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  • 1
    In: Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy, SAGE Publications, Vol. 33, No. 11 ( 2015-11), p. 962-974
    Abstract: Since the need for raw materials in countries undergoing industrialisation (like China) is rising, the availability of metal and fossil fuel energy resources (like ores or coal) has changed in recent years. Landfill sites can contain considerable amounts of recyclables and energy-recoverable materials, therefore, landfill mining is an option for exploiting dumped secondary raw materials, saving primary sources. For the purposes of this article, two sanitary landfill sites have been chosen for obtaining actual data to determine the resource potential of Austrian landfills. To evaluate how pretreating waste before disposal affects the resource potential of landfills, the first landfill site has been selected because it has received untreated waste, whereas mechanically–biologically treated waste was dumped in the second. The scope of this investigation comprised: (1) waste characterisation by sorting analyses of recovered waste; and (2) chemical analyses of specific waste fractions for quality assessment regarding potential energy recovery by using it as solid recovered fuels. The content of eight heavy metals and the net calorific values were determined for the chemical characterisation tests.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0734-242X , 1096-3669
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2015
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1480483-9
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 46937-3
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    SAGE Publications ; 2021
    In:  Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy Vol. 39, No. 5 ( 2021-05), p. 731-743
    In: Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy, SAGE Publications, Vol. 39, No. 5 ( 2021-05), p. 731-743
    Abstract: The recycling of source separated polyolefins (POs) (e.g., light weight packaging waste) is already state of the art. Therefore, further plastic materials contained in mixed wastes have become more important due to increasing legal pressure. Mixed commercial and municipal solid wastes contain large quantities of POs. These mixed wastes would usually be treated in waste incinerators or processed to refuse-derived fuel for cement plants. Large-scale experiments were conducted to assess the potential of such POs from these waste streams for recycling processes. The potential and applicability of a dry-mechanical and subsequently wet-mechanical (Wet-mechanical) processing with the aim of generating a PO concentrate for chemical recycling purposes was assessed. These investigations’ focus was put on the centrifugal force separator technology as the core element of Wet-mechanical processing. In addition to the input material, all output materials and process water streams were chemically and physically characterized to estimate potential treatment or recycling paths. Results demonstrate that a two-stage purification is necessary to produce POs with sufficient purity out of both wastes. Chlorine and heavy metal levels are simultaneously reduced. The increased quantity of impurities only slightly changes the density of the process waters. Process water analyses show that wastewater treatment is necessary before discharge into a receiving water or sewage treatment plant. The sediment does not fulfil any hazard-relevant properties, and different thermal treatment options are possible.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0734-242X , 1096-3669
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1480483-9
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 46937-3
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    SAGE Publications ; 2023
    In:  Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy
    In: Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy, SAGE Publications
    Abstract: With global municipal solid waste generation increasing steadily, the importance of high-quality, environmentally friendly waste valorization methods is rising, too. Most countries have set themselves ambitious recycling goals and follow a waste hierarchy in which recycling is more preferable than energy recovery. This article focuses on a waste treatment option that already is an integral part of waste management in some countries and enables the simultaneous recovery of energy and mineral constituents: the production of solid recovered fuels (SRFs) from mixed municipal and commercial waste and their use in the cement industry is often referred to as co-processing. The state of the art of SRF production is described and the first comprehensive dataset for SRF samples including major constituents, heavy metal and metalloid contents, energy- and CO 2 -emission-relevant parameters, ash constituents and the material-recyclable share of SRF is presented. Additionally, a comparison with fossil fuels is given. It is concluded that SRF from state-of-the-art production plants complies with strict limit values for heavy metals, has an average biogenic carbon content of 60%, and its application in the cement industry can be considered as partial recycling (14.5%) and partial energy recovery (85.5%). Leaving no residues to be dealt with, co-processing of waste in the cement industry therefore offers many benefits and can support the shift from a linear to a circular economy.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0734-242X , 1096-3669
