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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The hare, the tortoise and the crocodile: the ecology of angiosperm dominance, conifer persistence and fern filtering
    Wiley ; 2005
    In:  Journal of Ecology Vol. 93, No. 5 ( 2005-10), p. 918-935
    Details
    In: Journal of Ecology, Wiley, Vol. 93, No. 5 ( 2005-10), p. 918-935
    Abstract: Angiosperm trees often dominate forests growing in resource‐rich habitats, whereas conifers are generally restricted to less productive habitats. It has been suggested that conifers may be displaced by angiosperms except where competition is less intense, because conifer seedlings are inherently slow growing, and are outpaced by faster‐growing angiosperm species. Here we investigate whether competition with ferns and deeply shading trees also contributes to a failure of conifers to regenerate in resource‐rich habitats. We examined how changes in soil nutrient availability and drainage affected vegetation along the retrogressive stages of a soil chronosequence in southern New Zealand. Vegetation composition shifted from angiosperm‐tree dominance on ‘recent’ alluvial terraces ( 〈  24 ky), via coniferous‐tree dominance on older marine terraces (79–121 ky), to coniferous‐shrub dominance on the oldest marine terraces (291 ky). Soil drainage deteriorated along the sequence, and N : P leaves and N : P soil indicate increasing P‐limitation. Conifer species appear to be adapted to persistence on infertile and poorly drained soils. The floor of the relatively fertile alluvial forests was deeply shaded (∼1% light transmission) by dense groves of tree‐ferns and ground‐ferns, and by large‐leaved subcanopy trees. Few seedlings of any type were found on the forest floor, even in tree‐fall gaps, and establishment was restricted to rotting logs and tree‐fern trunks. Angiosperms were particularly successful at colonizing these raised surfaces. Less shade was cast by the conifer‐dominated forests on infertile marine terraces (∼5% light transmission), which lacked tall ferns. There were many opportunities for conifer establishment, with high seedling densities recorded on the forest floor and on logs. By contrast, angiosperm seedlings were mainly restricted to logs. Our results suggest that several mechanisms act in concert to reduce regeneration opportunities for conifers in productive habitats. In particular, we suggest that tall ferns and deep shade are responsible for a restriction of regeneration opportunities in relatively productive forests in New Zealand, diminishing the opportunities for conifers to escape the competitive effects of fast‐growing angiosperms. Thus ‘crocodiles’ may alter the outcome of the race between ‘hares’ and ‘tortoises’.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-0477 , 1365-2745
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/jec.2005.93.issue-5
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2745.2005.01012.x
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2005
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  • 2
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    Exploring patterns of female house mouse spatial organisation among outbreaking and stable populations
    Wiley ; 2024
    In:  Ecology and Evolution Vol. 14, No. 3 ( 2024-03)
    Details
    In: Ecology and Evolution, Wiley, Vol. 14, No. 3 ( 2024-03)
    Abstract: The size and distribution of home ranges reflect how individuals within a population use, defend, and share space and resources, and may thus be an important predictor of population‐level dynamics. Eruptive species, such as the house mouse in Australian grain‐growing regions, are an ideal species in which to investigate variations in space use and home range overlap between stable and outbreaking populations. In this study, we use spatially explicit capture–recapture models to explore if space use and home range overlap among female mice could serve as indicators of changes in population density leading into summer. Additionally, we assess the sensitivity of space use and home range estimates to reduced recapture rates. Our analysis did not reveal variations in the spring spatial organisation of female mice based on existing capture–mark–recapture data. However, our study highlights the need to balance monitoring efforts within regions, emphasising the importance of exploring studies that can improve spatial recaptures by optimising trapping efforts. This is particularly important in Australian agricultural systems, where varying farm management practices may drive differences in population dynamics.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2045-7758 , 2045-7758
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/ece3.v14.3
    DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10843
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2024
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2635675-2
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  • 3
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    Century‐scale effects of invasive deer and rodents on the dynamics of forests growing on soils of contrasting fertility
