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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    In-air hearing in Hawaiian monk seals: implications for understanding the auditory biology of Monachinae seals
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2021
    In:  Journal of Comparative Physiology A Vol. 207, No. 4 ( 2021-07), p. 561-573
    Details
    In: Journal of Comparative Physiology A, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 207, No. 4 ( 2021-07), p. 561-573
    Abstract: The auditory biology of Monachinae seals is poorly understood. Limited audiometric data and certain anatomical features suggest that these seals may have reduced sensitivity to airborne sounds compared to related species. Here, we describe the in-air hearing abilities of a Hawaiian monk seal ( Neomonachus schauinslandi ) trained to participate in a psychophysical paradigm. We report absolute (unmasked) thresholds for narrowband signals measured in quiet conditions across the range of hearing and masked thresholds measured in the presence of octave-band noise at two frequencies. The behavioral audiogram indicates a functional hearing range from 0.1 to 33 kHz and poor sensitivity, with detection thresholds above 40 dB re 20 µPa. Critical ratio measurements are elevated compared to those of other seals. The apparently reduced terrestrial hearing ability of this individual—considered with available auditory data for a northern elephant seal ( Mirounga angustirostris )—suggests that hearing in Monachinae seals differs from that of the highly sensitive Phocinae seals. Exploration of phylogenetic relationships and anatomical traits support this claim. This work advances understanding of the evolution of hearing in amphibious marine mammals and provides updated information that can be used for management and conservation of endangered Hawaiian monk seals.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0340-7594 , 1432-1351
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1007/s00359-021-01498-y
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1459295-2
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Comparative assessment of amphibious hearing in pinnipeds
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2013
    In:  Journal of Comparative Physiology A Vol. 199, No. 6 ( 2013-6), p. 491-507
    Details
    In: Journal of Comparative Physiology A, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 199, No. 6 ( 2013-6), p. 491-507
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0340-7594 , 1432-1351
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1007/s00359-013-0813-y
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2013
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1459295-2
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Amphibious hearing in ringed seals ( Pusa hispida ): underwater audiograms, aerial audiograms and critical ratio measurements
    The Company of Biologists ; 2015
    In:  Journal of Experimental Biology ( 2015-01-01)
    Details
    In: Journal of Experimental Biology, The Company of Biologists, ( 2015-01-01)
    Abstract: Ringed seals are semi-aquatic marine mammals with a circumpolar Arctic distribution. In this study, we investigate the amphibious hearing capabilities of ringed seals to provide auditory profiles for this species across the full range of hearing. Using psychophysical methods with two trained ringed seals, detection thresholds for narrowband signals were measured under quiet, carefully controlled environmental conditions to generate aerial and underwater audiograms. Masked underwater thresholds were measured in the presence of octave-band noise to determine critical ratios. Results indicate that ringed seals possess hearing abilities comparable to those of spotted and harbor seals, and considerably better than previously reported for ringed and harp seals. Best sensitivity was 49 dB re 1 µPa (12.8 kHz) in water, and -12 dB re 20 µPa (4.5 kHz) in air, rivaling the acute hearing abilities of some fully aquatic and terrestrial species in their respective media. Critical ratio measurements ranged from 14 dB at 0.1 kHz to 31 dB at 25.6 kHz, suggesting that ringed seals—like other true seals—can efficiently extract signals from background noise across a broad range of frequencies. The work described herein extends similar research on amphibious hearing in spotted seals, the results of which were recently published in this journal [Sills et al., J. Exp. Biol., 217, 726-734 (2014)]. These parallel studies enhance our knowledge of the auditory capabilities of ice-living seals, and inform effective management strategies for these and related species in a rapidly changing Arctic environment.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1477-9145 , 0022-0949
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1242/jeb.120972
    Language: English
    Publisher: The Company of Biologists
    Publication Date: 2015
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1482461-9
    SSG: 12
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Maintaining control: metabolism of molting Arctic seals in water and when hauled out
    The Company of Biologists ; 2023
    In:  Journal of Experimental Biology Vol. 226, No. 1 ( 2023-01-01)
    Details
    In: Journal of Experimental Biology, The Company of Biologists, Vol. 226, No. 1 ( 2023-01-01)
    Abstract: Seals haul out of water for extended periods during the annual molt, when they shed and regrow their pelage. This behavior is believed to limit heat loss to the environment given increased peripheral blood flow to support tissue regeneration. The degree to which time in water, particularly during the molt, may affect thermoregulatory costs is poorly understood. We measured the resting metabolism of three spotted seals (Phoca largha), one ringed seal (Pusa hispida) and one bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus) during and outside the molting period, while resting in water and when hauled out. Metabolic rates were elevated in spotted and ringed seals during molt, but comparable in water and air for individuals of all species, regardless of molt status. Our data indicate that elevated metabolism during molt primarily reflects the cost of tissue regeneration, while increased haul out behavior is driven by the need to maintain elevated skin temperatures to support tissue regeneration.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-0949 , 1477-9145
