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  • 1
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    Online Resource
    Coronal Heating as Determined by the Solar Flare Frequency Distribution Obtained by Aggregating Case Studies
    American Astronomical Society ; 2023
    In:  The Astrophysical Journal Vol. 948, No. 2 ( 2023-05-01), p. 71-
    Details
    In: The Astrophysical Journal, American Astronomical Society, Vol. 948, No. 2 ( 2023-05-01), p. 71-
    Abstract: Flare frequency distributions represent a key approach to addressing one of the largest problems in solar and stellar physics: determining the mechanism that counterintuitively heats coronae to temperatures that are orders of magnitude hotter than the corresponding photospheres. It is widely accepted that the magnetic field is responsible for the heating, but there are two competing mechanisms that could explain it: nanoflares or Alfvén waves. To date, neither can be directly observed. Nanoflares are, by definition, extremely small, but their aggregate energy release could represent a substantial heating mechanism, presuming they are sufficiently abundant. One way to test this presumption is via the flare frequency distribution, which describes how often flares of various energies occur. If the slope of the power law fitting the flare frequency distribution is above a critical threshold, α = 2 as established in prior literature, then there should be a sufficient abundance of nanoflares to explain coronal heating. We performed 〉 600 case studies of solar flares, made possible by an unprecedented number of data analysts via three semesters of an undergraduate physics laboratory course. This allowed us to include two crucial, but nontrivial, analysis methods: preflare baseline subtraction and computation of the flare energy, which requires determining flare start and stop times. We aggregated the results of these analyses into a statistical study to determine that α = 1.63 ± 0.03. This is below the critical threshold, suggesting that Alfvén waves are an important driver of coronal heating.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0004-637X , 1538-4357
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/accc89
    RVK:
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    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: American Astronomical Society
    Publication Date: 2023
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  • 2
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    Hunter-gatherer genomes reveal diverse demographic trajectories during the rise of farming in Eastern Africa
    Elsevier BV ; 2022
    In:  Current Biology Vol. 32, No. 8 ( 2022-04), p. 1852-1860.e5
    Details
    In: Current Biology, Elsevier BV, Vol. 32, No. 8 ( 2022-04), p. 1852-1860.e5
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0960-9822
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.02.050
    Language: English
    Publisher: Elsevier BV
    Publication Date: 2022
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  • 3
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    Persistence of Matrilocal Postmarital Residence Across Multiple Generations in Southern Africa
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2023
    In:  Human Nature Vol. 34, No. 2 ( 2023-06), p. 295-323
    Details
    In: Human Nature, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 34, No. 2 ( 2023-06), p. 295-323
    Abstract: Factors such as subsistence turnover, warfare, or interaction between different groups can be major sources of cultural change in human populations. Global demographic shifts such as the transition to agriculture during the Neolithic and more recently the urbanization and globalization of the twentieth century have been major catalysts for cultural change. Here, we test whether cultural traits such as patri/matrilocality and postmarital migration persist in the face of social upheaval and gene flow during the past 150 years in postcolonial South Africa. The recent history of South Africa has seen major demographic shifts that resulted in the displacement and forced sedentism of indigenous Khoekhoe and San populations. During the expansion of the colonial frontier, the Khoe-San admixed with European colonists and enslaved individuals from West/Central Africa, Indonesia, and South Asia, introducing novel cultural norms. We conducted demographic interviews among Nama and Cederberg communities representing nearly 3,000 individuals across three generations. Despite the history of colonial expansion, and the subsequent incorporation of Khoe-San and Khoe-San-descendant communities into a colonial society with strong patrilocal norms, patrilocality is the least common postmarital residence pattern in our study populations today. Our results suggest that more recent forces of integration into the market economy are likely the primary drivers of change in the cultural traits examined in our study. Birthplace had a strong effect on an individual’s odds of migration, distance moved, and postmarital residence form. These effects are at least partially explained by the population size of the birthplace. Our results suggest that market factors local to birthplaces are important drivers of residence decisions, although the frequency of matrilocal residence and a geographic and temporal cline in migration and residence patterns also indicate the persistence of some historic Khoe-San cultural traits in contemporary groups.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1045-6767 , 1936-4776
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1007/s12110-023-09452-4
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2023
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  • 4
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    Supplemental Information 3: Data variable coding.