    Wiley ; 2015
    In:  Ecological Monographs Vol. 85, No. 2 ( 2015-05), p. 157-180
    Details
    In: Ecological Monographs, Wiley, Vol. 85, No. 2 ( 2015-05), p. 157-180
    Abstract: Understanding the long‐term impacts of invasive mammalian browsers and granivores in mixed forests is difficult due to the many processes potentially affecting the demography of long‐lived trees. We constructed individual‐based spatially explicit simulation models of two mixed conifer–angiosperm forests, growing on soils of contrasting phosphorus (P) availability, to investigate how browsing by invasive red deer ( Cervus elaphus scoticus ) and granivory by invasive rodents (primarily house mouse Mus musculus ) might alter forest dynamics. Models were parameterized with field data. Seedling growth and survival rates were estimated inside and outside deer exclosures. Seed predation rates were estimated at high and low rodent densities in mast and non‐mast seeding years. For the alluvial terrace forest, which grew on P‐rich soil, our model contained 15 tree species dominated by angiosperms; our model of the P‐poor marine terrace forest contained seven species dominated by conifers. The two forest models were used to explore four 500‐year scenarios: deer and rodents present, deer present and rodents absent, deer absent and rodents present, and deer and rodents absent. Our field studies revealed that the highest probabilities of seed predation by rodents occurred for two canopy species in mast years and in neighborhoods of high species‐specific basal area, and that deer browsing had the greatest negative effects on the growth and survival rates of angiosperm seedlings. Our simulation models predicted that the presence of deer and rodents would reduce the abundances of canopy codominants, and hence total basal area, in the alluvial terrace forest. The presence of deer increased the dominance of conifers in both forests, but effects of deer and rodents were much stronger in the alluvial terrace forest. Our study revealed two emergent properties. First, rodent‐ and deer‐induced reductions in seedling abundances did not always translate into reduced sapling and adult tree abundances. Second, when deer changed the abundance of a canopy dominant, other species were affected by altered interspecific competition. We conclude that the effects of invasive deer and rodents will be greatest in forests growing on P‐rich soils. Exclusion of deer is predicted to have greater long‐term effects on forest dynamics than exclusion of rodents.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0012-9615 , 1557-7015
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1890/14-0389.1
    DOI: 10.1890/14-0389.1.sm
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2015
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  • 4
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    Episodic outbreaks of small mammals influence predator community dynamics in an east African savanna ecosystem
    Wiley ; 2014
    In:  Oikos Vol. 123, No. 8 ( 2014-08), p. 1014-1024
    Details
    In: Oikos, Wiley, Vol. 123, No. 8 ( 2014-08), p. 1014-1024
    Abstract: Little is known about the dynamics of small mammals in tropical savanna: a critical gap in our understanding of Africa's best known ecosystems. Historical evidence suggested small mammals peak in abundance (outbreak) in Serengeti National Park (SNP), as in agricultural systems. We asked 1) what are bottom–up drivers of small mammals and 2) do predators have top–down effects? We documented dynamics of small mammals, birds of prey, and mammalian carnivores in SNP and agricultural areas. We used climatic fluctuations and differences between unmodified and agricultural systems as perturbations to examine trophic processes, key to understanding responses to climate change and increasing human pressures. Data were derived from intermittent measures of abundance collected 1968–1999, combined with systematic sampling 2000–2010 to construct a 42‐year time series. Data on abundance of black‐shouldered kites (1968–2010), eight other species of rodent‐eating birds (1997–2010), and 10 carnivore species (1993–2010) were also collated. Outbreaks occurred every 3–5 years in SNP, with low or zero abundance between peaks. There was a positive relationship between rainfall in the wet season and 1) small mammal abundance and 2) the probability of an outbreak, both of which increased with negative Southern Oscillation Index values. Rodent‐eating birds and carnivores peaked 6–12 months after small mammals. In agricultural areas, abundance remained higher than in natural habitats. Abundances of birds of prey and mammalian carnivores were extremely low in these areas and not related to small mammal abundance. Small mammals are an important food resource for higher trophic levels in the Serengeti ecosystem. Changes in climate and land use may alter their future dynamics, with cascading consequences for higher trophic levels, including threatened carnivores. Although outbreaks cause substantial damage to crops in agricultural areas, small mammals also play a vital role in maintaining some of the diversity and complexity found in African savanna ecosystems.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0030-1299 , 1600-0706