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1242/jeb.244862
    Language: English
    Publisher: The Company of Biologists
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1482461-9
    SSG: 12
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Aerial audiograms of several California sea lions ( Zalophus californianus ) and Steller sea lions ( Eumetopias jubatus ) measured using single and multiple simultaneous auditory steady-state response methods
    The Company of Biologists ; 2011
    In:  Journal of Experimental Biology Vol. 214, No. 7 ( 2011-04-01), p. 1138-1147
    Details
    In: Journal of Experimental Biology, The Company of Biologists, Vol. 214, No. 7 ( 2011-04-01), p. 1138-1147
    Abstract: Measurements of the electrophysiological auditory steady-state response (ASSR) have proven to be efficient for evaluating hearing sensitivity in odontocete cetaceans. In an effort to expand these methods to pinnipeds, ASSRs elicited by single and multiple simultaneous tones were used to measure aerial hearing thresholds in several California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) and Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus). There were no significant differences between thresholds measured using the single and multiple ASSR methods, despite the more rapid nature of data collection using the multiple ASSR method. There was a high degree of variability in ASSR thresholds among subjects; thresholds covered a range of ∼40 dB at each tested frequency. As expected, ASSR thresholds were elevated relative to previously reported psychophysical thresholds for California and Steller sea lions. The features of high-frequency hearing limit and relative sensitivity of most ASSR audiograms were, however, similar to those of psychophysical audiograms, suggesting that ASSR methods can be used to improve understanding of hearing demographics in sea lions, especially with respect to high-frequency hearing. Thresholds for one Steller sea lion were substantially elevated relative to all other subjects, demonstrating that ASSR methods can be used to detect hearing loss in sea lions.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1477-9145 , 0022-0949
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1242/jeb.052837
    Language: English
    Publisher: The Company of Biologists
    Publication Date: 2011
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1482461-9
    SSG: 12
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    How Animals Classify Friends and Foes
    SAGE Publications ; 2000
    In:  Current Directions in Psychological Science Vol. 9, No. 1 ( 2000-02), p. 1-6
    Details
    In: Current Directions in Psychological Science, SAGE Publications, Vol. 9, No. 1 ( 2000-02), p. 1-6
    Abstract: A model of stimulus equivalence, which describes how non-similarity-based categories are formed, is used to describe aspects of animal social and communicative interactions such as kinship, friendship, coalitions, territorial behavior, and referential calling. Although this model was originally designed to deal with stimulus relations in linguistic behavior, it can be readily applied to understanding the cognitive mechanisms that underlie social as well as non-social categorizations in numerous taxa. This approach provides a new, parsimonious, and experimentally based understanding of how animals without language deal with problems of classification in their environment.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0963-7214 , 1467-8721
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/1467-8721.00047
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2000
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2026362-4
    SSG: 5,2
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Auditory-visual equivalence learning by marine mammals.
    Acoustical Society of America (ASA) ; 2008
    In:  The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol. 124, No. 4_Supplement ( 2008-10-01), p. 2465-2465
    Details
    In: The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Acoustical Society of America (ASA), Vol. 124, No. 4_Supplement ( 2008-10-01), p. 2465-2465
    Abstract: Forty years ago Sam Ridgway began pioneering research on the brain and sensory systems of marine mammals. Our paper honoring Sam reviews studies on the abilities of dolphins and California sea lions to integrate and classify information coming from different sensory channels in cross-modal matching-to-sample tasks. Following echoic recognition of an object, a dolphin that is permitted to investigate objects visually but not echoically can readily learn and remember that earlier reflected sound cues are related to the currently reflected light cues. A California sea lion has shown that it can also integrate auditory-visual information into something resembling equivalence classes. In these studies the sea lion was taught to relate an array of individual auditory signals (e.g., “ringing bell” and “wailing siren”) to several individual members of two previously established visual equivalence classes (“numbers” and “letters”). Following the training phase it was later determined that the sea lion had knowledge of untrained transitive relationships between the auditory signals and the remaining members of the two visual equivalence classes. Such findings suggest that these marine mammals have neural pathways connecting auditory and visual associative brain areas in the construction of long lasting integrated or global representations.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0001-4966 , 1520-8524
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1121/1.4782688
    RVK:
    EQ 1000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Acoustical Society of America (ASA)
    Publication Date: 2008
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1461063-2
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Auditory temporal summation in pinnipeds.