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1480483-9
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 46937-3
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Elsevier BV ; 2022
    In:  Journal of Environmental Management Vol. 301 ( 2022-01), p. 113878-
    In: Journal of Environmental Management, Elsevier BV, Vol. 301 ( 2022-01), p. 113878-
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0301-4797
    Language: English
    Publisher: Elsevier BV
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1469206-5
    SSG: 12
    SSG: 14
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    SAGE Publications ; 2012
    In:  Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy Vol. 30, No. 4 ( 2012-04), p. 370-380
    In: Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy, SAGE Publications, Vol. 30, No. 4 ( 2012-04), p. 370-380
    Abstract: This contribution describes the processing and the quality assurance of solid recovered fuel (SRF) that is increasingly used in a wide range of co-incineration plants. As an example, the preparation of municipal, commercial and industrial wastes for recovering of two different specifications of waste fuels (i.e. primary burner fuel and hot disc fuel used in cement industry) is reported and the multiple stage processing scheme used in SRF production is presented as well as the quality of SRF obtained. It will be shown, that removing of metals and sorting out of unwanted inert materials like stones, glass and concrete only after disintegration of the waste matrix during several crushing and separation steps can be carried out efficiently. In the following chapters, the quality assurance of SRF is demonstrated and described by using two different scenarios (i.e. different sizes of waste streams with different particle sizes, delivered to a cement plant by walking floor trucks). Based on CEN/TS-guidelines for SRF as well as national norms (ÖNORM), two sampling procedures and sample preparation schemes are elaborated for the scenarios and own practical experiences in quality assessment of heterogeneous waste fuels are reported. Finally, references are given on new, innovative laboratory equipment like cutting mills with attached cyclones and a mobile, hand-sized XRF-instrument for fast identification of extraneous materials removed from the laboratory sample prior to chemical analysis.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0734-242X , 1096-3669
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2012
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1480483-9
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 46937-3
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    SAGE Publications ; 2014
    In:  Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy Vol. 32, No. 9_suppl ( 2014-09), p. 48-58
    In: Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy, SAGE Publications, Vol. 32, No. 9_suppl ( 2014-09), p. 48-58
    Abstract: For the first time, basic technical and economic studies for landfill mining are being carried out in Austria on the basis of a pilot project. An important goal of these studies is the collection of elementary data as the basis for an integrated ecological and economic assessment of landfill mining projects with regard to their feasibility. For this purpose, economic, ecological, technical, organizational, as well as political and legal influencing factors are identified and extensively studied in the article. An important aspect is the mutual influence of the factors on each other, as this can significantly affect the development of an integrated assessment system. In addition to the influencing factors, the definition of the spatial and temporal system boundaries is crucial for further investigations. Among others, the quality and quantity of recovered waste materials, temporal fluctuations or developments in prices of secondary raw material and fuels attainable in the markets, and time and duration of dumping, play a crucial role. Based on the investigations, the spatial system boundary is defined in as much as all the necessary process steps, from landfill mining, preparing and sorting to providing a marketable material/product by the landfill operator, are taken into account. No general accepted definition can be made for the temporal system boundary because the different time-related influencing factors necessitate an individual project-specific determination and adaptation to the facts of the on-site landfill mining project.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0734-242X , 1096-3669
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2014
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1480483-9
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 46937-3
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  • 7
    In: Detritus, Eurowaste SRL, , No. 9 ( 2019-12-6), p. 125-137