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/more.2014.123.issue-8
    DOI: 10.1111/oik.00962
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2014
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  • 5
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    Anthropogenic stressors influence small mammal communities in tropical East African savanna at multiple spatial scales
    CSIRO Publishing ; 2015
    In:  Wildlife Research Vol. 42, No. 2 ( 2015), p. 119-
    Details
    In: Wildlife Research, CSIRO Publishing, Vol. 42, No. 2 ( 2015), p. 119-
    Abstract: Context Protection of natural ecosystems undoubtedly safeguards ecological communities, with positive benefits for ecosystem processes and function. However, ecosystems are under threat from anthropogenic stressors that reduce the resilience both of component species and the system as a whole. Aims To determine how anthropogenic stressors (land use and climate change) could impact the diversity and resilience of a small mammal community in the greater Serengeti ecosystem, an East African savanna comprising Serengeti National Park (SNP) and adjacent agro-ecosystems, at local (SNP) and Africa-wide geographic scales. Methods We recorded small mammal species in 10 habitats in the greater Serengeti ecosystem, including the agro-ecosystem, over 48 years (1962–2010). We calculated richness and diversity for each habitat type, and used an index of similarity to quantify differences in the community among habitats. Species accumulation curves were also generated for each habitat type. Key results We recorded 40 species of small mammals in the greater Serengeti ecosystem. At the local scale, restricted habitat types in SNP (each 〈 1% of the total area) made a disproportionately large contribution to diversity. Agro-ecosystems had lower richness and were less likely to contain specialist species. At regional and Africa-wide scales, local endemics were less likely to be recorded in the agro-ecosystem (57% species loss) compared with those with regional (33% loss) or Africa-wide (31%) geographic distributions. Conclusions At the local scale, the variety of habitats in SNP contributed to overall diversity. However, the ability to maintain this diversity in the adjacent agro-ecosystem was compromised for localised endemics compared with species with Africa-wide ranges. Land use intensification adjacent to SNP and projected changes in rainfall patterns for East Africa under global climate scenarios may compromise the future resilience of the small mammal community in this tropical savanna ecosystem. Implications The loss of rare or specialised species from protected areas and human-modified ecosystems could be mitigated by: (1) increasing habitat complexity and maintaining specialist habitats in the agro-ecosystem; and (2) creating buffers at the boundary of protected natural ecosystems that accommodate regime shifts in response to climatic change. These measures would increase the resilience of this coupled human–natural savanna ecosystem.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1035-3712
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1071/WR14223
    Language: English
    Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
    Publication Date: 2015
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  • 6
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    It’s a trap: effective methods for monitoring house mouse populations in grain-growing regions of south-eastern Australia
    CSIRO Publishing ; 2022
    In:  Wildlife Research Vol. 49, No. 4 ( 2022-2-14), p. 347-359
    Details
    In: Wildlife Research, CSIRO Publishing, Vol. 49, No. 4 ( 2022-2-14), p. 347-359
    Abstract: Abstract Context Wild house mice cause substantial economic damage to grain crops in Australia, particularly during mouse plagues. Populations were monitored to detect changes in abundance, with data from surveys used in models to forecast likely mouse outbreaks. However, it is not always feasible to use live-trapping (the ‘gold standard’) for assessing mouse abundance at a large number of monitoring sites spread across south-eastern Australia. A range of alternative methods was tried to assist the grains industry with strategic decisions to reduce crop damage. Aims The aim of this work was to determine which survey methods could provide useful and effective indexes of mouse abundance across a large area. Methods Monitoring of mouse populations was conducted at representative grain farms by using (1) live-trapping at long-term ‘benchmark’ sites (n = 2), and (2) mouse chew cards and active burrow counts at ‘rapid-assessment’ sites (n = 44 farms across 5 regions). Monitoring was conducted for 22 monitoring sessions over 7.5 years through low, medium and high mouse abundance conditions. Key results Live-trapping provided the most useful, but most resource-intensive, information. There were strong relationships between the index of mouse abundance from