Vol. 14, No. 4 ( 2021-08-25), p. 08-15
    Details
    In: International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206, International Journal of High Dilution Research - IJHDR, Vol. 14, No. 4 ( 2021-08-25), p. 08-15
    Abstract: Objective: Using Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) we have demonstrated that homeopathic potencies of Natrum mur, Cantharis, Nux vomica and Sulphur show differences with respect to the number of free water molecules and strength of hydrogen bonding. The purpose of the present study is to confirm this phenomenon in three potencies of two more drugs Calcarea carb and Silicea. Design: The potencies used for each of the two drugs were 30cH, 200cH and 1000cH. The control was 90% ethanol as also the potentized drugs. The control, as well as the potencies, were diluted with distilled water to reduce the level of ethanol to 0.03 molar fraction in each of them. FTIR spectra of all the potentized drugs, control and sterile distilled water (reference water) were taken in the wave number region of 4000-2800 cm-1. The full width at half maximum (fwhm) of OH band was measured for each spectrum. The width was divided into two in the middle. The difference spectrum (absorbance of drug solution - absorbance of reference water) for each potency and the control was obtained after normalization of the spectrum at 3410 cm-1. One difference spectrum so obtained for a potency was subtracted from another to find out if there is a difference between two different potencies. Results: The half width half maximum (hwhm) in both the high and low-frequency sides of the OH band is far less narrow in potencies than in the control as compared to that in water. The difference spectra for different potencies show different levels of fall in intensity at the wave number region of dip at 3630 cm-1. The level of dip at 3630 cm-1 and subsequent rise in intensity in the lower frequency region represent the quantity of free water molecules and strong alcoholic OH bond around 3250 cm-1, respectively. The results of subtraction between two different potencies are not zero but have marked positive or negative values. Conclusion (i)Potencies have stronger intermolecular interactions and a higher number of chemical environments than the control, as revealed by the data on hwhm. (ii)The three potencies of each of the two drugs show distinct variation in the number of free water molecules and strength of hydrogen bonding. (iii) There exists both inter-drug and inter-potency variation as revealed by the difference spectra and results of subtraction between two difference spectra.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1982-6206
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.51910/ijhdr.v14i4
    DOI: 10.51910/ijhdr.v14i4.766
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: International Journal of High Dilution Research - IJHDR
    Publication Date: 2021
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  • 6
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    Transfer of the effect of potentized Mercuric chloride on α-amylase from one test tube to another through capillary water.
    International Journal of High Dilution Research - IJHDR ; 2021
    In:  International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206 Vol. 14, No. 1 ( 2021-10-24), p. 4-11
    Details
    In: International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206, International Journal of High Dilution Research - IJHDR, Vol. 14, No. 1 ( 2021-10-24), p. 4-11
    Abstract: Objective: In a series of experiments we showed that treatment of a plant or animal with a diluted and agitated substance might affect other plants or animals connected to the former by the capillary water in cotton threads. The aim of the present study was to establish whether drug effect could be transferred in a cell-free medium. Design: Two test tubes, each containing 1 ml of 1% starch solution and 1 ml of α-amylase, were connected by means wet cotton threads encased in a polythene tube. One of the tubes also contained Mercurius corrosivus (Merc-c) 30 cH and the other ethanol solution (control). After 15 min, the enzyme activity was stopped with DNSA, and the breakdown product of starch, maltose, was estimated. A third, separate tube contained all the tested materials except for Merc-c and the control solution. In a second experiment 2 tubes, one containing 1,200 ppm and the other 200 ppm of maltose, were similarly connected over 15 min. Both experiments were repeated 20 times. Results: In the first experiment, the amount of maltose was similar in both connected tubes, but it was significantly lower in the unconnected tube. In the second experiment, maltose concentration in both tubes remained unchanged. Conclusion: The information of Merc-c 30 cH was effectively transferred through capillary water between 2 tubes in cell-free medium. This effect was not due to physical transfer of either solvent or solutes. Water seems to the most probable carrier of information in diluted and agitated solutions. Keywords: Water, alpha amylase, Mercurius corrosivus 30 cH, starch, maltose, high dilutions