    PeerJ ; 2023
    In:  PeerJ Vol. 11 ( 2023-02-09), p. e14723-
    Details
    In: PeerJ, PeerJ, Vol. 11 ( 2023-02-09), p. e14723-
    Abstract: In the past several decades, obesity has become a major public health issue worldwide, associated with increased rates of chronic disease and death. Like many developing nations, South Africa is experiencing rapid increases in BMI, and as a result, evidence-based preventive strategies are needed to reduce the increasing burden of overweight and obesity. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and predictors of overweight and obesity among a multi-ethnic cohort from the rural Northern Cape of South Africa. Methods These data were collected as part of a tuberculosis (TB) case-control study, with 395 healthy control participants included in the final analysis. Overweight and obesity were defined according to WHO classification. Multivariate linear models of BMI were generated using sex, age, education level, smoking, alcohol consumption, and diabetes as predictor variables. We also used multivariable logistic regression analysis to assess the relationship of these factors with overweight and obesity. Results The average BMI in our study cohort was 25.2. The prevalence of overweight was 18.0% and the prevalence of obesity was 25.0%. We find that female sex, being older, having more years of formal education, having diabetes, and being in a rural area are all positively associated with BMI in our dataset. Women (OR = 5.6, 95% CI [3.3–9.8]), rural individuals (OR = 3.3, 95% CI [1.9–6.0] ), older individuals (OR = 1.02, 95% CI [1–1.04]), and those with more years of education (OR = 1.2, 95% CI [1.09–1.32] ) were all more likely to be overweight or obese. Alternatively, being a smoker is negatively associated with BMI and decreases one’s odds of being overweight or obese (OR = 0.28, 95% CI [0.16–0.46]). Conclusions We observed a high prevalence of overweight and obesity in this study. The odds of being overweight and obese were higher in women, those living in rural areas, and those with more education, and increases with age. Community-based interventions to control obesity in this region should pay special attention to these groups.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2167-8359
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14723
    DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14723/table-1
    DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14723/table-2
    DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14723/table-3
    DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14723/supp-1
    DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14723/supp-2
    DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14723/supp-3
    Language: English
    Publisher: PeerJ
    Publication Date: 2023
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  • 5
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    Evaluating population histories in Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego, Chile, using ancient mitochondrial and Y‐chromosomal DNA
    Wiley ; 2023
    In:  American Journal of Biological Anthropology Vol. 180, No. 1 ( 2023-01), p. 144-161
    Details
    In: American Journal of Biological Anthropology, Wiley, Vol. 180, No. 1 ( 2023-01), p. 144-161
    Abstract: This study aims to characterize the genetic histories of ancient hunter‐gatherer groups in Fuego‐Patagonia (Chile) with distinct Marine, Terrestrial, and Mixed Economy subsistence strategies. Mitochondrial (mtDNA) and Y‐chromosome data were generated to test three hypotheses. H 0 : All individuals were drawn from the same panmictic population; H 1 : Terrestrial groups first populated the region and gave rise to highly specialized Marine groups by ~7,500 cal BP; or H 2 : Marine and Terrestrial groups represent distinct ancestral lineages who migrated independently into the region. Methods Ancient DNA was extracted from the teeth of 50 Fuegian‐Patagonian individuals dating from 6,895 cal BP to after European arrival, and analyzed alongside other individuals from previous studies. Individuals were assigned to Marine, Terrestrial, and Mixed Economy groups based on archeological context and stable isotope diet inferences, and mtDNA (HVR1/2) and Y‐chromosome variation was analyzed. Results Endogenous aDNA was obtained from 49/50 (98%) individuals. Haplotype diversities, F ST comparisons, and exact tests of population differentiation showed that Marine groups were significantly different from Terrestrial groups based on mtDNA ( p   〈  0.05). No statistically significant differences were found between Terrestrial and Mixed Economy groups. Demographic simulations support models in which Marine groups diverged from the others by ~14,000 cal BP. Y‐chromosome results showed similar patterns but were not statistically significant due to small sample sizes and allelic dropout. Discussion These results support the hypothesis that Marine and Terrestrial economic groups represent distinct ancestral lineages who diverged during the time populations were expanding in the Americas, and may represent independent migrations into Fuego‐Patagonia.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2692-7691 , 2692-7691
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.v180.1
    DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24638
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2023
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  • 6
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    Selectivity and injury risk in an improved neck snare for live‐capture of foxes
    Wiley ; 2012
    In:  Wildlife Society Bulletin Vol. 36, No. 2 ( 2012-06), p. 208-219
    Details
    In: Wildlife Society Bulletin, Wiley, Vol. 36, No. 2 ( 2012-06), p. 208-219