live-trapping with mouse chew cards and active burrow counts at a local (explaining 63% and 71% of variation respectively) and regional (explaining 71% and 81% of variation respectively) scales. The same quantitative relationship held between the mouse chew cards and trapping regardless of season and year. However, the relationship between active burrow counts and trapping was best in winter and autumn seasons. There was a strong relationship between mouse abundance from live-trapping and active burrows across 1 ha grids (R2 = 0.88). We determined there were 1.3 ± 0.2 (mean ± s.e.) mice per active burrow. Conclusions Live-trapping supplemented with data from chew cards and active burrows remains sufficient to monitor a wide range of sites to show regional trends. Implications It is likely that live-trapping will need to be used for the foreseeable future to provide useful parameters such as breeding condition and population abundance that are required for the forecast models. Supplementary monitoring at rapid-assessment sites (using chew cards in all seasons and active burrow counts particularly in autumn and winter), that can be collected easily without the need for animal handling, will provide additional indications of region-specific changes in mouse abundance and activity.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1035-3712 , 1448-5494
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1071/WR21076
    Language: English
    Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
    Publication Date: 2022
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  • 7
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    Improved house mouse control in the field with a higher dose zinc phosphide bait
    CSIRO Publishing ; 2022
    In:  Wildlife Research Vol. 50, No. 5 ( 2022-7-18), p. 335-343
    Details
    In: Wildlife Research, CSIRO Publishing, Vol. 50, No. 5 ( 2022-7-18), p. 335-343
    Abstract: Context Recent studies have shown that the sensitivity of wild house mice to zinc phosphide (ZnP) in Australia is significantly lower than previously assumed, which may account for the reported variability in efficacy of ZnP baits used for broadacre control of house mice in grain-growing regions. Under laboratory conditions ZnP-coated grains with a new higher dose (50 g ZnP/kg grain) were readily consumed but the efficacy of using grains with this higher dose under natural field conditions has not been tested. Aims To test whether the newly derived ZnP50 (50 g ZnP/kg grain) was more effective under field conditions than the currently registered ZnP25 (25 g ZnP/kg grain) in reducing populations of house mice during a mouse population irruption. Methods We used a before–after-control–impact (BACI) design to assess changes in mouse population size under different baiting treatments in a replicated field trial. We assessed changes in mouse abundance in recently sown paddocks with either ZnP50 (n = 3) or ZnP25 (n = 3) compared with unbaited control sites (n = 3). Key results Baiting with ZnP50 led to a median reduction in mouse numbers of 〉 85%. Our modelling showed that under similar circumstances, using the ZnP50 formulation should deliver 〉 80% reduction in population size most ( 〉 90%) of the time. In contrast, the current registered bait (ZnP25) achieved approximately 70% reduction in population size, but with more variable results. We would be confident of getting an 80% reduction in population size only 20% of the time by using the currently registered ZnP25 bait under similar field conditions. Conclusions Consistent with laboratory studies, this study demonstrated the higher probability of achieving a consistently high kill rate under field conditions with the new ZnP50 bait compared with the currently registered formulation (ZnP25). Implications By using the new ZnP50 bait, farmers are far more likely to get good kill rates, thereby reducing the need for repeated baiting (which is costly and generally ineffective at protecting newly sown crops). Using the new bait should result in lower control costs for farmers and fewer toxic grains being spread to control mice.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1035-3712 , 1448-5494
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1071/WR22009
    Language: English
    Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
    Publication Date: 2022
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  • 8
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    Improving radio transmitter attachment methods for small mammals through captive trials and field studies
    CSIRO Publishing ; 2023
    In:  Australian Mammalogy Vol. 46, No. 1 ( 2023-7-18)
    Details
    In: Australian Mammalogy, CSIRO Publishing, Vol. 46, No. 1 ( 2023-7-18)