    Abstract: The production of Solid Recovered Fuel (SRF) and related energy recovery in the European cement industry represents the state of the art in waste management, having evolved into a highly important part of a sustainable and circular economy. This paper describes the production and quality of eight Solid Recovered Fuels (SRF) of PREMIUM quality that are produced from Municipal (Mixed) and selected Commercial Wastes (i.e. Bulky and Lightweight Fraction from Plastic Sorting Plants) in three types of treatment plants located in four European countries, namely Austria, Croatia, Slovenia and Slovakia. The investigated SRF PREMIUM Quality was produced in three different Plant Types applying various process technologies. All three types have been investigated and are described in detail (i.e. flow sheet). Eight SRF PREMIUM Qualities have been comprehensively investigated by sorting, sieving, and physical-chemical analyses. Analyses performed are in accordance with (inter)national standards (i.e. Austrian “ÖNORM”, European “EN” standards and CEN TC 343 guidelines). The results gained show that all investigated SRF fulfil the Austrian quality requirements for heavy metals before co-incineration in the cement industry and it can be confirmed that SRF produced in the investigated plants in Austria, Croatia, Slovenia and Slovakia in fact may be declared as “SRF PREMIUM Quality” that can be used for energy recovery on the European SRF market and utilized in the European cement industry.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2611-4135
    Language: English
    Publisher: Eurowaste SRL
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2926085-1
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Elsevier BV ; 2021
    In:  Waste Management Vol. 119 ( 2021-01), p. 162-171
    In: Waste Management, Elsevier BV, Vol. 119 ( 2021-01), p. 162-171
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0956-053X
    Language: English
    Publisher: Elsevier BV
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2001471-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1000455-5
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Processes Vol. 9, No. 5 ( 2021-04-27), p. 764-
    In: Processes, MDPI AG, Vol. 9, No. 5 ( 2021-04-27), p. 764-
    Abstract: ReWaste4.0 is an innovative and cooperative K-Project in the period 2017–2021. Through ReWaste4.0 the transformation of the non-hazardous mixed municipal and commercial waste treatment industry towards a circular economy has started by investigating and applying the new approaches of the Industry 4.0. Vision of the ReWaste4.0 is, among others, the development of treatment plants for non-hazardous waste into a “Smart Waste Factory” in which a digital communication and interconnection between material quality and machine as well as plant performance is reached. After four years of research and development, various results have been gained and the present review article summarizes, links and discuss the outputs (especially from peer-reviewed papers) of seven sub-projects, in total, within the K-project and discusses the main findings and their relevance and importance for further development of the waste treatment sector. Results are allocated into three areas, namely: contaminants in mixed waste and technical possibilities for their reduction as well as removal; secondary raw and energy materials in mixed waste and digitalization in waste characterization and treatment processes for mixed waste. The research conducted in ReWaste4.0 will be continued in ReWaste F for further development towards a particle-, sensor- and data-based circular economy in the period 2021–2025.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2227-9717
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2720994-5
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    SAGE Publications ; 2016
    In:  Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy Vol. 34, No. 11 ( 2016-11), p. 1157-1163
    In: Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy, SAGE Publications, Vol. 34, No. 11 ( 2016-11), p. 1157-1163
    Abstract: In Austria, the first basic technological and economic examinations of mass-waste landfills with the purpose to recover secondary raw materials have been carried out by the ‘LAMIS – Landfill Mining Österreich’ pilot project. A main focus of its research, and the subject of this article, is the first conceptual design of a comprehensive assessment method for landfill mining plans, including not only monetary factors (like costs and proceeds) but also non-monetary ones, such as the concerns of adjoining owners or the environmental impact. Detailed reviews of references, the identification of influences and system boundaries to be included in planning landfill mining, several expert workshops and talks with landfill operators have been performed followed by a division of the whole assessment method into preliminary and main assessment. Preliminary assessment is carried out with a questionnaire to rate juridical feasibility, the risk and the expenditure of a landfill mining project. The results of this questionnaire are compiled in a portfolio chart that is used to recommend, or not, further assessment. If a detailed main assessment is recommended, defined economic criteria are rated by net present value calculations, while ecological and socio-economic criteria are examined in a utility analysis and then transferred into a utility-net present value chart. If this chart does not support making a definite statement on the feasibility of the project, the results must be further examined in a cost-effectiveness analysis. Here, the benefit of the particular landfill mining project per capital unit (utility-net present value ratio) is determined to make a final distinct statement on the general benefit of a landfill mining project.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0734-242X , 1096-3669
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2016
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1480483-9
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 46937-3
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