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1982-6206
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.51910/ijhdr.v14i1
    DOI: 10.51910/ijhdr.v14i1.758
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: International Journal of High Dilution Research - IJHDR
    Publication Date: 2021
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  • 7
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    Integrated cervical smear screening using liquid based cytology and bioimpedance analysis
    Medknow ; 2014
    In:  Journal of Cytology Vol. 31, No. 4 ( 2014), p. 183-
    Details
    In: Journal of Cytology, Medknow, Vol. 31, No. 4 ( 2014), p. 183-
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0970-9371
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.4103/0970-9371.151127
    Language: English
    Publisher: Medknow
    Publication Date: 2014
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2418980-7
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  • 8
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    Raman spectroscopy reveals distinctive features of drugs at ultra high dilution
    International Journal of High Dilution Research - IJHDR ; 2021
    In:  International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206 Vol. 15, No. 4 ( 2021-08-18), p. 39-40
    Details
    In: International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206, International Journal of High Dilution Research - IJHDR, Vol. 15, No. 4 ( 2021-08-18), p. 39-40
    Abstract: Background             Drugs at ultra high dilution (UHD) have been used in homeopathy for a couple of centuries. The central theme in homeopathic Materia Medica is that each drug has its own distinctive features which need to be matched with the symptoms of a patient for eliciting therapeutic response. However, UHD’s very often (above 12 cH) cross the Avogadro number, and are, therefore, devoid of original drug molecules. How do they maintain their individual identity ? This study aims to address this pertinent question.   Objective :             The medium of UHD’s is ethanol water. It is thought that water structures in a UHD carry the identity of the drug and its rank of dilution. The objective is to decipher the exact nature of water structure in UHD’s of different drugs by laser Raman spectroscopy.   Method :             Six homeopathic drugs and their control ethanol, all in 90% ethanol v/v, were used in the study. For Sulphur and Natrum mur, potencies used were 30 cH, 200 cH and 1000 cH, and for Calcarea carb and Sepia  the potencies were 8 cH, 202 cH and 1002 cH. In addition to the four drugs we also used X-ray and Magnetis poli ambo which did not originate from any substance by exposure of ethanol water to X radiation and strong magnetic field.For this we could use their mother tinctures as well as ultrahigh dilutions(potencies) like 8cH, 14cH and 32cH. The potencies used for ethanol control were 8 cH, 14cH, 32cH and 20 cH. Raman spectra of all the potencies of 6 drugs, ethanol control and pure water were taken in the wave number region of 2400-4200 cm-1. All the samples were reduced to 25% ethanol by adding appropriate volume of water to each of them before taking the spectra. The mother tinctures MT of X-ray and Magnetis were studied. The intensity ratio of vibration frequencies between 3200 cm-1 and 3420 cm-1 (R1) and that between 3620 cm-1 and 3420 cm-1 (R2) were calculated for each UHD of the samples.   Results : All the UHD’s of the drugs and the control tested show difference in intensities in the stretching vibrations of CH and OH groups. The three UHD’s from low to high ranks of both Natrum mur and Sulphur show negative relationship with respect to R1 values, and positive one concerning  R2 values. R1 values for 3 UHD’s of Calcarea carb and Sepia show negative and positive relationships, respectively. In case of R2 values the relationship in 3 UHD’s is 81002 for Calcarea carb, and 8 〉 202
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1982-6206
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.51910/ijhdr.v15i4
    DOI: 10.51910/ijhdr.v15i4.866
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: International Journal of High Dilution Research - IJHDR
    Publication Date: 2021
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  • 9
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    Raman spectroscopy reveals variation in free OH groups and hydrogen bond strength in ultrahigh dilutions
    International Journal of High Dilution Research - IJHDR ; 2021
    In:  International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206 Vol. 15, No. 2 ( 2021-08-18), p. 2-9
    Details
    In: International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206, International Journal of High Dilution Research - IJHDR, Vol. 15, No. 2 ( 2021-08-18), p. 2-9