    Abstract: Radio tracking can be used to collect information about animal movement, home range, behaviour and habitat use. Many field studies have fitted radio transmitters to small rodents using permanent nylon cable tie collars and successfully collected movement and fate data. The approach to animal welfare within the context of scientific research prioritises minimising adverse effects on the research animals. Although a range of electronically activated release mechanisms exist in radio tracking collars for larger mammals, weight and size restrictions make these unsuitable for smaller animals ( 〈 30 g). Our aim was to identify a radio transmitter model and attachment method of an appropriate size and weight that would remain attached to a house mouse (Mus musculus) for 〉 20 days to collect movement data – and then detach or show signs of detaching after 30 days. Laboratory and field trials identified that a cable tie collar with a cotton thread weak-link and customised radio transmitter was suitable for wild house mice in cropping paddocks. Glue-on methods did not stay attached for long enough to obtain more than a few days of tracking data.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0310-0049 , 1836-7402
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1071/AM23007
    Language: English
    Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
    Publication Date: 2023
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  • 9
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    Background food influences rate of encounter and efficacy of rodenticides in wild house mice
    Wiley ; 2024
    In:  Journal of Applied Ecology Vol. 61, No. 7 ( 2024-07), p. 1626-1637
    Details
    In: Journal of Applied Ecology, Wiley, Vol. 61, No. 7 ( 2024-07), p. 1626-1637
    Abstract: Baiting is widely used in wildlife management for various purposes, including lethal control, fertility control, disease and parasite control, and conditioned aversion programs for many invasive vertebrate species. The efficacy of baiting programs relies on the likelihood that target animals will encounter the bait, consume it and receive an appropriate dose of the active ingredient. However, there has been little focus on encounter rate of toxic baits combined with behavioural aversion, which are likely to be significant factors affecting efficacy. Following optimal foraging theory, the likelihood of an animal encountering and consuming a toxic grain bait should increase in proportion to its availability relative to background food quantity if it is neither more or less detectable or palatable. Furthermore, the probability of consuming toxic baits might also be influenced by bait aversion following ingestion of a non‐lethal dose of toxin. Using a model system of wild house mice ( Mus musculus L.) in mouse‐proof enclosures in Australia, we manipulated background food, applied zinc phosphide (Zn 3 P 2 ) baits and measured mouse mortality. When background food was scarce, mouse mortality was high, whereas an increasing abundance of background food led to reduced mortality. A scenario modelling random encounters and including bait aversion explained 78% of the variation in observed mortality outcomes and achieved a closer fit to the data than modelling random encounters alone. Mortality rates were predicted to be higher with a higher strength bait, which would overcome behavioural aversion. Ensuring that animals locate and consume a lethal dose of toxic bait is a critical factor for successful bait delivery and efficacy. This is particularly significant in toxic baiting programs, where sublethal doses can make animals feel sick, leading to a negative association with the bait, and the development of aversion. Synthesis and applications : Our findings explain why some toxic baiting programs might fail. To achieve successful control, efforts should be directed at reducing the availability of background food to increase the probability of encounter and uptake of toxic baits. It is important to measure and understand the role of background food on toxic baiting programs to explain variable outcomes and inform strategies for successful bait delivery.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0021-8901 , 1365-2664
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/jpe.v61.7
    DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14673
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2024
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  • 10
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    Foliar Nutritional Quality Explains Patchy Browsing Damage Caused by an Invasive Mammal
    Public Library of Science (PLoS) ; 2016
    In:  PLOS ONE Vol. 11, No. 5 ( 2016-5-12), p. e0155216-
    Details
    In: PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science (PLoS), Vol. 11, No. 5 ( 2016-5-12), p. e0155216-
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1932-6203
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    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155216
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    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155216.t001
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    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155216.s005
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155216.s006
    Language: English
    Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
    Publication Date: 2016
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