    Acoustical Society of America (ASA) ; 2009
    In:  The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol. 125, No. 4_Supplement ( 2009-04-01), p. 2676-2676
    Details
    In: The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Acoustical Society of America (ASA), Vol. 125, No. 4_Supplement ( 2009-04-01), p. 2676-2676
    Abstract: In addition to improving the understanding of auditory processing in pinnipeds, direct measures of temporal summation are relevant to the selection of signal parameters when conducting audiometric research, assessing the effects of signal duration on communication ranges, and evaluating the potential auditory impacts of anthropogenic signals. In the present study, individuals from three pinniped species were tested to determine how signal duration influenced pure-tone hearing thresholds. The psychophysical method of constant stimuli was used to obtain aerial thresholds for each subject at nine different signal durations ranging from 25 to 500 ms. Parameter estimates derived for a California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) from an exponential model of temporal summation yielded time constants (τ) of 176, 98, and 141 ms at frequencies of 2.5, 5, and 10 kHz, respectively. Preliminary results with a northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris) at 5 kHz (this study), and a harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) at 2.5 kHz [M. M. Holt et al., J. Soc. Am. 116, 2531 (2004)] show similar values for (τ), 13 4 and 144 ms, respectively. These time constants are similar to those of other mammals tested and do not appear to vary with respect to frequency.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0001-4966 , 1520-8524
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1121/1.4784213
    RVK:
    EQ 1000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Acoustical Society of America (ASA)
    Publication Date: 2009
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1461063-2
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    How acoustic signals become meaningful to listeners: An experimental approach
    Acoustical Society of America (ASA) ; 2004
    In:  The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol. 116, No. 4_Supplement ( 2004-10-01), p. 2502-2503
    Details
    In: The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Acoustical Society of America (ASA), Vol. 116, No. 4_Supplement ( 2004-10-01), p. 2502-2503
    Abstract: Most models of animal acoustic communication describe how vocal cues produced by a signaler influence the behavior of a listener. The response made by a listener depends in large part on the perceived meaning of the signal. But, how do signals become meaningful to listeners? In some cases, such as imprinting, signal meaning can be attributed to structural cues that are perceived and acted upon through an innate releasing mechanism. In other instances, signals may be arbitrarily related to objects, individuals, or species. Equivalence theory provides a model describing how some arbitrary signals may acquire meaning. Here, we describe theory and experimental evidence in the form of cross-modal matching-to-sample tasks showing how acoustic signals can become referents for visual stimuli. The subject of these behavioral experiments is a California sea lion with extensive experience in performing associative learning tasks. The aim of the experiments is to establish multiple auditory-visual discriminations and then test for the emergence of untrained relationships between disparate visual stimuli linked by a common auditory signal. Preliminary data show successful emergent matching across visual and auditory modalities. These findings suggest that acoustic signals become meaningful to listeners when learned associations lead to the formation of equivalence classes.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0001-4966 , 1520-8524
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1121/1.4784987
    RVK:
    EQ 1000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Acoustical Society of America (ASA)
    Publication Date: 2004
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1461063-2
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Walruses produce intense impulse sounds by clap-induced cavitation during breeding displays
    The Royal Society ; 2021
    In:  Royal Society Open Science Vol. 8, No. 6 ( 2021-06), p. 210197-
    Details
    In: Royal Society Open Science, The Royal Society, Vol. 8, No. 6 ( 2021-06), p. 210197-
    Abstract: Male walruses produce some of the longest continuous reproductive displays known among mammals to convey their physical fitness to potential rivals and possibly to potential mates. Here, we document the ability of a captive walrus to produce intense, rhythmic sounds through a non-vocal pathway involving deliberate, regular collision of the fore flippers. High-speed videography linked to an acoustic onset marker revealed sound production through cavitation, with the acoustic impulse generated by each forceful clap exceeding a peak-to-peak sound level of 200 dB re. 1 µPa. This clapping display is in some ways quite similar to the knocking display more commonly associated with walruses in rut but is produced through a very different mechanism and with much higher amplitudes. While this clapping behaviour has not yet been documented in wild individuals, it has been observed among other mature male walruses living in human care. Production of intense sounds through cavitation has previously been documented only in crustaceans but may also be an effective means of sound production for some aquatic mammals.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2054-5703
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1098/rsos.210197
    Language: English
    Publisher: The Royal Society
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2787755-3
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