    Abstract: Neck snares have been considered valuable for the control of canids and to catch canids for scientific purposes, but they have been criticized for perceived low target selectivity and poor animal‐welfare. In 2006, we designed an experimental passive neck snare for live‐capture of red fox ( Vulpes vulpes ), in which postcapture selectivity was addressed by means of a breakaway device and minimum loop size. In field trials during 2007–2009, performance was compared against snare types already in use (i.e., nonexperimental snares) by full‐time game managers at 34 different sites in the United Kingdom (UK). Red fox, European badger ( Meles meles ), and brown hare ( Lepus europaeus ) made up 91% of 1,296 captures. Capture rate of red fox ( n  = 359) was similar in experimental and nonexperimental snares (6.6 captures/1,000 snare‐days). The percentage of European badgers that escaped after capture was 39% ( n  = 76) in experimental and 14% ( n  = 36) in nonexperimental snares. The percentage of brown hares that escaped after capture was 33% ( n  = 384) in experimental snares compared with 18% ( n  = 311) in nonexperimental snares, but it was further improved to 68% ( n  = 192) in a second version of the experimental snare with increased minimum loop size. In experimental snares, 31% of captured badgers, 10% of captured brown hares, and 6% of captured foxes escaped by opening the breakaway device. The study showed that careful snare design can improve selectivity without sacrificing effectiveness. For restrained animals, however, condition was also strongly influenced by operating practices. Entanglement with nearby objects was the principal determinant of externally visible injury or death in restrained animals. Given a well‐designed snare, entanglement can largely be avoided through choice of snare location as described in UK best practice guidelines. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1938-5463
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/wsb.v36.2
    DOI: 10.1002/wsb.133
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2012
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  • 7
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    Learning Objectives for Weaving Evolutionary Thinking into Medical Education
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2017
    In:  Medical Science Educator Vol. 27, No. 1 ( 2017-3), p. 137-145
    Details
    In: Medical Science Educator, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 27, No. 1 ( 2017-3), p. 137-145
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2156-8650
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1007/s40670-017-0375-7
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2017
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  • 8
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    Native American Genomics and Population Histories
    Annual Reviews ; 2016
    In:  Annual Review of Anthropology Vol. 45, No. 1 ( 2016-10-21), p. 319-340
    Details
    In: Annual Review of Anthropology, Annual Reviews, Vol. 45, No. 1 ( 2016-10-21), p. 319-340
    Abstract: Studies of Native American genetic diversity and population history have been transformed over the last decade by important developments in anthropological genetics. During this time, researchers have adopted new DNA technologies and computational approaches for analyzing genomic data, and they have become increasingly sensitive to the views of research participants and communities. As new methods are applied to long-standing questions, and as more research is conducted in collaboration with indigenous communities, we are gaining new insights into the history and diversity of indigenous populations. This review discusses the recent methodological advances and genetic studies that have improved our understanding of Native American genomics and population histories. We synthesize current knowledge about Native American genomic variation and build a model of population history in the Americas. We also discuss the broader implications of this research for anthropology and related disciplines, and we highlight challenges and other considerations for future research.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0084-6570 , 1545-4290
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1146/anthro.2016.45.issue-1
    DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anthro-102215-100036
    RVK:
    MN 1000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Annual Reviews
    Publication Date: 2016
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  • 9
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    Initial periodicity of New Geyser, Yellowstone National Park
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1969
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research Vol. 74, No. 17 ( 1969-08-15), p. 4206-4208
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 74, No. 17 ( 1969-08-15), p. 4206-4208
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/JB074i017p04206
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1969
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  • 10
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    Comparing signals of natural selection between three Indigenous North American populations
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ; 2019
    In:  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Vol. 116, No. 19 ( 2019-05-07), p. 9312-9317
    Details
    In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 116, No. 19 ( 2019-05-07), p. 9312-9317
    Abstract: While many studies have highlighted human adaptations to diverse environments worldwide, genomic studies of natural selection in Indigenous populations in the Americas have been absent from this literature until very recently. Since humans first entered the Americas some 20,000 years ago, they have settled in many new environments across the continent. This diversity of environments has placed variable selective pressures on the populations living in each region, but the effects of these pressures have not been extensively studied to date. To help fill this gap, we collected genome-wide data from three Indigenous North American populations from different geographic regions of the continent (Alaska, southeastern United States, and central Mexico). We identified signals of natural selection in each population and compared signals across populations to explore the differences in selective pressures among the three regions sampled. We find evidence of adaptation to cold and high-latitude environments in Alaska, while in the southeastern United States and central Mexico, pathogenic environments seem to have created important selective pressures. This study lays the foundation for additional functional and phenotypic work on possible adaptations to varied environments during the history of population diversification in the Americas.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0027-8424 , 1091-6490
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1819467116
    RVK:
    TA 1000
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
    Publication Date: 2019
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