    Abstract: Objective: To decipher the nature of water structure in two ultrahigh diluted (UHD) homeopathic drugs by Laser Raman Spectroscopy. Method: Two homeopathic drugs Calcarea carbonica (Calc.) and Sepia officinalis (Sep.) in 8cH, 202cH, and 1002cH and their diluent medium 90% ethanol in 8cH and 202cH were used in the present study. Laser Raman spectra of all the samples were obtained in the wave number region of 2400 – 4200 cm-1. The intensity ratio at vibration frequencies between 3200 and 3420 (R1) and that between 3620 and 3420 (R2) were calculated for each UHD of the samples. Results: The spectra show a marked difference in intensities in the stretching vibrations of CH and OH groups of all the samples. R1 values for three UHDs of Calc. and Sep. show negative and positive relationships, respectively. In the case of R2 values, the relationship in three UHDs is 81002 for Calc., and 8 〉 202 〈 1002 for Sep. In the case of control (ethanol UHDs) both R1 and R2 show a negative relationship. Conclusion: R1 denotes a relative number of OH groups with strong and weak hydrogen bonds. R2 indicates the relative number of OH groups with broken and weak H-bonds. Therefore, the UHDs of the two drugs and the control are different from each other with respect to hydrogen bond strength of OH groups and the number of free OH groups or non-hydrogen bonded water molecules.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1982-6206
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.51910/ijhdr.v15i2
    DOI: 10.51910/ijhdr.v15i2.819
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: International Journal of High Dilution Research - IJHDR
    Publication Date: 2021
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  • 10
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    Transmission of the effect of Mercurius corrosivus 30 CH on ï¡-amylase in cell free medium through water.
    International Journal of High Dilution Research - IJHDR ; 2021
    In:  International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206 Vol. 13, No. 47 ( 2021-11-30), p. 117-118
    Details
    In: International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206, International Journal of High Dilution Research - IJHDR, Vol. 13, No. 47 ( 2021-11-30), p. 117-118
    Abstract: Abstract Background Mercurius corrosivus 30CH promoted ï¡-amylase activity in a cell free medium invitro. ï¡-amylase causes hydrolysis of starch. The activity of the enzyme is measured in terms of the amount of maltose liberated due to breakdown of starch. In a number of experimental studies it has been demonstrated that the effect of homeopathic potency would be transmitted from one plant to another through water. Here one leaf of a pair of plants was dipped in water in a beaker. The two beakers were connected by a water filled polythene tube. The effect of treatment of one plant with homeopathic potency would be observed in the directly treated plant as well as the connected plant. Two groups of toads were kept in water in two different containers. The two containers were connected by a water filled polythene tube. The effect of treatment of one group of toads with homeopathic potency would be observed in both the directly treated group as well as the connected group. Objectives The purpose of the present study is to see whether the effect of Mercurius corrosivus 30 CH on ï¡-amylase in one test tube would be transmitted to another test tube connected with the former by water filled capillary tube. Methods Mercurius corrosivus 30 CH was diluted with distilled water (1:100). Two hard glass test tubes each containing ï¡-amylase were connected with a water filled capillary tube while one test tube received Mercurius corrosivus 30CH solution, the other only the control solution. The control solution consisted of equal amount of 90% ethanol diluted with water (1:100).There were two more test tubes, one containing same amount of distilled water instead of Mercurius corrosivus 30 CH solution and the other test tube the same amount of 90% ethanol (1:100) as in the control set. After 10 mins starch solution in Sodium acetate buffer was added to each test tube. The enzyme in each test tube was allowed to react with starch for 15 mins and then it was stopped by DNSA (Dinitro salicylic acid) solution .The activity of ï¡-amylase was measured by standard biochemical process. The breakdown product maltose in each test tube was quantified by a standard curve prepared by measuring the optical density of the maltose solution at 560 nm in a UV-VIS Spectrophotometer. This experiment was repeated 20 times. Results Activity of ï¡-amylase was expressed in terms of the amount of maltose liberated from breakdown of starch with standard errors in 15mins at a fixed temperature. The data were analyzed statistically using t-test. Mercurius corrosivus 30 CH enhanced the enzyme activity significantly in the directly treated test tube as well as the connected one (p
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1982-6206
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.51910/ijhdr.v13i47
    DOI: 10.51910/ijhdr.v13i47.731
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: International Journal of High Dilution Research - IJHDR
    Publication Date: 2021
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